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Passive daytime radiative cooling can be used in various power plant condensers, including thermoelectric power plants and concentrated solar plants (CSP) to cool water for effective use within the heat exchanger. A generalized study of "a covered pond with radiative cooler revealed that 150 W/m2 flux could be achieved... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphomevalonate kinase is an enzyme () in the mevalonate pathway that in humans is encoded by the PMVK gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two simple derivations of the equation that are commonly used to generate the hyperbolic curve. The first assumes photosynthetic rate increases with increasing light intensity until Pmax is reached and continues to photosynthesize at the maximum rate thereafter.
:: P = P[I] / (KI + [I])
:*P = photosyntheti... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Like many other databases that store protein association knowledge, STRING imports data from experimentally derived protein–protein interactions through literature curation. Furthermore, STRING also store computationally predicted interactions from: (i) text mining of scientific texts, (ii) interactions computed from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TSS of a water or wastewater sample is determined by pouring a carefully measured volume of water (typically one litre; but less if the particulate density is high, or as much as two or three litres for very clean water) through a pre-weighed filter of a specified pore size, then weighing the filter again after the dry... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A guanylate cyclase activator (or "GUCA") is one of group of proteins which upregulates guanylate cyclase. It is also known as guanylate cyclase-activating protein, with the abbreviation "GCAP". Mutations can be associated with vision defects.
There are five genes involved: | 1 | Biochemistry |
HIVE is a massively parallel distributed computing environment where the distributed storage library and the distributed computational powerhouse are linked seamlessly. The system is both robust and flexible due to maintaining both storage and the metadata database on the same network. The distributed storage layer of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paritaprevir (previously known as ABT-450) is an acylsulfonamide inhibitor of the NS3-4A serine protease manufactured by Abbott Laboratories that shows promising results as a treatment of hepatitis C. When given in combination with ritonavir and ribavirin for 12 weeks, the rate of sustained virologic response at 24 we... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For females:
* 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
* 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
* 10 to 15 years: 0.1 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
* 16 years and older: 0 to 1.4 mg/ 24 hours.
For males:
* 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
* 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
* 10 to 15 years: 0.2 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
* 16 years and older: 0.2 to 2 mg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dyes are immobilized on the column matrix effectively, since usually the dyes link to a monochlorotriazine or dichlorotriazine ring (triazine dye). This type of dyes works especially well on a support matrix with hydroxyl group. The commonly used supporting matrix would be cross-linked agarose (sepharose), sephadex... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When two or more types of monomers undergo addition polymerization, the resulting polymer is an addition copolymer. Saran wrap, formed from polymerization of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, is an addition copolymer. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium. Photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to light than the rest of the photosynthetic machinery, and most researchers define the term as light-induced damage to PSII. In living organisms, photoinhibited PSII ce... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Archaea do not generally have an F-ATPase. Instead, they synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase, a rotary machine structurally similar to the V-ATPase but mainly functioning as an ATP synthase. Like the bacteria F-ATPase, it is believed to also function as an ATPase. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Base Number (BN) is a measurement of basicity that is expressed in terms of the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of oil sample (mg KOH/g). BN is an important measurement in petroleum products, and the value varies depending on its application. BN generally ranges from 6–8 mg KOH/g in modern lubrican... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, an ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution that exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. The enthalpy of mixing is zero as is the volume change on mixing by definition; the closer to zero the enthalpy of mixing is, the more "ideal" the behavior of the solutio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy
* Electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition (ESAVD)
* Sherardizing
* Some forms of Epitaxy
** Molecular beam epitaxy | 8 | Metallurgy |
Optical molasses is a laser cooling technique that can cool neutral atoms to as low as a few microkelvin, depending on the atomic species. An optical molasses consists of 3 pairs of counter-propagating circularly polarized laser beams intersecting in the region where the atoms are present. The main difference between o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) are neutralizing antibodies which neutralize multiple HIV-1 viral strains. bNAbs are unique in that they target conserved epitopes of the virus, meaning the virus may mutate, but the targeted epitopes will still exist. In contrast, non-bNAbs are specific for individual vira... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The capnellane group became a focal point for synthesis in the 1970s and 80’s. Scientists believed that these compounds had antimicrobial properties, based on an earlier discovery of antimicrobial activity in gorgonian soft corals and a later study of antimicrobial terpenoid compounds in alcyonarians. It was also postu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Bjerrum length (after Danish chemist Niels Bjerrum 1879–1958 ) is the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy scale, , where is the Boltzmann constant and is the absolute temperature in kelvins. This length scale arises na... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methane functionalization is the process of converting methane in its gaseous state to another molecule with a functional group, typically methanol or acetic acid, through the use of transition metal catalysts.
In the realm of carbon-hydrogen bond activation and functionalization (C-H activation/functionalization), man... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Other functions of coatings include:
* Anti-fouling coatings
* Anti-microbial coatings.
* Anti-reflective coatings for example on spectacles.
* Coatings that alter or have magnetic, electrical or electronic properties.
* Flame retardant coatings. Flame-retardant materials and coatings are being developed that are phos... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The methylylidyne group can exhibit both Lewis acidic and Lewis basic character. Such behavior is only of theoretical interest since it is not possible to produce methylidyne. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Permanent coatings are often more expensive than sacrificial coatings, but if used appropriately only have to be applied once. These work by creating a protective surface that spray paint cannot bond to. After the surface has been vandalized, often all that is needed to remove the paint is a simple solvent (toluene) an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To analyze the transport of ions in the channel, behaviors of system in electrochemistry as well as fluid mechanics need to be considered. The Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations are utilized to describe ionic current flowing through a channel, and the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations are used to represent the fluid dyna... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since only one of the stereoisomers has the desired effect, the separation of a racemic mixture of hydroxy N- methyl morphinan using tartaric acid and subsequent methylation of the hydroxyl group is a suitable method. By using (D)-tartrate, the (+)-isomer remains as the product.
This synthetic pathway was patented by R... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A catabolic pathway is a series of reactions that bring about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively. The net re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Benzyltrimethylammonium fluoride is a quaternary ammonium salt. It is commercially available as the hydrate. The compound is a source of organic-soluble fluoride to removal of silyl ether protecting groups. As is the case for tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and most other quaternary ammonium fluorides, the compound can... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*The science fiction novel Mother of Storms by John Barnes offers a fictional example of catastrophic climate change caused by methane clathrate release.
*In The Life Lottery by Ian Irvine unprecedented seismic activity triggers a release of methane hydrate, reversing global cooling.
*The hypothesis is the basis of an ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Immunological methods using monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect indicator bacteria in water samples. Precultivation in select medium must preface detection to avoid detection of dead cells. ELISA antibody technology has been developed to allow for readable detection by the naked eye for rapid identification of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For fusion to take place, it has to overcome huge repulsive forces due to the strong hydration repulsion between hydrophilic lipid head groups. However, it has been hard to exactly determine the connection between adhesion, fusion and interbilayer forces. The forces that promote cell adhesion are not the same as the on... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When exposure to a carcinogenic substance is suspected, the cause/effect relationship on any given case can never be ascertained. Lung cancer occurs spontaneously, and there is no difference between a "natural" cancer and another one caused by radon (or smoking). Furthermore, it takes years for a cancer to develop, so ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Under pre-equilibrium conditions, the catalyst and substrate undergo rapid and reversible association prior to a relatively slow step leading to product formation and release. Under these conditions, the system can be described by a "one-plus" rate law where the numerator consists of all rate constants and species requ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Twenty-three out of 25 patients showed high expression of SFRP1 mRNA in leiomyoma than the matched normal myometrium. During the menstrual cycle, the level of SFRP1 mRNA in leiomyoma was highest in the follicular phase. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) decreases estrogen secretion from the ovary. Patie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These techniques employ electric currents to drive or enhance sintering. English engineer A. G. Bloxam registered in 1906 the first patent on sintering powders using direct current in vacuum. The primary purpose of his inventions was the industrial scale production of filaments for incandescent lamps by compacting tung... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some pairs of minerals that are not related structurally or compositionally may also exhibit epitaxy. A common example is rutile TiO on hematite FeO. Rutile is tetragonal and hematite is trigonal, but there are directions of similar spacing between the atoms in the (100) plane of rutile (perpendicular to the a axis) an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The stereochemical result of a given reaction on a macrocycle capable of adopting several conformations can be modeled by a Curtin-Hammett scenario. In the diagram below, the two ground state conformations exist in an equilibrium, with some difference in their ground state energies. Conformation B is lower in energy t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As the equation originated with Henri, not with Michaelis and Menten, it is more accurate to call it the Henri–Michaelis–Menten equation, though it was Michaelis and Menten who realized that analysing reactions in terms of initial rates would be simpler, and as a result more productive, than analysing the time course o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all diff... | 1 | Biochemistry |
microRNA mediated repression occurs in two ways, either by translational repression or stimulating mRNA decay. miRNA recruit the RISC complex to the mRNA to which they are bound. The link to P-bodies comes by the fact that many, if not most, of the proteins necessary for miRNA gene silencing are localized to P-bodies,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This is when a mesocrystal is formed by filling organic matrix compartments with crystalline matter. This crystalline matter would be oriented by the organic matrix. This is the process of biomineralization and this is how mesocrystals are produced in nature. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable element characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal coding region. As retrotransposons, they mobilize through reverse transcription of their mRNA and integration of the newly created cDNA into another location. Their mechanism... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The volumetric titration is based on the same principles as the coulometric titration, except that the anode solution above now is used as the titrant solution. The titrant consists of an alcohol (ROH), base (B), and a known concentration of . Pyridine has been used as the base in this case.
One mole of is consumed f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The malate shuttle allows the mitochondria to move electrons from NADH without the consumption of metabolites and it uses two antiporters to transport metabolites and keep balance within the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm.
On the cytoplasmic side a transaminase enzyme is used to remove an amino group from aspartate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TFA is prepared industrially by the electrofluorination of acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting trifluoroacetyl fluoride:
Where desired, this compound may be dried by addition of trifluoroacetic anhydride.
An older route to TFA proceeds via the oxidation of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3,3-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike a classical ideal gas, whose pressure is proportional to its temperature
where P is pressure, k is Boltzmanns constant, N is the number of particles—typically atoms or molecules—, T is temperature, and V' is the volume, the pressure exerted by degenerate matter depends only weakly on its temperature. In particu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
N-Oxoammonium salts are a class of organic compounds with the formula [RR=O]X. The cation [RR=O] is of interest for the dehydrogenation of alcohols. Oxoammonium salts are diamagnetic, whereas the nitroxide has a doublet ground state. A prominent N-oxoammonium salt is prepared by oxidation of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiper... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of crude oil.
The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion probl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mass concentration is defined as the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture :
The SI unit is kg/m (equal to g/L). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The RNA Characterization of Secondary Structure Motifs database (RNA CoSSMos) is a repository of three-dimensional nucleic acid PDB structures containing secondary structure motifs ( loops, hairpin loops ...). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation is exerted on neutral atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential and non-sequential. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Catalytic hydrogenation yields sulfolane, a solvent used in the petrochemical industry for the extraction of aromatics from hydrocarbon streams. The hydrogenation of 3-sulfolene over Raney nickel at approx. 20 bar and 60 °C gives sulfolane in yields of up to 65% only because of the poisoning of the catalyst by sulfur c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oligonucleotides are chemically synthesized using building blocks called nucleoside phosphoramidites. These can be normal or modified nucleosides which have protecting groups to prevent their amines, hydroxyl groups and phosphate groups from interacting incorrectly. One phosphoramidite is added at a time, the 5 hydroxy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RACE can be used to amplify unknown 5 (5-RACE) or 3 (3-RACE) parts of RNA molecules where part of the RNA sequence is known and targeted by a gene-specific primer. Combined with high-throughput sequencing for characterization of these amplified RACE products, it is possible to apply the approach to characterize any typ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.
The largest global producer and export... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Theories about the origin of life require knowledge of chemical pathways that permit formation of lifes key building blocks under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating ribonucleotides, the fundamental molecules that combine in series to f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Through the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, sulfate can be reduced either bacterially (bacterial sulfate reduction) or inorganically (thermochemical sulfate reduction). This pathway involves the reduction of sulfate by organic compounds to produce hydrogen sulfide, which occurs in both processes.
The main prod... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Because of sputtering occurring at the cathode, the colors emitted from regions near the cathode are quite different from the anode. Particles sputtered from the cathode are excited and emit radiation from the metals and oxides that make up the cathode. The radiation from these particles combines with radiation from ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein labeling use a short tag to minimize disruption of protein folding and function. Transition metals are used to link specific residues in the tags to site-specific targets such as the N-termini, C-termini, or internal sites within the protein. Examples of tags used for protein labeling include biarsenical tags,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In response to the criticism that the Gaia hypothesis seemingly required unrealistic group selection and cooperation between organisms, James Lovelock and Andrew Watson developed a mathematical model, Daisyworld, in which ecological competition underpinned planetary temperature regulation.
Daisyworld examines the energ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the case of antiques, a range of views are held on the value of patination and its replacement if damaged, known as repatination.
Preserving a piece's look and character is important and removal or reduction may dramatically reduce its value. If patination has flaked off, repatination may be recommended. Appraiser R... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, equivalent weight (also known as gram equivalent or equivalent mass) is the mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance. The equivalent weight of an element is the mass which combines with or displaces 1.008 gram ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula . This amide has two amino groups (–) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid.
Urea serves an important role in the cellular metabolism of nitrogen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The liquid junction potential interferes with the exact measurement of the electromotive force of a chemical cell, so its effect should be minimized as much as possible for accurate measurement. The most common method of eliminating the liquid junction potential is to place a salt bridge consisting of a saturated solut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 1960s and 1970s various groups reported the ring-opening polymerization of norbornene catalyzed by hydrated trichlorides of ruthenium and other late transition metals in polar, protic solvents. This prompted Robert H. Grubbs and coworkers to search for well-defined, functional group tolerant catalysts based on r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcein, also known as fluorexon, fluorescein complex, is a fluorescent dye with excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 and 515 nm, respectively, and has the appearance of orange crystals. Calcein self-quenches at concentrations above 70 mM and is commonly used as an indicator of lipid vesicle leakage. It has also ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) usually takes the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO), and plays a key part in the ocean carbon cycle. This biologically fixed carbon is used as a protective coating for many planktonic species (coccolithophores, foraminifera) as well as larger marine organisms (mollusk shells). Calcium ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Wallach's rule (first proposed by Otto Wallach) states that racemic crystals tend to be denser than their chiral counterparts. This rule has been substantiated by crystallographic database analysis. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fmoc carbamate is frequently used as a protecting group for amines, where the Fmoc group can be introduced by reacting the amine with fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl), e.g.:
The other common method for introducing the Fmoc group is through 9-fluorenylmethylsuccinimidyl carbonate (Fmoc-OSu), which may itsel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hypothiocyanite occurs naturally in the antimicrobial immune system of the human respiratory tract in a redox reaction catalyzed by the enzyme lactoperoxidase. It has been researched extensively for its capabilities as an alternative antibiotic as it is harmless to human body cells while being cytotoxic to bacteria. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyanobacteria can be found in almost every terrestrial and aquatic habitat – oceans, fresh water, damp soil, temporarily moistened rocks in deserts, bare rock and soil, and even Antarctic rocks. They can occur as planktonic cells or form phototrophic biofilms. They are found inside stones and shells (in endolithic ecos... | 5 | Photochemistry |
E. coli use fermentation pathways as a final option for energy metabolism, as they produce very little energy in comparison to respiration.
Mixed acid fermentation in E. coli occurs in two stages. These stages are outlined by the biological database for E. coli, EcoCyc.
The first of these two stages is a glycolysis re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This system is the best understood of the plasmid partition system.
It is composed of an actin-like ATPAse, ParM, and a CBP called ParR. The centromere like site, parC contains two sets of five 11 base pair direct repeats separated by the parMR promoter.
The amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 15% between ParM ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urea is a raw material for the manufacture of formaldehyde based resins, such as UF, MUF, and MUPF, used mainly in wood-based panels, for instance, particleboard, fiberboard, OSB, and plywood. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Technical journals published on behalf of ASM include:
* Alloy Digest
* International Materials Reviews (IMR)
* Journal of Failure Analysis & Prevention (JFAP)
* Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance (JMEP)
* Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion (JPED)
* Journal of Thermal Spray Technology (JTST)
* Meta... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Trimethylamine N-oxide (MeNO) can be used in the nucleophilic abstraction of carbonyl. There is an nucleophilic attack of MeNO on the carbon of the carbonyl group which pushes electrons on the metal. The reaction then proceeds to kick out CO and NMe.
An article from the Bulletin of Korean Chemical Society journal sho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pitch is a viscoelastic polymer which can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar, or plants. Pitch produced from petroleum may be called bitumen or asphalt, while plant-derived pitch, a resin, is known as rosin in its solid form. Tar is sometimes used interchangeably with pitch, but generally refe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Over the life of Fulmer about 500 people were members of staff. Among these, because of the wide range of projects that Fulmer undertook, investigators and other technical staff had to be able to adapt their specialist skills and to innovate. They were also expected to play a part in attracting the necessary funding fr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The O−O bond length in peroxides is about 1.45 Å, and the R−O−O angles (R = H, C) are about 110° (water-like). Characteristically, the C−O−O−R (R = H, C) dihedral angles are about 120°. The O−O bond is relatively weak, with a bond dissociation energy of , less than half the strengths of C−C, C−H, and C−O bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ion chromatography has advanced through the accumulation of knowledge over a course of many years. Starting from 1947, Spedding and Powell used displacement ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of the rare earths. Additionally, they showed the ion-exchange separation of 14N and 15N isotopes in ammonia. At th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cells feature a single-crystal composition that enables electrons to move more freely than in a multi-crystal configuration. Consequently, monocrystalline solar panels deliver a higher efficiency than their multicrystalline counterparts. The corners of the cells look clipped, lik... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to RTK pathway, fibroblast growth factors can also activate the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Instead of carrying covalently associated tyrosine kinase domains, Jak-STAT receptors form noncovalent complexes with tyrosine kinases of the Jak (Janus kinase) class. These receptors bind are for erythropoietin (imp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* I. Zegkinoglou, A. Zendegani, I. Sinev, S. Kunze, H. Mistry, H. S. Jeon, J. Zhao, M. Hu, E. E. Alp, S. Piontek, M. Smialkowski, U.-P. Apfel, F. Körmann, J. Neugebauer, T. Hickel, B. Roldan Cuenya: Operando phonon studies of the protonation mechanism in highly active hydrogen evolution reaction pentlandite catalysts, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The colour change from morphine is proposed to be a result of two molecules of morphine and two molecules of formaldehyde condensing to the dimeric product which is protonated to the oxocarbenium salt. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Shock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structure. As in cold work, these defects interfere with the normal processes by which metallic materials yield (plasticity), making materials stiffer, but more brittle. W... | 8 | Metallurgy |
At atmospheric pressure, three allotropic forms of iron exist, depending on temperature: alpha iron (α-Fe, ferrite), gamma iron (γ-Fe, austenite), and delta iron (δ-Fe). At very high pressure, a fourth form exists, epsilon iron (ε-Fe, hexaferrum). Some controversial experimental evidence suggests the existence of a fif... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In anhydrous rubidium rhodizonate , the rhodizonate anions are stacked in parallel columns, as are the rubidium ions. In the plane perpendicular to the columns, these are arranged as two interleaved hexagonal grids. The anions are planar.
Anhydrous potassium rhodizonate has a distinct but similar structure. The anions... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions, although poleward heat transport outside the tropics is considerably larger in the atmosphere than in the ocean. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Most artificial plasmas are generated by the application of electric and/or magnetic fields through a gas. Plasma generated in a laboratory setting and for industrial use can be generally categorized by:
*The type of power source used to generate the plasma—DC, AC (typically with radio frequency (RF)) and microwave
*Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An ion-exchange membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules.
Ion-exchange membranes are therefore electrically conductive. They are often used in desalination and chemical recovery applications, moving ions from one solution to another ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Knudsen effusion cell was developed by Martin Knudsen (1871–1949). A typical Knudsen cell contains a crucible (made of pyrolytic boron nitride, quartz, tungsten or graphite), heating filaments (often made of metal tantalum), water cooling system, heat shields, and an orifice shutter. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A decade after the discovery of RNAi mechanism in 1993, the pharmaceutical sector heavily invested in the research and development of siRNA therapy. There are several advantages that this therapy has over small molecules and antibodies. It can be administered quarterly or every six months. Another advantage is that, un... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Shang et al. discovered the decarboxylative coupling of potassium oxalate monoesters with aryl halides to obtain aryl or alkenyl esters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mechanism of PEP carboxylase has been well studied. The enzymatic mechanism of forming oxaloacetate is very exothermic and thereby irreversible; the biological Gibbs free energy change (△G°’) is -30kJmol. The substrates and cofactor bind in the following order: metal cofactor (either Co, Mg, or Mn), PEP, bicarbonat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This method required the introduction of a very small volume of concentrated tracer at the inlet of the reactor, such that it approaches the Dirac delta function. Although an infinitely short injection cannot be produced, it can be made much smaller than the mean residence time of the vessel. If a mass of tracer, , is ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Packings where all spheres are constrained by their neighbours to stay in one location are called rigid or jammed. The strictly jammed (mechanically stable even as a finite system) sphere packing with the lowest known density is a diluted ("tunneled") fcc crystal with a density of only . The loosest known jammed packin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unlike traditional steel or titanium, this material dissolves in organisms at a rate of roughly 1 millimeter per month and is replaced with bone tissue. This speed can be adjusted by varying the content of zinc.
Amorphous CaZnMg alloy exhibits extremely poor corrosion resistance. Wang et al. reported that the said amor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first total synthesis of torreyanic acid was reported by Porco an co-workers in 2000. This total synthesis aimed to employ and confirm the Diels–Alder genesis proposed by Lee et al. To synthesize the monomers required for Diels–Alder dimerization, 1,3-dioxane intermediate 4 was lithiated with BuLi, brominated wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances.
The sample and solvent move upward. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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