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In 2005, a mode of desorption was discovered by John Weaver et al. that has elements of both thermal and electron stimulated desorption. This mode is of particular interest as desorption can occur in a closed system without external stimulus. The mode was discovered whilst investigating bromine absorbed on silicone usi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein content of peroxisomes varies across species or organism, but the presence of proteins common to many species has been used to suggest an endosymbiotic origin; that is, peroxisomes evolved from bacteria that invaded larger cells as parasites, and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship. However, thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Szyszkowski Equation has been used by Meissner and Michaels to describe the decrease in surface tension of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters at varying mole fractions. It describes the exponential decrease of the surface tension at low concentrations reasonably but should be used only at co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This idea, drug to metabolite switching, is an extension of the chiral switch concept. The purpose of the switching is to develop an active metabolite which will be devoid of the side-effects and have an improved therapeutic profile compared to the parent chiral drug. Some examples of chiral drug to metabolite switches... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Genes of all organisms, except bacteria, consist of short protein-coding regions (exons) interrupted by long sequences (introns). When a gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is copied into a “primary RNA” sequence by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Then the “spliceosome” machinery physically removes the introns from the RNA ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The kinesis strategy controlled by the locally and instantly evaluated well-being (fitness) can be described in simple words: Animals stay longer in good conditions and leave bad conditions more quickly. If the well-being is measured by the local reproduction coefficient then the minimal reaction-diffusion model of kin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In guenons, selection is responsible for the evolution of predator-specific alarm calls from loud calls. Loud calls travel long distances, greater than that of the home range, and can be used as beneficial alarm calls to warn conspecifics or showcase their awareness of and deter a predator. A spectrogram of a subadult ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SBPase is involved in the regeneration of 5-carbon sugars during the Calvin cycle. Although SBPase has not been emphasized as an important control point in the Calvin cycle historically, it plays a large part in controlling the flux of carbon through the Calvin cycle. Additionally, SBPase activity has been found to ha... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phillips' contributions to computational biology include advanced techniques for interpreting experimental data in complex chemical and biological systems. He focused on the interaction between troponin T (TnT) and tropomyosin, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms in muscle contractions. Additionally, he explored... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A concern usually addressed in catalyst design is efficiency, in particular how much of the incident light can be used in a system in practice. This is comparable with photosynthetic efficiency, where light-to-chemical-energy conversion is measured. Photosynthetic organisms are able to collect about 50% of incident sol... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Gonyaulax
* Karenia
* Gymnodinium
* Dinophysis
* Noctiluca
* Chattonella
* Ceratium
* Amoebophyre
* Alexandrium
* Cochlodinium | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy or Helmholtz free energy is essentially the energy of a chemical reaction "free" or available to do external work. Historically, the "free energy" is a more advanced and accurate replacement for the thermochemistry term “affinity” used by chemists of olden days to describe the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS). In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing br... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Snieckus' research interests in organic synthesis focused on metalation and particularly lithiation. He is best known for his work on the directed ortho metalation family of reactions. His work has had practical applications in both academic and industrial settings, particularly in the industrial-scale synthesis of pha... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gold(III) bromide is used as a catalyst in a variety of reactions, but one of its most interesting uses is found in the Diels-Alder reaction. Specifically, the compound catalyzes the reaction between an enynal unit and carbonyl compounds to form a six-membered cyclic compound.
Another catalytic use of gold tribromide i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) is an organosilicon compound with the formula (Me = CH). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in diverse organic solvents, but reacts rapidly with moisture and solvents containing OH and NH groups. It is used in analytical chemistry to increase the volatility of analytes, e.g.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Histatins are antimicrobial and antifungal proteins, and have been found to play a role in wound-closure. A significant source of histatins is found in the serous fluid secreted by Ebner's glands, salivary glands at the back of the tongue, and produced by acinus cells. Here they offer some early defense against incomin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many kinds of breast cancer, aberrations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are the most common genomic abnormalities. The most common known aberrations include the PIK3CA gene mutation and the loss-of-function mutations or epigenetic silencing of PTEN. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SuperSAGE is a derivative of SAGE that uses the type III-endonuclease EcoP15I of phage P1, to cut 26 bp long sequence tags from each transcript's cDNA, expanding the tag-size by at least 6 bp as compared to the predecessor techniques SAGE and LongSAGE. The longer tag-size allows for a more precise allocation of the tag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic and inorganic anions are produced from fluoride, including:
*Bifluoride, used as an etchant for glass
*Tetrafluoroberyllate
*Hexafluoroplatinate
*Tetrafluoroborate used in organometallic synthesis
*Hexafluorophosphate used as an electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries.
*Trifluoromethanesulfonate | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the lead ISASMELT 5 t/h pilot plant was being designed in 1982–1983, MIM continued to use the 120 kg/h test rig to develop other processes, including the dross treatment process previously mentioned, and the treatment of lead-acid battery paste for lead recycling.
The MIM Holdings Board of Directors approved the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In his 2016 Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Michael Pirrung wrote that yield is one of the primary factors synthetic chemists must consider in evaluating a synthetic method or a particular transformation in "multistep syntheses." He wrote that a yield based on recovered starting material (BRSM) or (BORSM) does... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The title, Mappae clavicula, is absurd, translating approximately as the little key to the small cloth. The best explanation is that it is a mis-translation from a Greek original, in which χειρόκμητον kheirókmēton (knack or trick of the trade) was mis-read as χειρόμακτρον kheirómaktron (hand-towel). This is consistent ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction. Usually, in an electrolytic cell, it can function generally as a cathode, but not generally as an anode because a (highly resistive) oxide of the metal forms under anodic conditions. Valve metals include commonly aluminium, titani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This strategy is based around the use of locally available plants, not costly industrial inputs, thus making it both more economically feasible and more culturally appropriate as this method is in many ways similar to traditional African practices of intercropping. For this reason, this method is anticipated to be a po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When ground state energies are different but transition state energies are similar, selectivity will be degraded in the transition state, and poor overall selectivity may be observed. For instance, high selectivity for one ground state conformer is observed in the following radical methylation reaction.
The conformer i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comes from a third pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coelenterazine is a luciferin, a molecule that emits light after reaction with oxygen, found in many aquatic organisms across eight phyla. It is the substrate of many luciferases such as Renilla reniformis luciferase (Rluc), Gaussia luciferase (Gluc), and photoproteins, including aequorin, and obelin. All these protein... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* The French writer René Daumal intoxicated himself by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride which he used to kill the beetles he collected, to "encounter other worlds" by voluntarily plunging himself into intoxications close to comatose states.
* Carbon tetrachloride is listed (along with salicylic acid, toluene, sodium ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An important factor in the antiperiplanar conformer is the interaction between molecular orbitals. Anti-periplanar geometry will put a bonding orbital and an anti-bonding orbital approximately parallel to each other, or syn-periplanar. Figure 6 is another representation of 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane (Figure 5), showin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1986, Novotny was given the Award in Chromatography from the American Chemical Society. Novotny received the ANACHEM award in 1992. This award is given to outstanding analytical chemists for teaching, research, administration or other activities which have advanced of the field.
Novotny was also selected as the LCG... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The micelle packing parameter equation is utilized to help "predict molecular self-assembly in surfactant solutions":
where is the surfactant tail volume, is the tail length, and is the equilibrium area per molecule at the aggregate surface. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas is best calculated using the grand canonical ensemble. The grand potential for a Bose gas is given by:
where each term in the sum corresponds to a particular single-particle energy level ε; g is the number of states with energy ε; z is the absolute activity (or "fugacity"), whic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are various forms of mutations that can occur in coding regions. One form is silent mutations, in which a change in nucleotides does not result in any change in amino acid after transcription and translation. There also exist nonsense mutations, where base alterations in the coding region code for a premature sto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oil-in-water emulsions are common in food products:
* Mayonnaise and Hollandaise sauces – these are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with egg yolk lecithin, or with other types of food additives, such as sodium stearoyl lactylate
* Homogenized milk – an emulsion of milk fat in water, with milk proteins as the emulsifi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Japan, "clarke" is translated as . The word is always added, which happens to make the term appear similar in form with scientific constants such as . The term may have a narrower sense than Fersman's. Several of the following constraints may apply:
* Only of Earth's crust
* Lithosphere approximated as a 10 mile-de... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Acid–base titration plays a crucial role in environmental monitoring by providing a quantitative analytical method for assessing the acidity or alkalinity of water samples. The measurement of parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, and acidity is essential in evaluating the environmental impact of industrial discharge... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sharpless was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1970–1977, 1980–1990) and Stanford University (1977–1980). While at Stanford, Sharpless discovered Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, which was used to make (+)-disparlure. , Sharpless led a laboratory at Scripps Research. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The risk of opioid-related adverse effects such as respiratory depression, falls, cognitive impairment and sedation is increased. Tramadol may interact with other medications and increase the risk for adverse events. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .
*Beattie, J.A., Oppenheim, I. (1979). Principles of Thermodynamics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, .
*Born, M. (1921). Kritische Betrachtungen zur traditionellen Darstellung der Thermodynamik, Physik. Zeitschr. 22: 218–224.
*Bryan, G... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The charge of proteins is determined by the pKa of its amino acid side chains, and the terminal amino acid and carboxylic acid. Proteins with isoelectric point (pI) above physiological conditions have a positive charge and proteins with pI below physiological conditions have a negative charge. The net charge of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methods of determining pH include:
*Observation of soil profile: certain profile characteristics can be indicators of either acid, saline, or sodic conditions. Examples are:
**Poor incorporation of the organic surface layer with the underlying mineral layer – this can indicate strongly acidic soils;
**The classic podz... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Since the 1920s, beryllium has been used in electronics, ceramics, research and development labs, aircraft, and the atomic energy and defense industry. Cases of bronchitis and pneumonia-like symptoms were reported in Germany and Russia in the 1930s among workers mining and refining beryllium. By 1946, a cluster of case... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cognitive studies frequently rely on the detection of neuronal activity during cognition. The use of fMRS for this purpose is at present mainly at an experimental level but is rapidly increasing. Cognitive tasks where fMRS has been used and the major findings of the research are summarized below. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cytocidal infections are often associated with changes in cell morphology, physiology and are thus important for the complete viral replication and transformation. Cytopathic Effects, often include a change in cells morphology such as fusion with adjacent cells to form polykaryocytes as well as the synthesis of nuclea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While there are myriad sites that have been analyzed to date within the United States, the following list will serve as examples of the subject matter:
*Auke Bay U.S. Postal Facility, Juneau, Alaska
*Esso Canada Ltd. Former Bulk Fuels Facility, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
*Dakin Building, Brisbane, California
*East Elk... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012). SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aq... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An RBS instrument generally includes three essential components:
* An ion source, usually alpha particles (He ions) or, less commonly, protons.
* A linear particle accelerator capable of accelerating incident ions to high energies, usually in the range 1-3 MeV.
* A detector capable of measuring the energies of backscat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Robert Marc Mazo is a theoretical physical chemist who specialized in statistical mechanics. Educated at Harvard and Yale, he was a research associate at the University of Chicago, and he taught at the California Institute of Technology prior to joining the University of Oregon faculty in 1962. He was designated a pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this formalism, a liquid crystal material is treated as a continuum; molecular details are entirely ignored. Rather, this theory considers perturbations to a presumed oriented sample. The distortions of the liquid crystal are commonly described by the Frank free energy density. One can identify three types of distor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Salts of thioacetic acid such as potassium thioacetate can be used convert nitroarenes to aryl acetamides in one step. This is particularly useful in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, e.g., paracetamol. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A copolymer is formed from more than one monomeric species. Advanced polymerization techniques have been established for the preparation of covalent copolymers, however supramolecular copolymers are still in its infancy and is slowly progressing. In recent years, all plausible category of supramolecular copolymers such... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Aldehydes are commonly generated by alcohol oxidation. Industry oxidizes methanol to formaldehyde on a large scale, and, in the Wacker process, ethylene to acetaldehyde in the presence of copper and palladium catalysts (acetaldehyde is also produced on a large scale by acetylene hydration). "Green" and cheap oxygen is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A general second messenger system mechanism can be broken down into four steps. First, the agonist activates a membrane-bound receptor. Second, the activated G-protein produces a primary effector. Third, the primary effect stimulates the second messenger synthesis. Fourth, the second messenger activates a certain cellu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some efforts have been made to extract systematically interaction networks directly from the scientific literature. Such approaches range in terms of complexity from simple co-occurrence statistics of entities that are mentioned together in the same context (e.g. sentence) to sophisticated natural language processing a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before introduction of platinum catalysts by Speier, hydrosilylation was not practiced widely. A peroxide-catalyzed process was reported in academic literature in 1947, but the introduction of Speier's catalyst (HPtCl) was a big breakthrough.
Karstedts catalyst was later introduced. It is a lipophilic complex that is s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the way ESTs are sequenced, many distinct expressed sequence tags are often partial sequences that correspond to the same mRNA of an organism. In an effort to reduce the number of expressed sequence tags for downstream gene discovery analyses, several groups assembled expressed sequence tags into EST contigs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.
Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image.
The technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-service ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The set of databases includes data from International Tables of Crystallography, Vol. A: Space-Group Symmetry, and the data of maximal subgroups of space groups as listed in International Tables of Crystallography, Vol. A1: Symmetry relations between space groups. A k-vector database with Brillouin zone figures and cla... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The activity of some enzymes is regulated by ADP-ribosylation. For instance, the activity of Rodospirillum rubrum di-nitrogenase-reductase is turned off by ADP-ribosylation of an arginine residue, and reactivated by the removal of the ADP-ribosyl group. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coenzyme Q (CoQ ) also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements. CoQ is found in many organisms, including animals and bact... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The organization is led by a steering committee elected from its members. The steering committee represents the EBF in international forums and sets the agenda for the closed and open meetings. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In high-density oligonucleotide SNP arrays, hundreds of thousands of probes are arrayed on a small chip, allowing for many SNPs to be interrogated simultaneously. Because SNP alleles only differ in one nucleotide and because it is difficult to achieve optimal hybridization conditions for all probes on the array, the t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
George Simms Hammond (May 22, 1921 – October 5, 2005) was an American scientist and theoretical chemist who developed "Hammonds postulate", and fathered organic photochemistry,–the general theory of the geometric structure of the transition state in an organic chemical reaction. Hammonds research is also known for its ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lichenometry is a technique used to determine the age of exposed rock surfaces based on the size of lichen thalli. Introduced by Beschel in the 1950s, the technique has found many applications. it is used in archaeology, palaeontology, and geomorphology. It uses the presumed regular but slow rate of lichen growth to de... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The proposed mechanism for cationic photopolymerization begins with the photoexcitation of the initiator. Once excited, both homolytic cleavage and dissociation of a counter anion takes place, generating a cationic radical (R), an aryl radical (R') and an unaltered counter anion (X). The abstraction of a lewis acid by ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The plate count method relies on bacteria growing a colony on a nutrient medium so that the colony becomes visible to the naked eye and the number of colonies on a plate can be counted. To be effective, the dilution of the original sample must be arranged so that on average between 30 and 300 colonies of the target bac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Heterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the use of elemental gold as a heterogeneous catalyst. As in most heterogeneous catalysis, the metal is typically supported on metal oxide. Furthermore, as seen in other heterogeneous catalysts, activity increases with a decreasing diameter of supported gold clusters. Several indu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CH has been measured directly in the environment since the 1970s. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased 160% since preindustrial levels in the mid-18th century.
Long term atmospheric measurements of methane by NOAA show that the build up of methane nearly tripled since pre-industrial times since 1... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Filtration is a unit operation that is commonly used both in laboratory and production conditions. This apparatus, adapted for laboratory work, is often used to isolate the product of synthesis of a reaction when the product is a solid in suspension. The product of synthesis is then recovered faster, and the solid is d... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*SK1
*PDE4A1
*Raf1
*mTOR
*PP1
*SHP1
*Spo20p
*p47phox
*PKCε
*PLCβ
*PIP5K
*[https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000001012 Opi1]
*TREK-1
*K
*K2.2 | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dendrimer is assembled from a multifunctional core, which is extended outward by a series of reactions, commonly a Michael reaction. Each step of the reaction must be driven to full completion to prevent mistakes in the dendrimer, which can cause trailing generations (some branches are shorter than the others). Suc... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The presence of these two genes was first suspected when Nelson and Kennedy (1972) showed that there were Mg-repressible and non-repressible Mg uptake systems in E. coli. The non-repressible uptake of Mg is mediated by the CorA protein. In S. typhimurium the repressible Mg uptake was eventually shown to be via the MgtA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chimpanzees emit alarm calls in response to predators, such as leopards and snakes. They produce three types of alarm calls: acoustically-variable hoos, barks, and SOS screams. Alarm signalling is impacted by receiver knowledge and caller age, can be coupled with receiver monitoring, and is important to the understandi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1897, protargol, a silver salt of a protein mixture, developed by Eichengrün at Bayer, was introduced as a new drug against gonorrhea. Protargol stayed in use until sulfa drugs and then antibiotics became available in the 1940s. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Alexander Nikolayevich Nesmeyanov (; – 17 January 1980) was a Soviet chemist and academician (1943) specializing in organometallic chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Positive feedback loops can cause ultrasensitive responses. An example of this is seen in the transcription of certain eukaryotic genes in which non-cooperative transcription factor binding changes positive feedback loops of histone modification that results in an ultrasensitive activation of transcription. The bindi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alloy systems that are liquid at room temperature have thermal conductivity far superior to ordinary non-metallic liquids, allowing liquid metal to efficiently transfer energy from the heat source to the liquid. They also have a higher electrical conductivity that allows the liquid to be pumped more efficiently, by ele... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sea salt aerosols can alter the Earth radiation budget through directly scattering solar radiation (direct effect), and indirectly changing the cloud albedo by serving as CCN (indirect effect). Different models give different predictions of annual mean radiative forcing induced by sea salt direct effect, but most of th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The number of RNAPs in bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli) have been shown to be smaller than the number of sigma factors. Consequently, if a certain sigma factor is overexpressed, not only will increase the expression levels of genes whose promoters have preference for that sigma factor, but it will also reduce the probab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pressure cell is connected to a source of compressed gas (such as Argon, Helium or Nitrogen). A capillary is placed through a ferrule in the cap so that one end is in contact with the liquid in the tube or vial. The distal end of the capillary is fritted to retain the particles while packing. Pressure from the c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In general, in prokaryotes the lifetime of mRNA is much shorter than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes degrade messages by using a combination of ribonucleases, including endonucleases, 3 exonucleases, and 5 exonucleases. In some instances, small RNA molecules (sRNA) tens to hundreds of nucleotides long can stimulate the degr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term optical activity is derived from the interaction of chiral materials with polarized light. In a solution, the (−)-form, or levorotatory form, of an optical isomer rotates the plane of a beam of linearly polarized light counterclockwise. The (+)-form, or dextrorotatory form, of an optical isomer does the opposi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sultams are cyclic sulfonamides. Bioactive sultams include the antiinflammatory ampiroxicam and the anticonvulsant sulthiame. Sultams are prepared analogously to other sulfonamides, allowing for the fact that sulfonic acids are deprotonated by amines. They are often prepared by one-pot oxidation of disulfides or thiols... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitroalkenes are useful intermediates for various chemical functionalities.
* A nitroalkene behaving as a Michael acceptor in the synthesis of Lycoricidine:
* Nitroalkene acting as an activated dienophile toward butadiene in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition:
* The synthesis of pyrrole derivatives via the Barton–Zard reactio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gel electrolytes – closely resemble liquid electrolytes. In essence, they are liquids in a flexible lattice framework. Various additives are often applied to increase the conductivity of such systems. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biology, much of what we understand to be protein-based molecular motors may also in fact be Brownian motors. These molecular motors facilitate critical cellular processes in living organisms and, indeed, are fundamental to life itself.
Researchers have made significant advances in terms of examining these organic p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Membrane proteins and self-assembly properties of certain proteins can be studied under this technique, due to being a label-free calorimeter. Membrane proteins are known to have difficulties with selection of proper solubilization and purification protocols. As ITC is a non-destructive calorimetric tool, it can be use... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is desirable to ferment D-xylose to ethanol. This can be accomplished either by native xylose fermenting yeasts such as Scheffersomyces Pichia stipitis or by metabolically engineered strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pichia stipitis is not as ethanol tolerant as the traditional ethanol producing yeast Saccharomy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Only two elements are liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure: mercury and bromine. Four more elements have melting points slightly above room temperature: francium, caesium, gallium and rubidium. In addition, certain mixtures of elements are liquid at room temperature, even if the individual element... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Accumulation of excess homogentisic acid and its oxide, named alkapton, is a result of the failure of the enzyme homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase (typically due to a mutation) in the degradative pathway of tyrosine, consequently associated with alkaptonuria. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is used to assemble sugars from carbon dioxide and a hydrogen and electron source such as water. The process of photosynthesis was discovered by Jan Ingenhousz, a Dutch-born British physici... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The investigation of the TRPM genes and proteins in human cells is an area of intense recent study and, at times, debate. Montell et al. (2002) have reviewed the research into the TRP genes, and a second review by Montell (2003) has reviewed the research into the TRPM genes.
The TRPM family of ion channels has members ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Survivin is known to be expressed during fetal development and across most tumour cell types, but is rarely present in normal, non-malignant adult cells. Tamm et al. showed that survivin was expressed in all 60 different human tumour lines used in the National Cancer Institute's cancer drug-screening program, with the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sepro Mineral Systems Corp. is a Canadian company founded in 1987 and headquartered in British Columbia, Canada. The outcome of the acquisition of Sepro Mineral Processing International by Falcon Concentrators in 2008, the company's key focus is the production of mineral processing equipment for the mining and aggregat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
According to Mendelian inheritance, variations in an organism's phenotype (observable physical and behavioral characteristics) are due in part to variations in its genotype (particular set of genes). Each gene specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of a gene (alleles) giving rise to different phenotypes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imipenem is rapidly degraded by the renal enzyme dehydropeptidase 1 when administered alone, and is almost always coadministered with cilastatin to prevent this inactivation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zeolites are natural or synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates, which have a repeating pore network and release water at high temperature. Zeolites are polar in nature.
They are manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis of sodium aluminosilicate or another silica source in an autoclave followed by ion exchange with certai... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the glass thermometer. This consists of a glass tube filled with mercury or some other liquid... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is an inverse relationship between delta yield strength and grain size to some power, x.
where k is the strengthening coefficient and both k and x are material specific. Assuming a narrow monodisperse grain size distribution in a polycrystalline material, the smaller the grain size, the smaller the repulsion stre... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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