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The Arrhenius equation gives the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reaction on the absolute temperature as
where
* is the rate constant (frequency of collisions resulting in a reaction),
* is the absolute temperature,
* is the pre-exponential factor or Arrhenius factor or frequency factor. Arrhenius orig... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although black lights produce light in the UV range, their spectrum is mostly confined to the longwave UVA region, that is, UV radiation nearest in wavelength to visible light, with low frequency and therefore relatively low energy. While low, there is still some power of a conventional black light in the UVB range. U... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Not all elements which are found in the human body in trace quantities play a role in life. Some of these elements are thought to be simple common contaminants without function (examples: caesium, titanium), while many others are thought to be active toxins, depending on amount (cadmium, mercury, lead, radioactives). I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause—allergic asthma or exercise-induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is also one of the most common medicines used in rescue inhalers (short-term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks).
As a β agonist, salbutamol also has u... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Maritime New Zealand used the oil dispersant Corexit 9500 to help in the cleanup process. The dispersant was applied for only a week, after results proved inconclusive. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When a crystalline material that contains atoms with uncompensated electron spins is cooled down, ordering of these spins generally occurs once the thermal energy is small enough not to overrule the interactions between neighboring spins. If the ordering does not exhibit the same symmetry as the original unit cell of t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Active transcription units are clustered in the nucleus, in discrete sites called transcription factories or euchromatin. Such sites can be visualized by allowing engaged polymerases to extend their transcripts in tagged precursors (Br-UTP or Br-U) and immuno-labeling the tagged nascent RNA. Transcription factories can... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Survivin is shown to be clearly regulated by the cell cycle, as its expression is found to be dominant only in the G2/M phase. This regulation exists at the transcriptional level, as there is evidence of the presence of cell-cycle-dependent element/cell-cycle gene homology region (CDE/CHR)boxes located in the survivin ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the electron transport chain, complex I (CI) catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone (UQ) to ubiquinol (UQH) by the transfer of two electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which translocates four protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS:
Complex III (CIII) catalyzes the Q-cycle. The fir... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The noradrenaline system consists of around 15,000 neurons, primarily in the locus coeruleus. This is diminutive compared to the more than 100 billion neurons in the brain. As with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, neurons in the locus coeruleus tend to be melanin-pigmented. Noradrenaline is released from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mechanically stimulated gas emission (MSGE) is a complex phenomenon embracing various physical and chemical processes occurring on the surface and in the bulk of a solid under applied mechanical stress and resulting in emission of gases. MSGE is a part of a more general phenomenon of mechanically stimulated neutral emi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Additionally, sea foam is a habitat for a number of marine microorganisms. Some research has shown the presence of various microphytoplanktonic, nanophytoplanktonic, and diatom groups in seafoam; the phytoplankton groups appeared in significantly higher abundance than in sea surface film and the top pelagic zone | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pelletizing is the process of compressing or molding a material into the shape of a pellet. A wide range of different materials are pelletized including chemicals, iron ore, animal compound feed, plastics, waste materials, and more. The process is considered an excellent option for the storage and transport of said mat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Moshers acid, or α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (MTPA) is a carboxylic acid which was first used by Harry Stone Mosher as a chiral derivatizing agent. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of R and S' enantiomers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
At the end of the Medieval Era and into the Post-Medieval Era, new types of crucible designs and processes started. Smelting and melting crucibles types started to become more limited in designs which are produced by a few specialists. The main types used during the Post Medieval period are the Hessian crucibles which ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Infrared radiation can pass through dry, clear air in the wavelength range of 8–13 µm. Materials that can absorb energy and radiate it in those wavelengths exhibit a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 µm range can exhibit cooling even in direct su... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first uncoupling protein discovered, UCP1, was discovered in the brown adipose tissues of hibernators and small rodents, which provide non-shivering heat to these animals. These brown adipose tissues are essential to maintaining the body temperature of small rodents, and studies with (UCP1)-knockout mice show that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CBED was first introduced in 1939 by Kossel and Möllenstedt. The development of the Field Emission Gun (FEG) in the 1970s, the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), energy filtering devices and so on, made possible smaller probe diameters and larger convergence angles, and all this made CBED more popular. I... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diebold was born on 12 December 1961 in Kapfenberg, Austria. She spent much of her high school years reading, skiing, and agonizing over what to major in at the university. She ultimately settled on engineering physics, an area with good job prospects that was also general enough to accommodate a variety of future dire... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is highly flammable. MDI and TDI are much less flammable. Flammability of materials is a consideration in furniture design. The specific flammability hazard is noted on the safety data sheet (SDS) for specific isocyanates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcium signaling in Arabidopsis is a calcium mediated signalling pathway that Arabidopsis plants use in order to respond to a stimuli. In this pathway, Ca works as a long range communication ion, allowing for rapid communication throughout the plant. Systemic changes in metabolites such as glucose and sucrose takes a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the history of thermodynamics, Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge (Chemical thermodynamic process) is a sequence of three papers (1882–1883) written by German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. It is one of the founding papers in thermodynamics, along with Josiah Willard Gibbss 1876 paper "On the Equilibrium of Heterog... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the most important components of DSSC is the counter electrode. As stated before, the counter electrode is responsible for collecting electrons from the external circuit and introducing them back into the electrolyte to catalyze the reduction reaction of the redox shuttle, generally I to I. Thus, it is important... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The scleraxis protein is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors. Currently two genes ( and respectively) have been identified to code for identical scleraxis proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
mRNA processing acts as a form of post-transcriptional regulation, which mostly happens in eukaryotes. 3′ cleavage/polyadenylation and 5’ capping increase overall RNA stability, and the presence of 5’ cap allows ribosome binding for translation. RNA splicing allows the expression of various protein variants from the sa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An electric field pointing from left to right, for example, tends to pull nuclei to the right and electrons to the left. In another way of viewing it, if an electronic state has its electron disproportionately to the left, its energy is lowered, while if it has the electron disproportionately to the right, its energy i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To the left is the NFPA diamond as determined by the Safety Data Sheet, or SDS, by Fisher Scientific. There is minimal risk in handling the chemical. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The most common types of bioconjugation include coupling of a small molecule (such as biotin or a fluorescent dye) to a protein. Antibody-drug conjugates such as Brentuximab vedotin and Gemtuzumab ozogamicin are examples falling into this category.
Protein-protein conjugations, such as the coupling of an antibody to an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main advantage over other filtration systems is the reduction in energy consumption, up to 90% because no air flows through the discs due to the use of capillary force acting on the pores. Air breakthrough is prevented by the fine pores of the filter, thus allowing retention of higher vacuum levels. Therefore, the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a metal carbonyl cluster is a compound that contains two or more metal atoms linked in part by metal–metal bonds and containing carbon monoxide (CO) as the exclusive or predominant ligand. The area is a subfield of metal carbonyl chemistry, and many metal carbonyl clusters are in fact prepared from simple... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300 years ago, bitumen was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats. A tablet of the legend of the birth of Sargon of Akkad mentions a basket which was closed by straw and bitumen. More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Parker graduated from Senn High School in Chicago. She went on to receive a B.A. from Northwestern University (1966). While in college she won an award from the student chapter of the American Institute of Chemists for her essay "Chemistry as a Profession" making her the first woman to receive this award. She earned he... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The MAP2 family is involved in the development of neurons, mostly present during early stages of axon formation then disappear later. However they exist in mature dendrites as well. Different forms of MAP2s are formed by different post-translational modifications of the mRNA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ractopamine use as a feed additive is authorized in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In the US, ractopamine is allowed to be used at a feed concentration of 5–20 mg/kg feed for finishing pigs and in dosages of 5–10 mg/kg feed for finishing pigs heavier than 109 kg. The maximum residue limit for ractopamine for me... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In Amphipholis squamata, bioluminescence has been observed to come from the spines emanating from the arms from photocytes within the spinal ganglia. Acetylcholine has been found to be able to stimulate the photocytes to produce light. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A stepwise model for the emergence of chemiosmosis, a key element in the origin of life on earth, proposes that primordial organisms used thermal cycling as an energy source (thermosynthesis), functioning essentially as a heat engine:
:self-organized convection in natural waters causing thermal cycling →
:: added β-sub... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Energy spectral density describes how the energy of a signal or a time series is distributed with frequency. Here, the term energy is used in the generalized sense of signal processing; that is, the energy of a signal is:
The energy spectral density is most suitable for transients—that is, pulse-like signals—having a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diprotonation of [CBH] gives the neutral carborane CBH. Pyrolysis of this nido cluster gives closo-CBH. Chromate-oxidation of [CBH] results in deboronation, giving the CBH. This carborane features two CH vertices. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemok... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many general purpose vectors such as pUC19 usually include a system for detecting the presence of a cloned DNA fragment, based on the loss of an easily scored phenotype. The most widely used is the gene coding for E. coli β-galactosidase, whose activity can easily be detected by the ability of the enzyme it encodes to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Hirao coupling (also called the Hirao reaction or the Hirao cross-coupling) is the chemical reaction involving the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of a dialkyl phosphite and an aryl halide to form a phosphonate.
This reaction is named after Toshikazu Hirao and is related to the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. In con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
[https://iifiir.org/en/fridoc FRIDOC] is the most comprehensive database in the world dedicated to refrigeration. It contains over 110,000 references to documents in all domains of refrigeration.
A large number of the documents referenced in FRIDOC are scientific and technical. FRIDOC also contains many review articles... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aerogels may be used as a potential low-cost PDRC material scalable for mass production. Some aerogels can also be considered a more environmentally friendly alternative to other materials, with degradable potential and the absence of toxic chemicals. Aerogels can also be useful as a thermal insulation material to redu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These different definitions have true physical meaning because different techniques in physical polymer chemistry often measure just one of them. For instance, osmometry measures number average molar mass and small-angle laser light scattering measures mass average molar mass. is obtained from viscosimetry and by sed... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This geometry has been applied to black hole thermodynamics, with some physically relevant results. The most physically significant case is for the Kerr black hole in higher dimensions, where the curvature singularity signals thermodynamic instability, as found earlier by conventional methods.
The entropy of a black ho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1804, Dalton explained his atomic theory to his friend and fellow chemist Thomas Thomson, who published an explanation of Daltons theory in his book A System of Chemistry in 1807. According to Thomson, Daltons idea first occurred to him when experimenting with "olefiant gas" (ethylene) and "carburetted hydrogen gas"... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Somewhat like the parent amines, imines are mildly basic and reversibly protonate to give iminium salts:
:RC=NR + H [RC=NHR]
Alternatively, primary imines are sufficiently acidic to allow N-alkylation, as illustrated with benzophenone imine:
:(CH)C=NH + CHLi → (CH)C=NLi + CH
:(CH)C=NLi + CHI → (CH)C=NC... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The following is an example of the algorithm for determining the axis/angle representation of misorientation between two texture components given as Euler angles:
:Copper [90,35,45]
:S3 [59,37,63]
The first step is converting the Euler angle representation, to an orientation matrix by:
where and represent and of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While the above techniques use a spatially extended, wide incident beam, section topography is based on a narrow beam on the order of some 10 micrometers (in one or, in the case of pinhole topography with a pencil beam, in both lateral dimensions). Section topographs therefore investigate only a restricted volume of th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eukaryotes have multiple types of nuclear RNAP, each responsible for synthesis of a distinct subset of RNA. All are structurally and mechanistically related to each other and to bacterial RNAP:
Eukaryotic chloroplasts contain an RNAP very highly similar to bacterial RNAP ("plastid-encoded polymerase, PEP"). They use s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There have been a variety of long-overlap-based assembly methods developed in recent years. One of the most commonly used methods, the Gibson assembly method, was developed in 2009, and provides a one-pot DNA assembly method that does not require the use of restriction enzymes or integrases. Other similar overlap-based... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to Pourbaix diagrams for the speciation of redox species as a function of the redox potential and the pH, ionic partition diagrams indicate in which phase an acid or a base is predominantly present in a biphasic system as a function of the Galvani potential difference
between the two phases and the pH of the a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy, commonly referred to as SRCD and also known as VUV-circular dichroism or VUVCD spectroscopy, is a powerful extension to the technique of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, often used to study structural properties of biological molecules such as proteins and nuc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2008, a California physician transferred 12 embryos to a woman who gave birth to octuplets (Suleman octuplets). This led to accusations that a doctor is willing to endanger the health and even life of people in order to gain money. Robert Winston, professor of fertility studies at Imperial College London, had called... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA nanotechnology is an area of current research that uses the bottom-up, self-assembly approach for nanotechnological goals. DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. DNA is thus used as a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ionic bipolar transistors can be made from two conical channels with the smallest opening in nano-scaled dimension. By introducing opposite surface charges at each side, it is able to rectify ionic current as an ionic diode. An ionic bipolar transistor is built by combining two ionic diodes and forming a PNP junction a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to modulate synaptic activity. Synaptic vesicles and dense core vesicles can have differential activation properties for release, resulting in context-dependent corelease combinations. For example, insect motor neurons are glutamatergic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) is an organic compound that is derived from maleic acid. It contains the amide functional group, but more importantly it is an alkene that is reactive toward thiols and is commonly used to modify cysteine residues in proteins and peptides. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enantioselective benzylic functionalization methods use the complexed chromium tri(carbonyl) moiety essentially as a chiral auxiliary. Approach of the functionalizing reagent anti to the ----chromium tri(carbonyl) fragment leads to a single diastereomer of the product complex. After removal of the chromium group with l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A peroxisome () is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from which hydrogen peroxide (HO) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
12-Crown-4 can be synthesized using a modified Williamson ether synthesis, using LiClO as a templating cation:
: (CHOCHCHCl) + (CHOH) + 2 NaOH → (CHCHO) + 2 NaCl + 2 HO
It also forms from the cyclic oligomerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of gaseous boron trifluoride. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There is an intimate connection of quantum thermodynamics with the theory of open quantum systems.
Quantum mechanics inserts dynamics into thermodynamics, giving a sound foundation to finite-time-thermodynamics.
The main assumption is that the entire world is a large closed system, and therefore, time evolution
is gove... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To first order, reduced iron favors isotopically light iron and oxidized iron favors isotopically heavy iron. This effect has been studied in regards to the abiotic oxidation of Fe to Fe, which results in fractionation. The mineral ferrihydrite, which forms in acidic aquatic conditions, is precipitated via the oxidatio... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chitin is used in many industrial processes. Examples of the potential uses of chemically modified chitin in food processing include the formation of edible films and as an additive to thicken and stabilize foods and food emulsions. Processes to size and strengthen paper employ chitin and chitosan. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a photon is absorbed, 11-cis-retinal is transformed to all-trans-retinal, and it moves to the exit site of rhodopsin. It will not leave the opsin protein until another fresh chromophore comes to replace it, except for in the ABCR pathway. Whilst still bound to the opsin, all-trans-retinal is transformed into all-t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
First, adhesive from the HybriWell is peeled off and the HybriWell is attached over the area of the slide printed with the gelatin-DNA solution. Second, 200ul of transfection mix is pipetted into one of the HybriWell ports; the mixture will distribute evenly over the array. The array is then incubated, with temperature... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Cells that are to be studied need to be collected.
* Breaking the cell membranes open exposes the DNA along with the cytoplasm within (cell lysis).
** Lipids from the cell membrane and the nucleus are broken down with detergents and surfactants.
** Breaking down proteins by adding a protease (optional).
** Breaking ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This is a table of surface tension values for some interfaces at the indicated temperatures. Note that the SI units millinewtons per meter (mN·m) are equivalent to the cgs units dynes per centimetre (dyn·cm). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Regulatory networks allow bacteria to adapt to almost every environmental niche on earth. A network of interactions among diverse types of molecules including DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites, is utilised by the bacteria to achieve regulation of gene expression. In bacteria, the principal function of regulatory netwo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common and practical expression of the Beer–Lambert law relates the optical attenuation of a physical material containing a single attenuating species of uniform concentration to the optical path length through the sample and absorptivity of the species. This expression is:where
* is the absorbance
* is the molar att... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peroxisomes are small (0.1–1 µm diameter) subcellular compartments (organelles) with a fine, granular matrix and surrounded by a single biomembrane which are located in the cytoplasm of a cell. Compartmentalization creates an optimized environment to promote various metabolic reactions within peroxisomes required to su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dry regions such as western Asia, north Africa, Australia and the southwestern United States are ideal for PDRC application due to the relative lack of humidity and cloud cover in both winter and summer. The cooling potential for desert regions has been estimated at "in the higher range of 80–110 W/m2," as per Aili et ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reuterin is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase.
Reuterin is a potent antimicrobial compound produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol catalysed by the coenzyme B12-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discovery of dephosphorylation came from a series of experiments examining the enzyme phosphorylase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. In 1955, Edwin Krebs and Edmond Fischer used radiolabeled ATP to determine that phosphate is added to the serine residue of phosphorylase to convert it from its b to a form via p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mos... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Open-chain monosaccharides with same molecular graph may exist as two or more stereoisomers. The Fischer projection is a systematic way of drawing the skeletal formula of an open-chain monosaccharide so that each stereoisomer is uniquely identified.
Two isomers whose molecules are mirror-images of each other are identi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Founded as the Association of Clinical Biochemists, the association has evolved as biochemistry has changed with advances in laboratory medicine. Recognizing an increasing number of medical members, the name was changed in 2005 to Association for Clinical Biochemistry. In 2007 the "Association of Clinical Scientists in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (PEPICO) is a combination of photoionization mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy. It is largely based on the photoelectric effect. Free molecules from a gas-phase sample are ionized by incident vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. In the ensuing photoionizati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Consider a simple branched pathway with all three steps irreversible. Such a pathway will admit two elementary modes which are indicated in thicked (or red) reaction lines.
Because both and are irreversible, and elementary mode lying on both these reactions is not possible since it would mean one reactions going agai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The uranium is then stripped from the DEHPA/kerosene solution with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or carbonate solutions. Sodium carbonate solutions effectively strip uranium from the organic layer, but the sodium salt of DEHPA is somewhat soluble in water, which can lead to loss of the extractant. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Modafinil is researched as a remedy to improve abstinence in people with cocaine addiction. Morning-dosed modafinil has been shown to normalize sleep parameters in individuals experiencing cocaine withdrawal. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, molecules with a non-collinear arrangement of two adjacent bonds have bent molecular geometry, also known as angular or V-shaped. Certain atoms, such as oxygen, will almost always set their two (or more) covalent bonds in non-collinear directions due to their electron configuration. Water (HO) is an examp... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. These should not be called concentrations. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A sulfoxide, R−S(O)−R, is the S-oxide of a sulfide ("sulfide oxide"), a sulfone, R−S(O)−R, is the S,S-dioxide of a sulfide, a thiosulfinate, R−S(O)−S−R, is the S-oxide of a disulfide, and a thiosulfonate, R−S(O)−S−R, is the S,S-dioxide of a disulfide. All of these compounds are well known with extensive chemistry, e.g.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Early fluctuations in oxygen concentration had little direct effect on life, with mass extinctions not observed until around the start of the Cambrian period, . The presence of provided life with new opportunities. Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic pathways, and the presence of oxygen created new pos... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Klaus Schmiegel (born June 28, 1939), is a German chemist best known for his work in organic chemistry, which led to the invention of Prozac, a widely used antidepressant. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In some cases of natural phenols, they are present in vegetative foliage to discourage herbivory, such as in the case of Western poison oak. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chiral switch concept is illustrated in the diagram. This chiral switch is from (±)-ibuprofen to (S)-(+)-ibuprofen (dexibuprofen). The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen was the first chiral drug of the NSAID class to be switched to the single-enantiomer version in 1994. The switch was done based... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Bradford assay, a colorimetric protein assay, is based on an absorbance shift of the dye Coomassie brilliant blue G-250. The Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye exists in three forms: anionic (blue), neutral (green), and cationic (red). Under acidic conditions, the red form of the dye is converted into its blue fo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds. The arrangement or processes that put together different parts of this antibody molecule play important role in antibody diversity and production of different subclasses or clas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The durability assessment has been implemented in European design codes at the beginning of the 90s. It is required for designers to include the effects of long-term corrosion of steel rebar during the design stage, in order to avoid unacceptable damages during the service life of the structure. Different approaches ar... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Production of prebiotic organic compounds at hydrothermal vents is estimated to be 1x10 kg yr. While a large amount of key prebiotic compounds, such as methane, are found at vents, they are in far lower concentrations than estimates of a Miller-Urey Experiment environment. In the case of methane, the production rate at... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Polar substituent constants describe the way a substituent will influence a reaction through polar (inductive, field, and resonance) effects. To determine σ Taft studied the hydrolysis of methyl esters (RCOOMe). The use of ester hydrolysis rates to study polar effects was first suggested by Ingold in 1930. The hydro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the most interesting questions is if there is a threshold in reaction energy and/or volume size which needs to be exceeded in order to form a domain in which quarks can move freely. It is natural to expect that if such a threshold exists the particle yields/ratios we have shown above should indicate that. One of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In June 2009, ATSDR and NCEH launched a joint project, the [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/nationalconversation/ National Conversation on Public Health and Chemical Exposures]. The goal of the National Conversation is to develop recommendations for ways ATSDR and other government agencies can improve their efforts to protec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the sandwich hybridization ELISA assay format, the antigen ligand and antibodies in ELISA are replaced with a nucleic acid analyte, complementary oligonucleotide capture and detection probes.
Generally, in the case of nucleic acid hybridization, monovalent salt concentration and temperature are controlled for hybrid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Class II AMGs encode for peripheral functions absent from the KEGG metabolic pathways. This includes genes typically involved in transport and assembly. Major representatives of this class are involved in balancing TCA cycle intermediates. Additionally, the acquisition of biogenic elements outside of carbon like phosph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids and a specialized carnitine carrier system operates to transport activated fatty acids from cytosol to mitochondria.
Once activated, the acyl CoA is transported into the mitochondrial matrix. This occurs via a series of similar steps:
# Acyl CoA is conjugat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There have been suggestions that leaf shedding may be a response that provides protection against diseases and certain kinds of pests such as leaf miners and gall forming insects. Other responses such as the change of leaf colors prior to fall have also been suggested as adaptations that may help undermine the camoufla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Coblentz Society is a non-profit scientific organization named after William Weber Coblentz which is involved in fostering the understanding and application of vibrational spectroscopy. The Society provides education, awards and recognitions enhancing the understanding of molecular (vibrational) spectroscopy. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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