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An operon contains one or more structural genes which are generally transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (a single mRNA molecule that codes for more than one protein). However, the definition of an operon does not require the mRNA to be polycistronic, though in practice, it usually is. Upstream of the structural gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The contact stage is the initial wetting that occurs between the adhesive and membrane. This can occur mechanically by bringing together the two surfaces, or through the bodily systems, like when particles are deposited in the nasal cavity by inhalation. The principles of initial adsorption of small molecule adsorbates... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This coordination compound is prepared by the reaction of tungsten hexacarbonyl with 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (Hhpp) in o-dichlorobenzene at 200 °C:
The reaction gives W(hpp)Cl. Dichlorobenzene provides the chlorine atoms and is itself reductively coupled to 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl. The bond ord... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
BioModels is developed by the BioModels.net Team at the EMBL-EBI, UK, the Le Novère lab at the Babraham Institute, UK, and the SBML Team in Caltech, USA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal carbene complexes have applications in hetereogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, and as reagents for organic reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Rydberg states of an atom or molecule are electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula as they converge on an ionic state with an ionization energy. Although the Rydberg formula was developed to describe atomic energy levels, it has been used to describe many other systems that have ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The DrugWipe is a test used to wipe surfaces for traces of drug residue. It may also be used for sweat or saliva testing of individuals. DrugWipe was named a finalist in the 2011 Cygnus Law Enforcement Group Innovation Awards competition. The DrugWipe 6s (saliva only) test was entered under the category of Traffic Enfo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tetraanthraporphyrin exhibit strongly red-shifted and hyperchromic absorption bands. The maximum of absorption is about 830 nm. The molar extinction coefficients reach 10 scale. Very strong red-shift of absorption by about 90 nm upon protonation of nitrogen atoms and blue-shift by 20−40 nm upon metal insertion are obse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radical cascades are those in which the
key step constitutes a radical reaction. The high reactivity of free radical
species renders radical-based synthetic approaches decidedly suitable for
cascade reactions.
One of the most widely recognized
examples of the synthetic utility of radical cascades is the cyclization
seq... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A crystal structure is defined as the spatial distribution of the atoms within a crystal, usually modeled by the idea of an infinite crystal pattern. An infinite crystal pattern refers to the infinite 3D periodic array which corresponds to a crystal, in which the lengths of the periodicities of the array may not be mad... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A cell saline buffer containing the TIVA tag is added to the coverslip and incubated. During the incubation period, the TIVA tag penetrates the cell membrane via the CPP that is bound to it. Subsequently, the cytosolic environment cleaves the CPP and the TIVA tag is trapped inside the cell. After incubation, the covers... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spliceosomal splicing and self-splicing involve a two-step biochemical process. Both steps involve transesterification reactions that occur between RNA nucleotides. tRNA splicing, however, is an exception and does not occur by transesterification.
Spliceosomal and self-splicing transesterification reactions occur via... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most areas of biology a single gene codes for one or a few possible proteins. Through V(D)J recombination a number of organisms take a relatively small number of genes coding for antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) and produce a huge diversity of slightly different antibodies and TCRs. The diversity allows for th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a viral gene is introduced into the host cell and is sufficient to induce oncogenesis – the creation of cancerous cells – in the infected cell line, the gene is said to be a "viral transforming gene". When this type of gene is translated to a protein, the protein is called a "transforming protein". Note that since... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schock et al. (2000) identified and named the family AtMRS2 based on the similarity of the genes to the MRS2 gene of yeast. The authors also showed that the AtMRS2-1 gene could complement a Δmrs2 yeast mutant phenotype. Independently, Li et al. (2001) published a report identifying the family and showing that two addit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AREs are recognized by RNA binding proteins such as tristetraprolin (TTP), AUF1, and Hu Antigen R (HuR). Although the exact mechanism is not very well understood, recent publications have attempted to propose the action of some of these proteins. AUF1, also known as hnRNP D, binds AREs through RNA recognition motifs (R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There was a quarterly report on each research topic presented to the individual research committee and an annual one circulated also to members on request. Final results were compiled as a report that was immediately available to members. After about two years the commercial confidentiality was dropped and a paper was... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sodium amide decomposes violently on contact with water, producing ammonia and sodium hydroxide:
When burned in oxygen, it will give oxides of sodium (which react with the produced water, giving sodium hydroxide) along with nitrogen oxides:
In the presence of limited quantities of air and moisture, such as in a poorly ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the terms direct and indirect bilirubin are used equivalently with conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, this is not quantitatively correct, because the direct fraction includes both conjugated bilirubin and δ bilirubin.
Delta bilirubin is albumin-bound conjugated bilirubin. In the other words, delta bilirubi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nonstop mutation, also called a stop-loss variant, is a point mutation that occurs within a stop codon. Nonstop mutations cause the continued translation of an mRNA strand into what should be an untranslated region. Most polypeptides resulting from a gene with a nonstop mutation lose their function due to their extre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An insect repellent (also commonly called "bug spray") is a substance applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to discourage insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne (and other arthropod-bourne) diseases... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By local transformations, the weld toe plastically deformed and solidified.
The depth of the aftertreatment track should be between 0.2 and 0.35 mm.
The undercut at the weld toe is no longer recognizable. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Etching has applications in the printed circuit board and semiconductor fabrication industries. It is also used in the aerospace industry to remove shallow layers of material from large aircraft components, missile skin panels, and extruded parts for airframes. Etching is used widely to manufacture integrated circuits... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An antibiotic called geldanamycin was separated from media by the capsular perstraction. Geldanamycin is hydrophobic. Outer particle diameter varied from than less 500 to 750 µm. Alginate formed the shell of capsule and its thickness varied from 30 to 90 µm. Dibutyl sebacate or oleic acid as liquid core extracted geld... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A phonovoltaic (pV) cell converts vibrational (phonons) energy into a direct current much like the photovoltaic effect in a photovoltaic (PV) cell converts light (photon) into power. That is, it uses a p-n junction to separate the electrons and holes generated as valence electrons absorb optical phonons more energetic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The solidifying behavior depends on the alloy composition. Pure metals solidify at a certain temperature, forming crystals of one phase. Eutectic alloys also solidify at a single temperature, all components precipitating simultaneously in so-called coupled growth. Non-eutectic compositions on cooling start to first pre... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* According to the Big Bang theory, in the early universe at high temperatures when the universe was only a few tens of microseconds old, the phase of matter took the form of a hot phase of quark matter called the quark–gluon plasma (QGP).
* Compact stars (neutron stars). A neutron star is much cooler than 10 K, but gr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Three major classes of charge transfer reactions can be studied at an ITIES:
*Ion transfer reactions
*Assisted ion transfer reactions
*Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions
The Nernst equation for an ion transfer reaction reads
where is the standard transfer potential defined as the Gibbs energy of transfer expres... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
'Jose H. Zagal Moya (born in Talca Chile, December 19, 1949) is a Chilean scientist educated at the University of Chile with postgraduate training in the United States of America with a Ph.D. degree from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio and postdoctoral training at Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A scoring matrix or a table of values is required for evaluating the significance of a sequence alignment, such as describing the probability of a biologically meaningful amino-acid or nucleotide residue-pair occurring in an alignment. Typically, when two nucleotide sequences are being compared, all that is being score... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is no electron repulsion in a d complex, and the single electron resides in the t orbital ground state. A d octahedral metal complex, such as [Ti(HO)], shows a single absorption band in a UV-vis experiment. The term symbol for d is D, which splits into the T and E states. The t orbital set holds the single electr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As with many signal transduction pathways, plant gene expression during immune responses can be regulated by degradation. This often occurs when hormone binding to hormone receptors stimulates ubiquitin-associated degradation of repressor proteins that block expression of certain genes. The net result is hormone-activ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds. In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron states of molecules, especially the π- or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Viral epitranscriptomics is the field that studies RNA modifications in viral transcripts that do not affect the sequence of the transcript but that are functionally relevant. So far, the studies have been focused on viral transcripts of mammalian viruses. Mammalian viral transcripts must function in a mammalian cell, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur concrete has a low porosity and is a poorly permeable material. Its low hydraulic conductivity slows down water ingress in its low porosity matrix and so decreases the transport of harmful chemical species, such as chloride (pitting corrosion), towards the steel reinforcements (physical protection of steel as lo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Recognizing that approximately 50% of commercial pharmaceuticals are salts, ionic liquid forms of a number of pharmaceuticals have been investigated. Combining a pharmaceutically active cation with a pharmaceutically active anion leads to a Dual Active ionic liquid in which the actions of two drugs are combined.
ILs ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A crucible and its lid are pre-weighed after thorough drying. The sample is added to the completely dry crucible and lid and together they are weighed to determine the mass of the sample by difference. The sample is placed in the hot furnace long enough so that complete combustion of the sample occurs. The crucible, li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The phosphatases in the PHLPP family, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 have been shown to directly dephosphorylate, and therefore inactivate, distinct Akt isoforms, at one of the two critical phosphorylation sites required for activation: Serine473. PHLPP2 dephosphorylates AKT1 and AKT3, whereas PHLPP1 is specific for AKT2 and AKT3.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A rich source of inorganic nitrate in the human diets come from leafy green foods, such as spinach and arugula. (inorganic nitrate) is the viable active component within beetroot juice and other vegetables. Drinking water is also a dietary source.
Dietary nitrate supplementation delivers positive results when testing ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dissolution of an organic solid can be described as an equilibrium between the substance in its solid and dissolved forms. For example, when sucrose (table sugar) forms a saturated solution
An equilibrium expression for this reaction can be written, as for any chemical reaction (products over reactants):
where K</sup> ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The cellular reproduction process of meiosis was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876. Mitosis was discovered several years later in 1882 by Walther Flemming.
Hertwig studied sea urchins, and noticed that each egg contained one nucleus prior to fertilization and two nuclei after. This discovery proved that one spermat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zhong Zhong (, born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996. They are the first cloned pri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) are a type of RNA which is usually defined as transcripts which are greater than 200 base-pairs in length and not translated into proteins. This limitation distinguishes lncRNA from small non-coding RNAs which encompasses microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expresse... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A clinical trial in cardiac arrest patients showed that hypothermia improved neurological outcome and reduced mortality. A retrospective study of the use of hypothermia for cardiac arrest patients showed favorable neurological outcome and survival. Osborn waves on electrocardiogram (ECG) are frequent during TTM after ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the single bond between the two centres is free to rotate, cis/trans descriptors become invalid. Two widely accepted prefixes used to distinguish diastereomers on sp³-hybridised bonds in an open-chain molecule are syn and anti. Masamune proposed the descriptors which work even if the groups are not attached to adj... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ferrocene-containing dendrimers can be synthesized by both convergent and divergent methods. Some of the first dendrimers of this type, were made by attaching ferrocene units to small silicon containing dendrimers.
Dendrimers with peripheral ferrocene groups are usually synthesized by attaching ferrocene to the core by... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Recent excavations in Middle Ganges Valley show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. In the 5th century BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus observed that "Indian and the Persian army used arrows tipped with iron." Ancient Romans used armour and cutlery made of Indian iron. Pliny the Elder also ment... | 8 | Metallurgy |
While α-galactose as a part of glycoprotein glycans from vertebrates other than higher apes was known for a long time as being a prominent xeno-antigen, its implication in allergy only began to materialize when complications during treatment with a recombinant monoclonal antibody (Erbitux) were attributed to IgE direct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1956, Lev Landau developed the Fermi liquid theory, where he treated the case of a Fermi liquid, i.e., a system with repulsive, not necessarily small, interactions between fermions. The theory shows that the thermodynamic properties of an ideal Fermi gas and a Fermi liquid do not differ that much. It can be shown th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dysfunction of potassium channels, including SK channels, is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
SK channel blockers control the firing rate (the number of action potentials produced by a neuron in a given time) and the firing pattern (th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
People can be exposed to halothane in the workplace by breathing it in as waste anaesthetic gas, skin contact, eye contact, or swallowing it. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 2 ppm (16.2 mg/m) over 60 minutes. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In an inversion through a centre of symmetry, (the element), we imagine taking each point in a molecule and then moving it out the same distance on the other side. In summary, the inversion operation projects each atom through the centre of inversion and out to the same distance on the opposite side. The inversion cen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stockpiles, which have been maintained for more than 50 years, are now considered obsolete. Public Law 99-145, contains section 1412, which directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to dispose of the stockpiles. This directive fell upon the DOD with joint cooperation from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA microarray studies done on different fish species exposed to low-oxygen conditions have shown that at the genetic level fish respond to hypoxia by changing the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, ATP production, and protein synthesis. In the liver of mudsuckers exposed to hypoxia there were changes in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
KAP1 forms a complex with MDM2 (a ubiquitin E3 ligase) that binds to p53. The complex marks the bound p53 for degradation. p53 is a known precursor of apoptosis that facilitates the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell death so its degradation results in apoptosis inhibition. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Folch solution is a solution containing chloroform and methanol, usually in a 2:1 (vol/vol) ratio. One of its uses is in separating polar from nonpolar compounds, for example separating nonpolar lipids from polar proteins and carbohydrates in blood serum. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Silicon carbide can be used in the production of graphene because of its chemical properties that promote the production of graphene on the surface of SiC nanostructures.
When it comes to its production, silicon is used primarily as a substrate to grow the graphene. But there are actually several methods that can be us... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The experimental set-up used to carry out UV-Vis absorption SEC measurements depends on the chosen configuration and the characteristics of the analyte. The experimental set-up is composed of a light source, a spectrometer, a potentiostat/galvanostat, a SEC cell, a three-electrode system, optical elements to conduct th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It may cause irritation. Its toxicological properties have not been fully investigated. Harmful if swallowed, Acute Toxicity. Only Hazardous when percent values are above 10%. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydrothermal ore minerals, which typically form from high temperature aqueous solutions, trap tiny bubbles of liquids or gases when cooling and forming solid rock. The trapped fluid in an inclusion preserves a record of the composition, temperature and pressure of the mineralizing environment. An inclusion often contai... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fatty acid oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes when the fatty acid chains are too long to be processed by the mitochondria. The same enzymes are used in peroxisomes as in the mitochondrial matrix and acetyl-CoA is generated. Very long chain (greater than C-22) fatty acids, branched fatty acids, some prostaglandins and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The maximum power principle or Lotka's principle has been proposed as the fourth principle of energetics in open system thermodynamics. According to American ecologist Howard T. Odum, "The maximum power principle can be stated: During self-organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake, ene... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, there are several mechanisms by which a polymerization reaction can terminate depending on the mechanism and circumstances of the reaction. A method of termination that applies to all polymer reactions is the depletion of monomer. In chain growth polymerization, two growing chains can collide head... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amlodipine blocks the transmembrane influx of calcium into the vascular and cardiac smooth muscles resulting in vasodilation and hence a fall in blood pressure. Levamlodipine is an allosteric modulator and acts on the L-type of calcium channels. Receptor binding studies have shown that out of the two forms only the (S... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Non-systematic, less-recognized and often unverified syntheses of silicon carbide include:
* César-Mansuète Despretz's passing an electric current through a carbon rod embedded in sand (1849)
* Robert Sydney Marsden's dissolution of silica in molten silver in a graphite crucible (1881)
* Paul Schuetzenberger's heating ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the medical field, nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate, are used in the prophylaxis and management of acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema. These class of drugs are also known as nitrovasodilators. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The electronic density functional is explicitly used in the calculation of the electronic ground state. Packages such as VASP have an option to calculate the electronic density of states per eV to facilitate the prediction of conduction bands and band gaps. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The origin of the stereographic projection is not known, but it is believed to have been discovered by Ancient Greek astronomers and used for projecting the celestial sphere to the plane so that the motions of stars and planets could be analyzed using plane geometry. Its earliest extant description is found in Ptolemys... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Surface conductivity may refer to the electrical conduction across a solid surface measured by surface probes. Experiments may be done to test this material property as in the n-type surface conductivity of p-type. Additionally, surface conductivity is measured in coupled phenomena such as photoconductivity, for exampl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel is a hormonal medication which is used in a number of birth control methods. It is combined with an estrogen to make combination birth control pills. As an emergency birth control, sold under the brand names Plan B One-Step and Julie, among others, it is useful within 72 hours of unprotected sex. The mor... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Methylaluminoxane, commonly called MAO, is a mixture of organoaluminium compounds with the approximate formula (Al(CH)O). It is usually encountered as a solution in (aromatic) solvents, commonly toluene but also xylene, cumene, or mesitylene, Used in large excess, it activates precatalysts for alkene polymerization. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthesis of vitamin D in nature is dependent on the presence of UV radiation and subsequent activation in the liver and in the kidneys. Many animals synthesize vitamin D from 7-dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D from ergosterol. | 1 | Biochemistry |
First-generation TSH assays were done by radioimmunoassay and were introduced in 1965. There were variations and improvements upon TSH radioimmunoassay, but their use declined as a new immunometric assay technique became available in the middle of the 1980s. The new techniques were more accurate, leading to the second,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MECP2 duplication syndrome (M2DS) is a rare disease that is characterized by severe intellectual disability and impaired motor function. It is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by the overexpression of MeCP2 protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a mixture of gases is being considered, and each gas has its own (attraction between molecules) and (volume occupied by molecules) values, then and for the mixture can be calculated as
: = total number of moles of gas present,
: for each , = number of moles of gas present, and
: or
: or
and the rule o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pewter was first used around the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Near East. The earliest known piece of pewter was found in an Egyptian tomb, , but it is unlikely that this was the first use of the material. Pewter was used for decorative metal items and tableware in ancient times by the Egyptians and later the Roma... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxy group on the component monosaccharide. So, even if both component sugars are the same (e.g., glucose), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in disaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and ph... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Retriever is used to insert and retrieve coupons and probes without interrupting the process. They can be provided in hydraulic and mechanical types. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Rosocyanine is a dark green solid with a glossy, metallic shine that forms red colored solutions. It is almost insoluble in water and some organic solvents, very slightly soluble (up to 0.01%) in ethanol, and somewhat soluble (approximately 1%) in pyridine, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid. An alcoholic solution of rosoc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The presence of ANAs in blood can be confirmed by a screening test. Although there are many tests for the detection of ANAs, the most common tests used for screening are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following detection of ANAs, various subtypes are determined. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microbial Prospecting for oil and gas (MPOG) can be used to identify prospective areas for oil and gas occurrences. In many cases, oil and gas is known to seep toward the surface as a hydrocarbon reservoir will usually leak or have leaked towards the surface through buoyancy forces overcoming sealing pressures. These h... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Neoantigens are those that are entirely absent from the normal human genome. As compared with nonmutated self-proteins, neoantigens are of relevance to tumor control, as the quality of the T cell pool that is available for these antigens is not affected by central T cell tolerance. Technology to systematically analyze ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a real detector setup, some photons can and will undergo one or potentially more Compton scattering processes (e.g. in the housing material of the radioactive source, in shielding material or material otherwise surrounding the experiment) before entering the detector material. This leads to a peak structure that can... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A neuromuscular non-depolarizing agent is a form of neuromuscular blocker that does not depolarize the motor end plate.
The quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants belong to this class. Quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants are quaternary ammonium salts used as drugs for muscle relaxation, most commonly in anesthesia. It i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
__NOTOC__
Binary chemical weapons or munitions are chemical weapons which contain the toxic agent in its active state as chemical precursors that are significantly less toxic than the agent. This improves the safety of storing, transporting, and disposing of the weapon. Commonly, firing the munition removes a barrier b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the thermodynamic stream of thinking, the specified mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction and radiation. These mechanisms presuppose recognition of temperature; empirical temperature is enough for this purpose, though absolute temperature can also serve. In this stream of thinking, quantity of heat is defined p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isolated photosystems and sub-cellular photosynthetic fractions may be able to directly reduce the anode if the biological redox components are close enough to the electrode for electron transfer to occur. In contrast to organisms such as dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, algae and cyanobacteria are poorly adapte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes displays unique fluorescence properties, including long lifetime of fluorescence, large Stokes shift and narrow emission peak. These properties is highly advantageous to develop analytical probes for receptor-ligand interactions. Many lanthanide-based fluorescence studies have been developed for GPCRs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fretting examples include wear of drive splines on driveshafts, wheels at the lug bolt interface, and cylinder head gaskets subject to differentials in thermal expansion coefficients.
There is currently a focus on fretting research in the aerospace industry. The dovetail blade-root connection and the spline coupling of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Entropy also plays a role in a substituent's preference for the equatorial position. The entropic component is determined by the following formula:
Where σ is equal to the number of microstates available for each conformation.
Due to the larger number of possible conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is redu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Optical rotatory dispersion is the variation of the specific rotation of a medium with respect to the wavelength of light. Usually described Drude's empirical relation,
where is the specific rotation at temperature and wavelength , and and are constants that depend on the properties of the medium.
Optical rotatory ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Stable isotope labeling by/with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is a technique based on mass spectrometry that detects differences in protein abundance among samples using non-radioactive isotopic labeling. It is a popular method for quantitative proteomics. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of hydrothermal fluids is essential as a medium for geochemical reactions during silicification. In the silicification of different materials, different mechanisms are involved. In the silicification of rock materials like carbonates, replacement of minerals through hydrothermal alteration is common; while... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For chronic diseases, whose treatment may require patients to take medications for years, accurate diagnosis is particularly important, especially when strong side effects are expected from the treatment. In these cases, biomarkers are becoming more and more important, because they can confirm a difficult diagnosis or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Huntington's disease occurs when the cytosolic protein Huntingtin (Htt) has an additional 35 glutamine residues added to its amino terminal region. This modified form of Htt is called Htt. Htt makes Type 1 IP receptors more sensitive to IP, which leads to the release of too much Ca from the ER. The release of Ca from t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quantification of VOCs is based on the peak area measured on the chromatogram and compared to the peak area of a chemical standard:
* Internal calibration: a known quantity of a specific chemical standard is injected together with the VOCs, the measured area on the chromatogram is proportional to the injected quantity.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The carbonate pump is sometimes referred to as the “hard tissue” component of the biological pump. Some surface marine organisms, like coccolithophores, produce hard structures out of calcium carbonate, a form of particulate inorganic carbon, by fixing bicarbonate. This fixation of DIC is an important part of the ocean... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Since ca. 2000 methanesulfonic acid has become a popular replacement for other acids in numerous industrial and laboratory applications, because it:
* is a strong acid,
* has a low vapor pressure (see boiling points in the "Properties" inset),
* is not an oxidant or explosive, like nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acids.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The son of the radical Protestant theologian Gustav Wislicenus, Johannes was born on 24 June 1835 in Kleineichstedt (now part of Querfurt, Saxony-Anhalt) in Prussian Saxony, and entered University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1853. In October 1853 he immigrated to the United States with his family. For a brief time he acted ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
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