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Ionic interactions involve the attraction of ions or molecules with full permanent charges of opposite signs. For example, sodium fluoride involves the attraction of the positive charge on sodium (Na) with the negative charge on fluoride (F). However, this particular interaction is easily broken upon addition to water,... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When photon energies are as high as the electron rest energy of , yet another process, Compton scattering, may occur. Above twice this energy, at , pair production is also more likely. Compton scattering and pair production are examples of two other competing mechanisms.
Even if the photoelectric effect is the favoured... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pK of DMSO is 35, which leads NaDMSO to be a powerful Brønsted base. NaDMSO is used in the generation of phosphorus and sulfur ylides. NaDMSO in DMSO is especially convenient in the generation of dimethyloxosulfonium methylide and dimethylsulfonium methylide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Expression of paired receptors is common in many types of leukocytes, especially myeloid cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Activation of NK cells is a complex regulatory process modulated by a number of different paired receptor families coexpressed in this cell type. In some cases, only one member of the pair is ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Variation in methylation states of DNA can alter gene expression levels significantly. Methylation variation usually occurs through the action of DNA methylases. When the change is heritable, it is considered epigenetic. When the change in information status is not heritable, it would be a somatic epitype. The effectiv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using a volume integral on dimensions, the density of states is:
The Fermi energy is obtained by looking for the number density of particles:
To get:
where is the corresponding d-dimensional volume, is the dimension for the internal Hilbert space. For the case of spin-½, every energy is twice-degenerate, so in this ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ADAM17 is understood to be involved in the processing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at the surface of the cell, and from within the intracellular membranes of the trans-Golgi network. This process, which is also known as shedding, involves the cleavage and release of a soluble ectodomain from membrane-bound pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogen cyanide, discovered in the late 18th century, was used in the 1880s for the fumigation of citrus trees in California. Its use spread to other countries for the fumigation of silos, goods wagons, ships, and mills. Its light weight and rapid dispersal meant its application had to take place under tents or in enc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chichinin, Einfeld, Maul, and Gericke replaced the phosphor screen by a time-resolving delay line anode in order to be able to measure all three components of the initial product momentum vector simultaneously for each individual product particle arriving at the detector. This technique allows one to measure the three-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Targeted temperature management is used during open-heart surgery because it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. The patient is given medication to prevent shivering. The body is then cooled to 25–32 °C (79–89 °F). The heart is stopped and an externa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main effect of chloride ions on reinforced concrete is to cause pitting corrosion of the steel reinforcement bars (rebar). It is a surreptitious and dangerous form of localized corrosion because the rebar sections can be decreased to the point that the steel reinforcement are no longer capable to withstand to the t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In biochemistry, p represents the partial pressure of a gas required to achieve 50% saturation of a particular proteins binding sites. Values of p are negatively correlated with substrate affinity; lower values correspond to higher affinity and vice versa. The term is analogous to the Michaelis–Menten constant (K'), wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source: [http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/langmuir.cfm American Physical Society] and [https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/funding-and-awards/awards/national/bytopic/irving-langmuir-award-in-chemical-physics.html American Chemical Society] | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Drugs have long been considered crucial targets for transmitter-gated ion channels. The majority of medications utilized to treat schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and sleeplessness work at chemical synapses, and many of these pharmaceuticals function by binding to transmitter-gated channels. For instance, some drugs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Lot (formerly Loth) was an old unit of measurement for the relative fineness to gross weight in metallurgy and especially in coinage until the 19th century. A Lot was thus a proportion of the precious metal content in a piece of metal. It was used in the four main monetary systems of Germany: Austrian, South German, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
According to equation (10), the minimum required entropy change (right term) for the summation of the positive entropy changes decreases when T increases. As an example, performing the same numerical application but with T equals to 2000K would give a twice lower value (around 140 kJ/mol), which allows thermochemical c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A biosurvey, or biological survey, is a scientific study of organisms to assess the condition of an ecological resource, such as a water body. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The health effects of radon are harmful, and include an increased chance of lung cancer. Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, which has been studied by a number of scientific and medical bodies for its effects on health. A naturally-occurring gas formed as a decay product of radium, radon i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Contraindications include:
* Pregnancy
* Impaired renal and liver function
* Patients with a history of angioedema related to previous treatment with an ACE inhibitor
* Hypersensitivity to Quinapril | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Calculations of the IMFP are mostly based on the algorithm (full Penn algorithm, FPA) developed by Penn, experimental optical constants or calculated optical data (for compounds). The FPA considers an inelastic scattering event and the dependence of the energy-loss function (EFL) on momentum transfer which describes th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To obtain the desired measurement of , it is not sufficient to just measure .
The temperature at the reference junctions must be already known.
Two strategies are often used here:
* "Ice bath" method: The reference junction block is immersed in a semi-frozen bath of distilled water at atmospheric pressure. The precise... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The photoelectric effect will cause spacecraft exposed to sunlight to develop a positive charge. This can be a major problem, as other parts of the spacecraft are in shadow which will result in the spacecraft developing a negative charge from nearby plasmas. The imbalance can discharge through delicate electrical compo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An excess of free fatty acids in liver cells plays a role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In the liver, it is the type of fatty acid, not the quantity, that determines the extent of the lipotoxic effects. In hepatocytes, the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids leads to apoptosis ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Imd pathway is a broadly-conserved NF-κB immune signalling pathway of insects and some arthropods that regulates a potent antibacterial defence response. The pathway is named after the discovery of a mutation causing severe immune deficiency (the gene was named "Imd" for "immune deficiency"). The Imd pathway was fi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When water flows through cracks present in concrete, water may dissolve various minerals present in the hardened cement paste or in the aggregates, if the solution is unsaturated with respect to them. Dissolved ions, such as calcium (Ca), are leached out and transported in solution some distance. If the physico-chemica... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1986, the N-end rule was elucidated, and it states that the identity of the amino acid at the N-terminus of the protein's amino acid sequence determines the half-life of the protein. In an effort to determine the effects of arginylation on the half-life of proteins, several studies were performed using modified yeas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The EPOC effect is greatest soon after the exercise is completed and decays to a lower level over time. One experiment, involving exertion above baseline, found EPOC increasing metabolic rate to an excess level that decays to 13% three hours after exercise, and 4% after 16 hours, for the studied exercise dose. Another ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hollow fiber membranes are ubiquitously used in industrial separations, especially the filtration of drinking water.
Industrial water filters are mainly equipped with ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes. Domestic water filtration systems have microfiltration hollow fiber membranes. In microfiltration a membrane por... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
geWorkbench (genomics Workbench) is an open-source software platform for integrated genomic data analysis. It is a desktop application written in the programming language Java. geWorkbench uses a component architecture. , there are more than 70 plug-ins available, providing for the visualization and analysis of gene e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Buffering Mechanisms such as molecular titration can generate ultrasensitivity. In vitro, this can be observed for the simple mechanism:
Where the monomeric form of A is active and it can be inactivated by binding B to form the heterodimer AB. When the concentration of ( = [B] + [AB]) is much greater than the , this... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Difficulties have been encountered in the definition of the technological parameters that drive the process.
Two broad categories of generators, also known as power supplies, are in use on EDM machines commercially available: the group based on RC circuits and the group based on transistor-controlled pulses.
In both ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the classical mechanics framework, a rough surface, such as a machined metal surface, randomizes the probability distribution function governing the incoming particles, leading to net momentum loss of the particle flux. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FMRFamide, a neuropeptide involved in cardiac activity regulation, is found in Biomphalaria glabrata, a species of a freshwater snail best known for its role as the intermediate host for the human-infecting trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni.
This freshwater snail species is used as a model organism, in other words... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The theory propounded was summarized by Stephen Berry, a chemist; "describing the following causal chain: the properties of the chemical elements dictate the types of monomers that can be formed in prebiotic syntheses, which then dictate the properties of the occurring polymers, which finally dictate the properties of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinases are catalytically inactive in their base form. In order to become active, they require (potentially multiple) phosphorylation events in their activation loops. This is conducted by specialized enzymes of the STE protein kinase group. In this way protein dynamics can induce a conformati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TET dioxygenase isoforms include at least two isoforms of TET1, one of TET2 and three isoforms of TET3. The full-length canonical TET1 isoform appears virtually restricted to early embryos, embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). The dominant TET1 isoform in most somatic tissues, at least in the mouse, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Complementing alkylation reactions are the reverse, dealkylations. Prevalent are demethylations, which are prevalent in biology, organic synthesis, and other areas, especially for methyl ethers and methyl amines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The nano guitar illustrates inaudible technology that is not meant for musical entertainment. The application of frequencies generated by nano-objects is called sonification. Such objects can represent numerical data and provide support for information processing activities of many different kinds that produce syntheti... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The diffuse series is a series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum caused when electrons jump between the lowest p orbital and d orbitals of an atom. The total orbital angular momentum changes between 1 and 2. The spectral lines include some in the visible light, and may extend into ultraviolet or near in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chiral oxocarbenium ions have been exploited to carry out highly diastereoselective and enantioselective acetate aldol
addition reactions. The oxocarbenium ion is used as an electrophile in the reaction. When the methyl group increases in size, the diastereoselevtivity increases. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Among the thousands of species of plant pathogenic microorganisms, only a small minority have the capacity to infect a broad range of plant species. Most pathogens instead exhibit a high degree of host-specificity. Non-host plant species are often said to express non-host resistance. The term host resistance is used wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur bloom refers to the migration of sulfur, usually as S, to the surface of a rubber article either before or after vulcanization. Blooming is undesirable in rubber processing. When sulfur bloom appears before vulcanization, the rubber is deprived of the crosslinking agent. Sulfur bloom after vulcanization indica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agricultural chemistry is the chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture. Agricultural chemistry embraces the structures and chemical reactions relevant in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. Its applied science and technology aspects are directed t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID) is an analytical instrument under development to detect extraterrestrial life in the form of organic biosignatures obtained from a core drill during planetary exploration.
The instrument is based on fluorescent immunoassays and it is being developed by the Spanish Astrobiology Center (CA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Such materials include semiconductors that can be photoactivated like many solar cells, biological systems such as those used in photosynthesis, and small molecules with suitable absorptions and redox states. | 5 | Photochemistry |
After amplification with PCR, samples are loaded into a gel (either agarose or polyacrylamide) for gel electrophoresis. The differing sizes created through random amplification will separate along the gel in a repeatable manner depending on the sample source. This creates a distinct DNA fingerprint.
Unlike traditional ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Gmelin database is a large database of organometallic and inorganic compounds updated quarterly. It is based on the German publication Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie ("Gmelins Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry") which was originally published by Leopold Gmelin in 1817; the last print edition, the 8th, appe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mixtures of different solvents can have interesting features like anomalous conductivity (electrolytic) of particular lyonium ions and lyate ions generated by molecular autoionization of protic and aprotic solvents due to Grotthuss mechanism of ion hopping depending on the mixing ratios. Examples may include hydronium ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Solid-state NMR techniques have the potential to yield detailed information about the dynamics of individual amino acid residues within a membrane protein. However, the techniques can require large amounts (100–200 mg) of isotopically labeled proteins and are most informative when applied to small proteins where spectr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Is the linkage of chemical reactions in a way that the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of another reaction.
* This allows organisms to utilize energy and resources efficiently. For example, in cellular respiration, energy released by the breakdown of glucose is coupled in the synthesis of ATP. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of P700 consists of a heterodimer with two distinct chlorophyll molecules, most notably chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a’, giving it an additional name of “special pair”. Inevitably, however, the special pair of P700 behaves as if it were just one unit. This species is vital due to its ability to absorb li... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The POCIS device was developed and patented by Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, and David A. Alvarez, of the Columbia Environmental Research Center. Integrative passive samplers are an effective way to monitor the concentration of organic contaminants in aquatic systems over time. Most aquatic monitoring programs rel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Low-emissivity windows in houses are a more complicated technology, since they must have low emissivity at thermal wavelengths while remaining transparent to visible light. To reduce the heat transfer from a surface, such as a glass window, a clear reflective film with a low emissivity coating can be placed on the inte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RNA aptamers can be designed to act as antagonists, agonists, or so-called ”RNA decoy aptamers." In the case of antagonists, the RNA aptamer is used either to prevent binding of a certain protein to its cell membrane receptor or to prevent the protein from performing its activity by binding to the proteins target. Curr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter. The quarks form Cooper pairs, whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one-to-one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitrile oxides have the chemical formula . Their general structure is . The R stands for any group (typically organyl, e.g., acetonitrile oxide , hydrogen in the case of fulminic acid , or halogen, e.g., chlorine fulminate ). They and are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. They undergo type 1 dyotropic rearrangement t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organic photochemistry encompasses organic reactions that are induced by the action of light. The absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules often leads to reactions. In the earliest days, sunlight was employed, while in more modern times ultraviolet lamps are employed. Organic photochemistry has proven to be... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In crystallography, the orientations of crystal axes and faces in three-dimensional space are a central geometric concern, for example in the interpretation of X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. These orientations can be visualized as in the section Visualization of lines and planes above. That is, crystal axes a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Strong measurements (both classical and quantum) are certainly disturbing, causing asymmetry due to the second law of thermodynamics. However,
noninvasive measurements should not disturb the evolution, so they are expected to be time-symmetric. Surprisingly, it is true only in classical physics but not in quantum physi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Allen–Millar–Trippett rearrangement is a ring expansion reaction in which a cyclic phosphine is transformed into a cyclic phosphine oxide. This name reaction, first reported in the 1960s by David W. Allen, Ian T. Millar, and Stuart Trippett, occurs by alkylation or acylation of the phosphorus, followed by reaction ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As the name suggests, trishomoaromatics are defined as containing one additional methylene bridge compared to bishomoaromatics, therefore containing three of these homoconjugate bridges in total. Just like semibullvalene, there is still much debate as to the extent of the homoaromatic character of trishomoaromatics. Wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The final loaded carbon is removed from the machinery and extracted with a hot alkaline solution of cyanide. The elute solution passes through an electrowinning cell where the gold metal is deposited. The solution then passes back through the loaded carbon, extracting more gold and other metals. This process continues ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, thioacyl chloride is a functional group of the type RC(S)Cl, where R is an organic substituent. Thioacyl chlorides are analogous to acid chlorides, but much rarer and less robust. The best studied is thiobenzoyl chloride, a purple oil first prepared by chlorination of dithiobenzoic acid with a c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
O-linked glycopeptides recently have been shown to exhibit excellent CNS permeability and efficacy in multiple animal models with disease states. In addition one of the most intriguing aspects thereof is the capability of O-glycosylation to extend half life, decrease clearance, and improve PK/PD thereof the active pept... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The genes required for the synthesis of cysteine are coded for on the cys regulon. The integration of sulfur is positively regulated by CysB. Effective inducers of this regulon are N-acetyl-serine (NAS) and very small amounts of reduced sulfur. CysB functions by binding to DNA half sites on the cys regulon. These half ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases also known as inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are now detectable by newborn screening tests, especially the testing using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC–MS can determine compounds in urine even in minor concentration. These compounds are normally not present but appe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a radical clock is a chemical compound that assists in the indirect methodology to determine the kinetics of a free-radical reaction. The radical-clock compound itself reacts at a known rate, which provides a calibration for determining the rate of another reaction.
Many organic mechanisms involve interme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dystrophin-associated protein complex, also known as the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex is a multiprotein complex that includes dystrophin and the dystrophin-associated proteins. It is one of the two protein complexes that make up the costamere in striated muscle cells. The other complex is the integri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Human EH3 is a recently characterized protein with epoxy hydrolase activity for metabolizing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and vernolic acids (leukotoxins) to their corresponding diols; in these capacities they may thereby limit the cell signaling activity of the EETs and contribute to the toxicity of the leukotoxin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1992, Hunter was jointly awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It is awarded to a British chemist who was under 32 years of age for promising original investigations in chemistry. In 1999, he was jointly awarded the Corday–Morgan Medal and Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrification inhibitors are also of interest from an environmental standpoint because of the production of nitrates and nitrous oxide from the process of nitrification. Nitrous oxide (NO), although its atmospheric concentration is much lower than that of CO has a global warming potential of about 300 times greater tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenols form a complex with ferric ions. This complex has an intense colour, which may vary from blue, green or even red depending upon the nature of the phenol. As an example using the chemical phenol itself:
: 6 PhOH + Fe → [Fe(OPh)] | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nanoparticles used as carriers for nucleic acids are mostly iron oxides. These iron oxides can be generated by precipitation from acidic iron-salt solutions upon addition of appropriate bases. The magnetic nanoparticles have an approximate size of 100 nm and are additionally coated with biological polymers to allow loa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The attraction between cationic and anionic sites is a noncovalent, or intermolecular interaction which is usually referred to as ion pairing or salt bridge.
It is essentially due to electrostatic forces, although in aqueous medium the association is driven by entropy and often even endothermic. Most salts form crysta... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There is ongoing research on how Genetic variants in the CYP21A2 gene may lead to pathogenic conditions. A variant of this gene has been reported to cause autosomal dominant posterior polar cataract, suggesting that steroid 21-hydroxylase may be involved in the extra-adrenal biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some sperm banks enable recipients to choose the sex of their child, through methods of sperm sorting. Although the methods used do not guarantee 100% success, the chances of being able to select the gender of a child are held to be considerably increased.
One of the processes used is the swim up method, whereby a sper... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The transport of Mg into Paramecium has been characterised largely by R. R. Preston and his coworkers. Electrophysiological techniques on whole Paramecium were used to identify and characterise Mg currents in a series of papers before the gene was cloned by Haynes et al. (2002).
The open reading frame for the XNTA gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Household ammonia can be used. A couple of drops are placed on the flesh. For example, Boletus spadiceus gives a fleeting blue to blue-green reaction. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Oceanic anoxic events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass extinctions of marine organisms both in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events correlate with the Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian extinction events of mostly... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although theoretically, any living cell might be used as the background to a two-hybrid analysis, there are practical considerations that dictate which is chosen. The chosen cell line should be relatively cheap and easy to culture and sufficiently robust to withstand application of the investigative methods and reagent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans. It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
FCCS measures the coincident green and red intensity fluctuations of distinct molecules that correlate if green and red labeled particles move together through a predefined confocal volume. To perform fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS), samples of interest are first labeled with fluorescent probes of di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The strength of a synapse has been defined by Bernard Katz as the product of (presynaptic) release probability pr, quantal size q (the postsynaptic response to the release of a single neurotransmitter vesicle, a quantum), and n, the number of release sites. "Unitary connection" usually refers to an unknown number of in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin is much too soft to use for most practical purposes. However, during the Bronze Age, tin was a rare metal in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, so it was often valued higher than gold. To make jewellery, cutlery, or ot... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Homochirality is the geometric uniformity of materials composed of chiral (non-mirror-symmetric) units. Living organisms use molecules that have the same chirality (handedness): with almost no exceptions, amino acids are left-handed while nucleotides and sugars are right-handed. Chiral molecules can be synthesized, but... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Administration of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) during anesthesia can facilitate endotracheal intubation. This can decrease the incidence of postintubation hoarseness and airway injury.
Short-acting neuromuscular blocking agents are chosen for endotracheal intubation for short procedures (< 30minutes), and neuro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to MoOPH's steric bulk, preferential attack at the O–O bond occurs from the less hindered enolate face in the absence of stereoelectronic factors.
In addition, nitriles with acidic alpha protons can be converted directly to cyanohydrins; however, in the case of branched nitriles, this reaction directly affords the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cryo crystallography enables X-ray data collection at cryogenic temperatures, typically 100 K.
*Crystals are transferred from the solution they have grown in (called mother liquor) to a solution with a cryo-protectant to prevent ice formation.
*Crystals are mounted in a glass fiber (as opposed to a capillary.)
*Crystal... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Key to modeling the topology of a material are the special points along k-vector of the Brillouin zone, accounting for the accurate depiction of the density of states emerging from the electronics of the material. Density functional theory (DFT) analyses predicted an indirect band gap of 0.158 eV in the β-BiI phase wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neurotransmitters bind to ionotropic receptors on postsynaptic neurons, either causing their opening or closing. The variations in the quantities of neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron may play a role in regulating the effectiveness of synaptic transmission. In fact, the concentration of cytoplasmic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using metallography, a technique invented by Henry Clifton Sorby.
In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because methylmercury is formed in aquatic systems, and because it is not readily eliminated from organisms, it is biomagnified in aquatic food chains from bacteria, to plankton, through macroinvertebrates, to herbivorous fish and to piscivorous (fish-eating) fish. At each step in the food chain, the concentration of m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hydroamination is well-established technology for generating fragrances from myrcene. In this conversion, diethylamine adds across the diene substituent, the reaction being catalyzed by lithium diethylamide. Intramolecular hydroaminations were reported by Tobin J. Marks in 1989 using metallocene derived from rare-earth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A telomere (; ) is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes (see Sequences). Telomeres are a widespread genetic feature most commonly found in eukaryotes. In most, if not all species possessing them, they protect the terminal regions of chromoso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phycochromes are a subclass of phycobiliprotein that was initially recognised only as light sensory pigments in cyanobacteria. They are now deemed to constitute of all possible photoreversibly photochromic pigments, regardless of function. They are also found in red algae. In a series of journal articles written by G.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, alpha-elimination refers to reactions of this type:
:RCHX → RC: + HX
The reaction is employed to generate carbenes and nitrenes. The formation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform is an example.
Alpha eliminations contrasts with beta eliminations, which are commonly used to generate alkenes:
:RC... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The amount of negative charge from deprotonation of clay hydroxy groups or organic matter depends on the pH of the surrounding solution. Increasing the pH (i.e. decreasing the concentration of H cations) increases this variable charge, and therefore also increases the cation-exchange capacity. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Source:
*1946 – David E. Green
*1947 – Van R. Potter
*1948 – Albert L. Lehninger
*1949 – Henry A. Lardy
*1950 – Britton Chance
*1951 – Arthur Kornberg
*1952 – Bernard L. Horecker
*1953 – Earl R. Stadtman
*1954 – Alton Meister
*1955 – Paul D. Boyer
*1956 – Merton F. Utter
*1957 – G. Robert Greenberg
*1958 – Eugene P. K... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From intravenous (IV) animal studies the toxic dose (LD) of palytoxin via IV for humans has been estimated by extrapolation to be between 2.3 and 31.5 micrograms (µg) of palytoxin. An acute oral reference dose has been suggested to be 64 µg for a person with weight of 60 kg. Acute reference dose means a dose that can b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree at which a binding site is fully occupied. For example, base saturation refers to the fraction of exchangeable cations that are base cations. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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