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The International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) is a global scientific society founded in 1949. The Head Office of ISE is located now in Lausanne, Switzerland. ISE is a Member Organization of IUPAC. The Society has now more than 1900 Individual Members, 15 Corporate Members (Universities and non-profit research org... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Superelastic nitinol finds a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. One such application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates NiTi wires embedded within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal macro-sized cracks.
* Another application... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A thermocouple can produce current to drive some processes directly, without the need for extra circuitry and power sources. For example, the power from a thermocouple can activate a valve when a temperature difference arises. The electrical energy generated by a thermocouple is converted from the heat which must be su... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Experimental error is usually assumed to affect the rate and not the substrate concentration , so is the dependent variable. As a result, both ordinate and abscissa are subject to experimental error, and so the deviations that occur due to error are not parallel with the ordinate axis but towards or away from the o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is a chromatographic technique that involves the mobile phase compositions and polarities between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and normal-phase chromatography (NP), while the stationary phases are polar. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Those phenomena which involve the change in color of a chemical compound under an external stimulus fall under the generic term of chromisms. They take their individual names from the type of the external influence, which can be either chemical or physical, that is involved. Many of these phenomena are reversible. The ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
It often has additives such as citrus fruits, apples, berry juices, or artificial flavorings. Flavored kilju from fruits for example doesn't necessarily have to be sweet as long as all sugar is consumed by the yeast.
Kilju (15-17% ABV) contains 2.4-2.7 times more water than 40% distilled spirit. Since kilju contains ap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Living organisms typically consist of large quantities of water. Many anisotropic materials of interest are biological in nature and as such require hydration during spectroscopic measurements. While some limited novel techniques to measure properties of materials inside a hydrated sample chamber have been recently rep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LPA is the result of phospholipase A2 action on phosphatidic acid. The SN-1 position can contain either an ester bond or an ether bond, with ether LPA being found at elevated levels in certain cancers. LPA binds the high-affinity G-protein coupled receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 (also known as EDG2, EDG4, and EDG7, re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently, there is no commercialization of these products. More research is still ongoing on these composite materials as to ascertain the properties and how best to utilize these materials. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The competition between orientation produced by surface anchoring and by electric field effects is often exploited in liquid crystal devices. Consider the case in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to the surface and an electric field is applied perpendicular to the cell. At first, as the electric fiel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Pharmaceutical and cosmetic creams, gels, and ointments, e.g. petroleum jelly, toothpaste, hand sanitizer
* Foods, e.g. pudding, guacamole, salsa, mayonnaise, whipping cream, peanut butter, jelly, jam | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a β-lactam antibiotic, piperacillin inhibits penicillin-binding proteins, preventing the spread of bacteria and infections. Responsible for catalyzing the cross-linkage between peptidoglycan strands that protect the bacterial cell from osmotic rupture, penicillin-binding proteins are unique to bacterial organisms, w... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Rainfall is naturally acidic due to carbonic acid forming from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This compound causes rainfall pH to be around 5.0–5.5. When rainfall has a lower pH than natural levels, it can cause rapid acidification of soil. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are precursors of stronger acids that can... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Biochemical CCMs concentrate carbon dioxide in one temporal or spatial region, through metabolite exchange. C and CAM photosynthesis both use the enzyme Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) to add to a 4-Carbon sugar. PEPC is faster than RuBisCO, and more selective for . | 5 | Photochemistry |
A rule-of-thumb is that any molecule that will dissolve in methanol or a less polar solvent is compatible with SFC, including non-volatile polar solutes. CO has polarity similar to n-heptane at its critical point. The solvent's elution strength can be increased just by increasing density or alternatively, using a pola... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Ghatak the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1974. The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1976 and he became a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1980. The Chemical Research Society of In... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious chemical reaction between the alkali ( and ), dissolved in concrete pore water as NaOH and KOH, with reactive amorphous (non-crystalline) siliceous aggregates in the presence of moisture. The simplest way to write the reaction in a stylized manner is the following (othe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most common supercomplexes observed are Complex I/III, Complex I/III/IV, and Complex III/IV. Most of Complex II is found in a free-floating form in both plant and animal mitochondria. Complex V can be found co-migrating as a dimer with other supercomplexes, but scarcely as part of the supercomplex unit.
Supercomple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levonorgestrel, also known as 17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is the C13β or levorotatory stereoisomer and enantiopure form of norgestrel, the C13α or dextrorotatory isomer being inactive. Lev... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Efrapeptins are peptides produced by fungi in the genus Tolypocladium that have antifungal, insecticidal, and mitochondrial ATPase inhibitory activities. They are produced via a biosynthetic pathway similar to, but simpler than, the ciclosporin pathway with nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) and/or polyketide synthas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, mining, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. The measured entity is often called the analyte, the measur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In summary: Light closes cGMP-gated sodium channels, reducing the influx of both Na and Ca ions. Stopping the influx of Na ions effectively switches off the dark current. Reducing this dark current causes the photoreceptor to hyperpolarise, which reduces glutamate release which thus reduces the inhibition of retinal ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Receptor uncoupling/phosphorylation is the most rapid form of desensitization that happens within a cell, as its effects are seen within seconds to minutes of agonist application. The ß adrenergic receptor was the first to have its desensitization studied and characterized. The mechanism of desensitization involves the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Norrish reaction, named after Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, is a photochemical reaction taking place with ketones and aldehydes. Such reactions are subdivided into Norrish type I reactions and Norrish type II reactions. While of limited synthetic utility these reactions are important in the photo-oxidation of polym... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nitric acid can be used to convert metals to oxidized forms, such as converting copper metal to cupric nitrate. It can also be used in combination with hydrochloric acid as aqua regia to dissolve noble metals such as gold (as chloroauric acid). These salts can be used to purify gold and other metals beyond 99.9% purity... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis and subcellular analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and cell–cell interactions at the single cell level. The concept of single-cell analysis originated in the 1970s. Before the discovery of heterogeneity, single-cell analys... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Benthic macroinvertebrates are found within the benthic zone of a stream or river. They consist of aquatic insects, crustaceans, worms and mollusks that live in the vegetation and stream beds of rivers. Macroinvertebrate species can be found in nearly every stream and river, except in some of the world's harshest envir... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms. Through inert atmospheric pyrolysis of preceramic polymers, silicon carbide in a glassy amorphous form is also produced. The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes. They are variations of the same c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amides () take the suffix "-amide", or "-carboxamide" if the carbon in the amide group cannot be included in the main chain. The prefix form is "carbamoyl-". e.g., methanamide, ethanamide.
Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they are ordered alphabetic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14, is the simplest perfluorocarbon (CF). As its IUPAC name indicates, tetrafluoromethane is the perfluorinated counterpart to the hydrocarbon methane. It can also be classified as a haloalkane or halomethane. Tetrafluoromethane is a useful refrigerant but als... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Teck Cominco smelter, also known as the Teck Cominco Lead-Zinc Smelter, Cominco Smelter, and Trail smelter located in Trail, British Columbia, Canada, is the largest integrated lead-zinc smelter of its kind in the world. It is situated approximately north of the border between British Columbia, Canada and Washingt... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MITF gene.
MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The compound is in the form of non-hygroscopic orange granulate. It is stable in the air for several days when stored away from light, and is stable up to several months if dried in vacuo over potassium hydroxide, decomposing into a white paste. Its stability can be attributed to its insolubility in both polar and non-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This vast scope of functionality for a single protein makes it the ideal model for research regarding other zinc proteases of unknown structure. Recent biomedical research on collagenase, enkephalinase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme used carboxypeptidase A for inhibitor synthesis and kinetic testing. For example,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain membrane-bound light-harvesting complexes similar to those found in green plants. They additionally contain water-soluble protein-pigment complexes that exploit carotenoids such as peridinin to extend their photosynthetic capacity. Peridinin absorbs light in the blue-green wavelen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The GeneXpert Infinity is an automated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) which is able to tell whether the subject fluid contains shreds of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, amongst others. It is manufactured by Cepheid Inc. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-target screening is useful when needing to investigate the presences of all the organic compounds within a sample. In this case, since no information is known about the compounds contained in the sample, no reference standard can be used for comparison, at least initially, overall making non-target screening one of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The introduction of the three-centered two-electron delocalized bond invoked in the non-classical picture of the 2-norbornyl cation allowed chemists to explore a whole new realm of chemical bonds. Chemists were eager to apply the characteristics of hypovalent electronic states to new and old systems alike (though sever... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix forms. The table below shows common groups in decreasing order of precedence. The highest-precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA. This regulation is vastly important to the cellular response to stressors, growth cues, and differentiation. In comparison to transcriptional regulation, it results in much more immediate cellular adjustment through direc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ripper Method, developed in 1898, is an analytical chemistry technique used to determine the total amount of sulfur dioxide (SO) in a solution. This technique uses iodine standard and a starch indicator to titrate the solution and determine the concentration of free SO. The titration is done again with a new sample... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In occupational safety and health, biomonitoring may be done for reasons of regulatory compliance, workplace health surveillance and research, confirming effectiveness of hazard controls, or as a component of occupational risk assessment. It can also be used to reconstruct exposures following acute or accidental event... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Glide symmetry can be observed in nature among certain fossils of the Ediacara biota; the machaeridians; and certain palaeoscolecid worms. It can also be seen in many extant groups of sea pens.
In Conway's Game of Life, a commonly occurring pattern called the glider is so named because it repeats its configuration of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The area of hypoxic bottom water that occurs for several weeks each summer in the Gulf of Mexico has been mapped most years from 1985 through 2017. The size varies annually from a record high in 2017 when it encompassed more than 22,730 square kilometers (8,776 square miles) to a record low in 1988 of 39 square kilome... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Calcium (Ca) deficiency is a plant disorder that can be caused by insufficient level of biologically available calcium in the growing medium, but is more frequently a product of low transpiration of the whole plant or more commonly the affected tissue. Plants are susceptible to such localized calcium deficiencies in l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dispersive adhesion, also called adsorptive adhesion, is a mechanism for adhesion which attributes attractive forces between two materials to intermolecular interactions between molecules of each material. This mechanism is widely viewed as the most important of the five mechanisms of adhesion due to its presence in ev... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The technique was discovered by a team of researchers at Peking University in Beijing, China. The discovery was announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology in July 2019. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In practice, the Wigner–Seitz cell itself is actually rarely used as a description of direct space, where the conventional unit cells are usually used instead. However, the same decomposition is extremely important when applied to reciprocal space. The Wigner–Seitz cell in the reciprocal space is called the Brillouin z... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Uncontrolled growth is a necessary step for the development of all cancers. In many cancers (e.g. melanoma), a defect in the MAP/ERK pathway leads to that uncontrolled growth. Many compounds can inhibit steps in the MAP/ERK pathway, and therefore are potential drugs for treating cancer, such as Hodgkin disease.
The fi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Williams commenced lecturing at McGill University in 1960, and was selected to be the Chairman of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy in 1966. As Chairman, he was instrumental in expanding the department at a time when only six degree programs in Metallurgical Engineering were being offered in Canadian universities... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on black hole thermodynamics by Bekenstein and Hawking in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between gravity and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995, Jacobson demonstrated that the Ei... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If one wants to use a theory based on plane parallel layers, optimally the samples would be describable as layers. But a particulate sample often looks a jumbled maze of particles of various sizes and shapes, showing no structured pattern of any kind, and certainly not literally divided into distinct, identical layer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Slow strain rate testing (SSRT), also called constant extension rate tensile testing (CERT), is a popular test used by research scientists to study stress corrosion cracking. It involves a slow (compared to conventional tensile tests) dynamic strain applied at a constant extension rate in the environment of interest. T... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Brown and Goldstein discovered the LDL receptor and showed cholesterol is loaded into cells through receptor mediated endocytosis. Until recently cholesterol was thought of primarily as a structural component of the membrane. However, more recently, cholesterol uptake was shown to signal an immune response in macrophag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amorphous solids typically exhibit higher localization of heat carriers compared to crystalline, giving rise to low thermal conductivity. Products for thermal protection, such as thermal barrier coatings and insulation, rely on materials with ultralow thermal conductivity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alexander Nikiforovich Popov ( 1840 – 18 August 1881) was a Russian organic chemist. He taught chemistry at the University of Kazan and at the University of Warsaw. He discovered what is now called Popovs Rule (or Popoffs Rule) which states that in the oxidation of an unsymmetrical ketone, the cleavage of the C−CO bond... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prof. Dr. Petko Stoyanov Dimitrov () (16 September 1944 – 29 April 2023) was a Bulgarian marine geologist and oceanographer from the Institute of Oceanology - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Varna. He has been an early proponent of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis which gained public notoriety at the end of the XXc. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many co-receptor-related disorders occur due to mutations in the receptor's coding gene. LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) acts as a co-receptor for the Wnt-family of glycoproteins which regulate bone mass. Malfunctions in this co-receptor lead to lower bone density and strength which contribute... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are many challenges for the successful translation of mRNA into drugs because mRNA is a very large and heavy molecule(10^5 ~ 10^6 Da). Moreover, mRNA is unstable and easily degraded by nucleases, and it also activates the immune systems. Furthermore, mRNA has a high negative charge density and it reduces the perm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This section describes the surface coverage when the adsorbate is in liquid phase and is a binary mixture.
For ideal both phases no lateral interactions, homogeneous surface the composition of a surface phase for a binary liquid system in contact with solid surface is given by a classic Everett isotherm equation (being... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid transporters (eCBTs) are transport proteins for the endocannabinoids. Most neurotransmitters are water-soluble and require transmembrane proteins to transport them across the cell membrane. The endocannabinoids (anandamide, AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) on the other hand, are non-charged li... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The second type of browning, non-enzymatic browning, is a process that also produces the brown pigmentation in foods but without the activity of enzymes. The two main forms of non-enzymatic browning are caramelization and the Maillard reaction. Both vary in the reaction rate as a function of water activity (in food che... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkyl selenocyanates are generally prepared by treatment of potassium selenocyanate with alkyl halides in alcohol or acetone solution. Aryl selenocyanates are generally prepared by treatment of potassium selenocyanate with aryl diazonium salts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In complex variable the H equation is
then for , a unique solution is given by
where the imaginary part of the function can vanish if is real i.e., . Then we have
The above solution is unique and bounded in the interval for conservative cases. In non-conservative cases, if the equation admits the roots , then the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Instead of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group, a hydrogen atom can be removed to form a substituent, for example the hydrogen from the C3 hydroxyl of a glucose molecule. Then the substituent is called D-glucopyranos-3-O-yl as it appears in the name of the drug Mifamurtide.
Recent detection of the Au in living organism was p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Labourers working in the smelting industry have reported respiratory illnesses inhibiting their ability to perform the physical tasks demanded by their jobs. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
miR-324-5p is a microRNA that functions in cell growth, apoptosis, cancer, epilepsy, neuronal differentiation, psychiatric conditions, cardiac disease pathology, and more. As a microRNA, it regulates gene expression through targeting mRNAs. Additionally, miR-324-5p is both an intracellular miRNA, meaning it is commonly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Polyhydroxoalkanoates and polyesters obtained by enzyme-assisted esterification using lipases.<nowiki/>
* Heparin, heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans and plant glycans.
*Polysaccharides such as cellulose, amylose, chitin and derivatives
*Natural and non-natural polynucleotides can be successfully obtained ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Potentiometric titrimetry has been the predominant automated titrimetric technique since the 1970s, so it is worthwhile considering the basic differences between it and thermometric titrimetry.
Potentiometrically-sensed titrations rely on a free energy change in the reaction system. Measurement of a free energy depende... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mammalian PDEs share a common structural organization and contain three functional domains, which include the conserved catalytic core, a regulatory N-terminus, and the C-terminus. The conserved catalytic core is much more similar within PDE families, with about 80% amino acid identity, than between different famil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ILs improve the catalytic performance of palladium nanoparticles. Furthermore, ionic liquids can be used as pre-catalysts for chemical transformations. In this regard dialkylimidazoliums such as [EMIM]Ac have been used in the combination with a base to generate N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). These imidazolium based NH... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Available dosage forms include liquids, syrups, drops, elixirs, effervescent tablets and powders for mixing with water, capsules, tablets including extended-release formulations, suppositories, compounding powder, and injections. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Recently, EDHF has been implicated in gender-related differences in blood pressure control. The generation of animals that lack both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1, a protein that acts as an enzyme to speed up the production of certain chemical messengers), has allowed a direct ass... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fermentation can be simply defined, in this context, as the conversion of sugar molecules into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast.
Fermentation practices have led to the discovery of ample microbial and antimicrobial cultures on fermented foods and products. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, photoisomerization is molecular behavior in which structural change between isomers is caused by photoexcitation. Both reversible and irreversible photoisomerization reactions exist. However, the word "photoisomerization" usually indicates a reversible process. Photoisomerizable molecules are already put ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum. Under this reduced pressure, the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (cold finger), leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The use of P,N ligands in asymmetric hydrogenation can be traced to the C symmetric bisoxazoline ligand. However, these symmetric ligands were soon superseded by monooxazoline ligands whose lack of C symmetry has in no way limits their efficacy in asymmetric catalysis. Such ligands generally consist of an achiral nit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Coupled substitutions are common in the silicate minerals where substitutes for in tetrahedral sites.
For example, when a plagioclase feldspar solid solution series forms, albite (Na Al SiO) can change to anorthite (Ca AlSiO) by having replace . However, this leaves a negative charge that has to be balanced by the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Insulin stimulates the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. The phosphatase removes the phosphate from pyruvate dehydrogenase activating it and allowing for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. This mechanism leads to the increased rate of catalysis of this enzyme, so increases the levels of acetyl-CoA. I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The leucine synthesis pathway diverges from the valine pathway beginning with α-ketoisovalerate. α-Isopropylmalate synthase catalyzes this condensation with acetyl CoA to produce α-isopropylmalate. An isomerase converts α-isopropylmalate to β-isopropylmalate. The third step is the NAD-dependent oxidation of β-isopropyl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wood-tar creosote is a colourless to yellowish greasy liquid with a smoky odor, produces a sooty flame when burned, and has a burned taste. It is non-buoyant in water, with a specific gravity of 1.037 to 1.087, retains fluidity at a very low temperature, and boils at 205-225 °C. In its purest form, it is transparent. D... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was one of the first national engineering societies in the co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As long as natural enemies have some potential to be omnivorous, plants can provide food resources to encourage their retention and increase the impact they have on herbivore populations. This potential, however, can hinge on a number of the insect's traits. For example, hemipteran predators can use their sucking mouth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A protein subject to regulation through raft-associated translocation can undergo activation upon substrate presentation. For instance, an enzyme that translocates within the membrane towards its substrate can be activated by localizing to the substrate, irrespective of any conformational changes in the enzyme itself. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arsenate esters, such as those that would be present in DNA, are generally expected to be orders of magnitude less stable to hydrolysis than corresponding phosphate esters. dAMAs, the structural arsenic analog of the DNA building block dAMP, has a half-life of 40 minutes in water at neutral pH. Estimates of the half-li... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When purifying by electrolysis, an aqueous sulfate solution at 50 to 70 °C is typically used with a lead anode (corrosion products from which will not contaminate the cobalt oxy-hydroxide (CoOOH) electrolyte solution) and a stainless steel cathode which will allow for the easy removal of the deposited cobalt. Electro r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The idea of a quantized time crystal was theorized in 2012 by Frank Wilczek, a Nobel laureate and professor at MIT. In 2013, Xiang Zhang, a nanoengineer at University of California, Berkeley, and his team proposed creating a time crystal in the form of a constantly rotating ring of charged ions.
In response to Wilczek ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Enzyme-mediated (biological) chiral inversion of organic compounds is caused by highly chiral endogenous molecules found in receptors, enzymes, and other structures. While enzyme inhibitors suppress enzyme activity, enzyme inducers boost enzyme concentration and activity. The primary determinants of inter-individual va... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
tolerance seems to differ between various marine organisms, as well as tolerance at different life cycle stages (e.g. larva and adult). The first stage in the life cycle of marine calcifiers at serious risk from high content is the planktonic larval stage. The larval development of several marine species, primarily s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the acetoxy group (abbr. AcO or OAc; IUPAC name: acetyloxy), is a functional group with the formula and the structure . As the -oxy suffix implies, it differs from the acetyl group () by the presence of an additional oxygen atom. The name acetoxy is the short form of acetyl-oxy. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phase separation is the creation of two distinct phases from a single homogeneous mixture. The most common type of phase separation is between two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. This type of phase separation is known as liquid-liquid equilibrium. Colloids are formed by phase separation, though not all phas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an ortho ester is a functional group containing three alkoxy groups attached to one carbon atom, i.e. with the general formula . Orthoesters may be considered as products of exhaustive alkylation of unstable orthocarboxylic acids and it is from these that the name ortho ester is derived. An exampl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
p90 Rsk-1 is located at 1p.
p90 Rsk-2 is located at Xp22.2 and contains 22 exons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Coffin–Lowry syndrome, a disease characterised by severe psychomotor retardation and other developmental abnormalities.
p90 Rsk-3 is located at 6q27. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term agostic is reserved to describe two-electron, three-center bonding interactions between carbon, hydrogen, and a metal. Two-electron three-center bonding is clearly implicated in the complexation of H, e.g., in W(CO)(PCy)H, which is closely related to the agostic complex shown in the figure. Silane binds to met... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Disproportionation of ferrous iron at lower mantle conditions also affect the mantle oxidation state. This reaction is different from the reactions mentioned above as it does not incorporate the participation of free oxygen.
FeO resides in the form of ferropericlase (Fp) and FeO resides in the form of bridgmanite (Bdg)... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1981, the UK banned closed uses of PCBs in new equipment, and nearly all UK PCB synthesis ceased; closed uses in existing equipment containing in excess of 5 litres of PCBs were not stopped until December 2000. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The ascidian mitochondrial code (translation table 13) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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