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Members of the genus Dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte. However, the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken, and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes, leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In terms of the imaginary system, it is a general term for various types of remote sensor systems that acquire remote sensing images of objects without photography. Scanning is usually used for imaging, tape recording or indirect recording on film. According to the structure of the system, the scanning method and the d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Layering graphene on top of gold has been shown to improve SPR sensor performance. Its high electrical conductivity increases the sensitivity of detection. The large surface area of graphene also facilitates the immobilization of biomolecules while its low refractive index minimizes its interference. Enhancing SPR sens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levobetaxolol inhibits the beta-1-adrenergic receptor. When applied topically, it reduces intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by 16-23% depending on time of day and the individual. It also has neuroprotective effects. Levobetaxolol has fewer cardiovascular side effects than other beta blockers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The history of oligopeptidases originates in the late 1960s, when the rabbit brain was searched for enzymes that cause inactivation of the nonapeptide bradykinin. In the early and mid 1970s two thiol-activated endopeptidases, responsible for more than 90% of bradykinin inactivation, were isolated from cytosol of rabbit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The heat collected from this process generates steam, which can be used in a conventional steam turbine system to make electricity. In contrast to the low-temperature solar thermal systems that are used for air or water heating in domestic or commercial buildings, these solar thermal electricity plants operate at high ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The general formula for the action of an element of a space group is
: y = M.x + D
where M is its matrix, D is its vector, and where the element transforms point x into point y. In general, D = D (lattice) + , where is a unique function of M that is zero for M being the identity. The matrices M form a point group that... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Reactants of the photoreactions can be both gaseous and liquids. In general, it is necessary to bring the reactants close to the light source in order to obtain the highest possible luminous efficacy. For this purpose, the reaction mixture can be irradiated either directly or in a flow-through side arm of a reactor wi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Another category of plant defenses are those features that indirectly protect the plant by enhancing the probability of attracting the natural enemies of herbivores. Such an arrangement is known as mutualism, in this case of the "enemy of my enemy" variety. One such feature are semiochemicals, given off by plants. Semi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Van Bekkum was born on 26 September 1932 in Rotterdam. He studied technological chemistry at Delft University of Technology and graduated in 1959. He subsequently worked two years for Royal Dutch Shell before returning to Delft University to work as lecturer. In 1971 he was named professor of Catalysis in Organic Chemi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most ceramics are extremely hard and must be wet-sawed with a circular blade embedded with diamond particles. A metallography or lapidary saw equipped with a low-density diamond blade is usually suitable. The blade must be cooled by a continuous liquid spray. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Life in sea ice is energetically demanding, and sets limits at any hierarchical, organizational, and organismic level, ranging from molecules to everything that an organism does. Despite this fact, the brine-containing interstices and pockets found in sea ice host a variety of organisms, including bacteria, autotrophic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In statistical physics, a system is said to present quenched disorder when some parameters defining its behavior are random variables which do not evolve with time. These parameters are said to be quenched or frozen. Spin glasses are a typical example. Quenched disorder is contrasted with annealed disorder in which the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Photopyroelectric As known that Photopyroelectric can be regarded as –Photo +Pyroelectric，which means any optical systems using a pyroelectric detector or imaging system, In addition, pyroelectricity could be depicted as the capability of the components formulating the transient voltage when heated or cooled. Once the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical defense is a strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites or chemical warnings which incite defensive behavioral changes. The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The clas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Remineralisation refers to the breakdown or transformation of organic matter (those molecules derived from a biological source) into its simplest inorganic forms. These transformations form a crucial link within ecosystems as they are responsible for liberating the energy stored in organic molecules and recycling matt... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The stereotypic inflammatory response provoked by toll-like receptor activation has prompted speculation that endogenous activators of toll-like receptors might participate in autoimmune diseases. TLRs have been suspected of binding to host molecules including fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting), heat shock protei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotary vacuum drum filter (RVDF), patented in 1872, is one of the oldest filters used in the industrial liquid-solids separation. It offers a wide range of industrial processing flow sheets and provides a flexible application of dewatering, washing and/or clarification.
A rotary vacuum filter consists of a large rotati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A constant magnetic force is applied to unzip the DNA hairpin, and reducing the force allows the hairpin to rezip. Prior to performing the downstream applications several unzipping and rezipping cycles are performed. While the magnetic force required to unzip and rezip may vary depending on the DNA sequence and hairp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike in marine sediments, diagenesis does not pose a large threat to the integrity of the C/N ratio in lacustrine sediments. Though wood from living trees around lakes have consistently higher C/N ratios than wood buried in sediment, the change in elemental composition is not large enough to remove the vascular versu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
*Natural agents − Different natural products and their extracts, such as onion, pineapple, lemon, and white wine, are known to inhibit or slow the browning of some products. Onion and its extract exhibit potent anti-browning properties by inhibiting the PPO activity. Pineapple juice have shown to possess anti-browning ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The book begins by discussing the history of parasites in human knowledge, from the earliest writings about them in ancient cultures, up through modern times. The focus comes to rest extensively on the views and experiments conducted by scientists in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, such as those done by Antonie van... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Where primary energy is used to describe fossil fuels, the embodied energy of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around 70% is typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy. There are very much less significant conversion losses when hydroelectricity, wind and solar power produce electricity,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The purpose of single cell metabolomics is to gain a better understanding at the molecular level of major biological topics such as: cancer, stem cells, aging, as well as the development of drug resistance. In general the focus of metabolomics is mostly on understanding how cells deal with environmental stresses at the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the concept of circles and spheres can be extended to hyperbolic space, finding the densest packing becomes much more difficult. In a hyperbolic space there is no limit to the number of spheres that can surround another sphere (for example, Ford circles can be thought of as an arrangement of identical hyperbol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An anoxic event describes a period wherein large expanses of Earth's oceans were depleted of dissolved oxygen (O), creating toxic, euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) waters. Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geologic record shows that they happened many times in the past. Anoxic events coin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Imidates may be generated by a number of synthetic routes, but are in general formed by the Pinner reaction. This proceeds via the acid catalyzed attack of nitriles by alcohols.
Imidates produced in this manner are formed as their hydrochloride salts, which are sometimes referred to as Pinner salts. Carboximidates are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (). PKA has several functions in the cell, including regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism. It should not b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The V comformation of COT has an angle at 135° and is thought to be highly stabilized via bonding with the iron atoms (in free COT, this comformation is disfavored by approximately 36 kcal/mol.
Fascinatingly, in benzene solution, H NMR reveals a single broadened resonance with a chemical shift at -3.15 ppm. This sugges... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the minimum in the system can be approximated to a linear one, the residuals in the case of unit weights are related to the observations by
The symmetric, idempotent matrix is known in the statistics literature as the hat matrix, . Thus,
and
where is an identity matrix and and are the variance-covariance matric... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
IR-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy uses two laser beams (an infrared probe, and a visible pump) that spatially and temporally overlap at a surface of a material or the interface between two media. An output beam is generated at a frequency of the sum of the two input beams. The two input beams must be ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a mixture of gases, the fugacity of each component has a similar definition, with partial molar quantities instead of molar quantities (e.g., instead of and instead of ):
and
where is the partial pressure of component . The partial pressures obey Dalton's law:
where is the total pressure and is the mole fract... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some typical Doppler-broadened NICE-OHMS signals, from 13 ppb (10 μTorr, 13•10 atm) of CH detected in a cavity with a finesse of 4800, are shown in the figure. (a) fm- and (b) wm-signal. Individual markers: measured data; Solid curves: theoretical fits. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
More than half of the regional land in Campania is used for agriculture, and therefore the economy of the region is adversely affected by the waste crisis. Between January and March 2007, 30,000 kilograms of waste were burned on agricultural land, with a revenue of more than €118,000. In the region, over 12,000 cattle,... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The presence of atmospheric methane has a role in the scientific search for extra-terrestrial life. The justification is that on an astronomical timescale, methane in the atmosphere of an Earth-like celestial body will quickly dissipate, and that its presence on such a planet or moon therefore indicates that something ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide. Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur compounds. 70 Tg(S) per year in the form of SO comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry, 2.8 Tg(S)... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Chen-Kao reaction (named after Ko Kuei Chen and Chung-Hsi Kao, Madison, Wisconsin 1926) is a chemical method for determining the presence of pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and similar phenylalkylamines.
The reaction is used in spot tests and is also known as Chen-Kao test (or simply as Chen, Test T in UN Precursor Tes... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Yuri Andreyevich Zhdanov (; 20 August 1919 – 19 December 2006) was a Soviet and Russian chemistry professor and rector of the University of Rostov. He was the son of Soviet politician Andrei Zhdanov and a former husband of Joseph Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane is sometimes used as a low temperature refrigerant (R-14). It is used in electronics microfabrication alone or in combination with oxygen as a plasma etchant for silicon, silicon dioxide, and silicon nitride. It also has uses in neutron detectors. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The amylolytic process is used in the brewing of alcohol from grains. Since grains contain starches but little to no simple sugars, the sugar needed to produce alcohol is derived from starch via the amylolytic process. In beer brewing, this is done through malting. In sake brewing, the mold Aspergillus oryzae provides ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Standard Model hypothesises a field called the Higgs field (symbol: ), which has the unusual property of a non-zero amplitude in its ground state (zero-point) energy after renormalization; i.e., a non-zero vacuum expectation value. It can have this effect because of its unusual "Mexican hat" shaped potential whose ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The local solidification time can be calculated using Chvorinov's rule, which is:
Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, and B is the mold constant. It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Levocetirizine is referred to as a non-sedating antihistamine as it does not enter the brain in significant amounts and is therefore unlikely to cause drowsiness. Cardiac safety with repolarization may be better than some other antihistamines, as levocetirizine does not significantly prolong the QT interval in healthy ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Research carried out in 2008 in the Siberian Arctic showed methane releases on the annual scale of millions of tonnes, which was a substantial increase on the previous estimate of 0.5 millions of tonnes per year. apparently through perforations in the seabed permafrost, with concentrations in some regions reaching up ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In spectroscopy, oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule. For example, if an emissive state has a small oscillator strength, nonradiative decay will outpace radiative... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Reduction of an epoxide with lithium aluminium hydride or aluminium hydride produces the corresponding alcohol. This reduction process results from the nucleophilic addition of hydride (H).
* Reductive cleavage of epoxides gives β-lithioalkoxides.
* Epoxides undergo ring expansion reactions, illustrated by the inse... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the oldest, and perhaps the most studied, families of photochromes are the spiropyrans. Very closely related to these are the spirooxazines. For example, the spiro form of an oxazine is a colorless leuco dye; the conjugated system of the oxazine and another aromatic part of the molecule is separated by a sp³-hyb... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The reaction involving benzaldehyde was discovered by Claisen using sodium benzylate as base. The reaction produces benzyl benzoate.
Enolizable aldehydes are not amenable to Claisen's conditions. Vyacheslav Tishchenko discovered that aluminium alkoxides allowed the conversion of enolizable aldehydes to esters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As particles and droplets in an aerosol collide with one another, they may undergo coalescence or aggregation. This process leads to a change in the aerosol particle-size distribution, with the mode increasing in diameter as total number of particles decreases. On occasion, particles may shatter apart into numerous sma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Higher values of TFQI are associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired renal function, diabetes, and diabetes-related mortality. In a large population of community-dwelling euthyroid subjects the thyroid feedback quantile-based index predicted all-cause mortality, even after adjustment for other established ri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The conformation of any polymer is affected by a number of factors, notably the polymer architecture and the solvent affinity. In the case of polyelectrolytes, charge also has an effect. Whereas an uncharged linear polymer chain is usually found in a random conformation in solution (closely approximating a self-avoidin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concentration of calcium in the cell nucleus can increase in response to signals from the environment. Nuclear calcium is an evolutionary conserved potent regulator of gene expression that allows cells to undergo long-lasting adaptive responses. The 'Nuclear Calcium Hypothesis’ by Hilmar Bading describes nuclear ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Makemake exhibits methane, large amounts of ethane and tholins, as well as smaller amounts of ethylene, acetylene and high-mass alkanes may be present, most likely created by photolysis of methane by solar radiation. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Table 1: Reaction times and yield vary on the substrate. The β-glucopyranoside was found to be the best substrate for the Tipson–Cohen reaction as the reaction time and yield were much superior that any other substrate proposed in the study.
Substrates possess benzylidene protecting groups at C-4 and C-6, OMe groups at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SPEARpesticides (Species At Risk) is a trait based biological indicator system for streams which quantitatively links pesticide contamination to the composition of invertebrate communities. The approach uses species traits that characterize the ecological requirements posed by pesticide contamination in running waters.... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The deformation gradient for a simple shear deformation has the form
where are reference orthonormal basis vectors in the plane of deformation and the shear deformation is given by
In matrix form, the deformation gradient and the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor may then be expressed as
Therefore,
and the Cauchy s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Zur Kenntnis der thermischen Zersetzung der Salpetersäure, 1926.
* Zur Erklärung der abnormen Osmose an nichtquellbaren Membranen, I.-III. Teil, 1933.
* The Structure of the Colladion Membrane and Its Electrical Behavior, an Experimental Test of Some Aspects of the Teorell and Meyer-sievers Theories of Electrical Mem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Standard methods such as microarrays and standard bulk RNA-Seq analysis analyze the expression of RNAs from large populations of cells. In mixed cell populations, these measurements may obscure critical differences between individual cells within these populations.
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides the ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pre-mRNAs from the D. melanogaster gene dsx contain 6 exons. In males, exons 1,2,3,5,and 6 are joined to form the mRNA, which encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein required for male development. In females, exons 1,2,3, and 4 are joined, and a polyadenylation signal in exon 4 causes cleavage of the mRNA at that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mukaiyama studied chemistry at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, earning his BSc in synthetic organic chemistry in 1948. He became assistant professor at Gakushuin University in 1953, where he stayed until he received his Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1957. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The formyl group can be readily reduced to a primary alcohol (). Typically this conversion is accomplished by catalytic hydrogenation either directly or by transfer hydrogenation. Stoichiometric reductions are also popular, as can be effected with sodium borohydride. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose-1-phosphate:
In vivo, phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate is usually greater than 100. Glucose-1-phosphate is t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mycophenolic acid is a Penicillium metabolite that was originally prepared via a key benzannulation step. An alkyne and a cyclobutenone were reacted to form a substituted phenol in a single step in a 73% yield (Scheme 14). Mycophenolic acid was prepared in nine steps in an overall yield of 17-19%.
In the synthesis of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reverse transfection is a technique for the transfer of genetic material into cells. As DNA is printed on a glass slide for the transfection process (the deliberate introduction of nucleic acids into cells) to occur before the addition of adherent cells, the order of addition of DNA and adherent cells is reverse that o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The targeted deletion or alteration of genes relies on the integration of a DNA strand at a specific and predictable position into the genome of the host cell. This DNA strand must be engineered in such a way that both ends are identical to this specific gene locus. This is a prerequisite for being efficiently integrat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in water at 25 °C is 8.2 mM, and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 62. The micelle ionization fraction (α) is around 0.3 (or 30%). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Shimomura worked in the department of biology at Princeton for Professor Johnson to study the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which they collected during many summers at the Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington. In 1962, their work culminated in the discovery of the proteins aequorin a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called π–π stacking) refers to the presumptive attractive, noncovalent pi interactions (orbital overlap) between the pi bonds of aromatic rings. However this is a misleading description of the phenomena since direct stacking of aromatic rings (the "sandwich interaction") is electrostati... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Saponifiable lipids have relevant applications as a source of biofuel and can be extracted from various forms of biomass to produce biodiesel. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An example of a mineral containing hydroxyl groups is garnet. Garnet is an anhydrous mineral commonly analyzed within geological subdisciplines because of its general stability. One study analyzed the presence of garnets within the upper mantle through infrared spectroscopy and showed absorption at approximately 3500 c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Without the aid of the whole-genome sequences, pre-genomics investigations looked at select regions of the genome, often with only minimal knowledge of the gene sequences they were looking at. Genetic techniques capable of providing this sort of information include Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the following molecular equation is derived from first principles
where is the absolute pressure of the gas, is the number density of the molecules (given by the ratio , in contrast to the previous formulation in which is the number of moles), is the absolute temperature, and is the Boltz... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other salts of the dimethylaminomethylene cation:
*Dimethyl(methylidene)ammonium trifluoroacetate.
*Dimethyl(methylidene)ammonium chloride (Böhmes salt', after Horst Böhme) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in orientation. The term "crystallite boundary" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary areas contain those atoms that ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Macroinvertebrates are useful and convenient indicators of the ecological health of water bodies and terrestrial ecosystems. They are almost always present, and are easy to sample and identify. This is largely due to the fact that most macro-invertebrates are visible to the naked eye, they typically have a short life-c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Deep cycling involves the exchange of materials with the mantle. The deep water cycle involves exchange of water with the mantle, with water carried down by subducting oceanic plates and returning through volcanic activity, distinct from the water cycle process that occurs above and on the surface of Earth. Some of the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, sulfonyl halide groups occur when a sulfonyl () functional group is singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula , where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides, all four types being well known. The su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two common methods for carbene generation.
In α elimination, two substituents eliminate from the same carbon atom. This occurs with reagents with no good leaving groups vicinal to an acidic proton are exposed to strong base; for example, phenyllithium will abstract HX from a haloform (CHX). Such reactions... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A metal-ion buffer provides a controlled source of free metal ions in a manner similar to the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration by a pH buffer A metal-ion buffer solution contains the free (hydrated) metal ion along with a complex compound formed by the association of the ion with a ligand in excess. The concent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA as well as RNA are normally visualized by staining with ethidium bromide, which intercalates into the major grooves of the DNA and fluoresces under UV light. The intercalation depends on the concentration of DNA and thus, a band with high intensity will indicate a higher amount of DNA compared to a band of less int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recyclability is a key factor of a sustainable material. It reduces the need to mine new resources and requires less energy than mining. Copper and its alloys are virtually 100% recyclable and can be recycled infinitely without any loss of quality (i.e., copper does not degrade (i.e., downcycle) after each recycling lo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, stereospecificity is the property of a reaction mechanism that leads to different stereoisomeric reaction products from different stereoisomeric reactants, or which operates on only one (or a subset) of the stereoisomers.
In contrast, stereoselectivity is the property of a reactant mixture where a non-ste... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A useful alternative to the methods described here that avoids the site selectivity concerns of the SHJ reaction is tandem Michael reaction/cyclization to simultaneously form the heterocyclic base and establish its connection to the sugar moiety.
A second alternative is enzymatic transglycosylation, which is completely... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The compressive strength and hardness of diamond and various other materials, such as boron nitride, (which has the closely related zincblende structure) is attributed to the diamond cubic structure.
Similarly, truss systems that follow the diamond cubic geometry have a high capacity to withstand compression, by minimi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In nuclear physics these methods are used to study properties of the nucleus itself.
Methods for studies of the nucleus:
* Gamma spectroscopy
* Hypernuclear spectroscopy
Methods for condensed matter studies:
* Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
* Mössbauer spectroscopy
* Perturbed angular correlation (PAC, TDPAC, PAC spe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently, LIBS has been investigated as a fast, micro-destructive food analysis tool. It is considered a potential analytical tool for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, making it suitable as a PAT (Process Analytical Technology) or portable tool. Milk, bakery products, tea, vegetable oils, water, cereals,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) or ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique for the separation and determination of ionic solutes in aqueous samples from environmental and industrial origins such as metal industry, industrial waste water, in biological systems, pharmaceutical samples, food, etc. Retention i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TLRs are believed to function as dimers. Though most TLRs appear to function as homodimers, TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6, each dimer having a different ligand specificity. TLRs may also depend on other co-receptors for full ligand sensitivity, such as in the case of TLR4's recognition of LPS, which requir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacteriophage Φ29 DNA polymerase is a high-processivity enzyme that can produce DNA amplicons greater than 70 kilobase pairs. Its high fidelity and 3’–5 proofreading activity reduces the amplification error rate to 1 in 10−10 bases compared to conventional Taq polymerase with a reported error rate of 1 in 9... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
In biochemistry, the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ketone carbon is often described as sp hybridized, a description that includes both their electronic and molecular structure. Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C–C–O and C–C–C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl group (C=O) is bonded to two... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Refer to the figure on the bottom right plotting the heat capacity as a function of temperature. In this context, T is the temperature corresponding to point A on the curve.
Different operational definitions of the glass transition temperature T are in use, and several of them are endorsed as accepted scientific standa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Once in the cytoplasmic space of root cells Mg, along with the other cations, is probably transported radially into the stele and the vascular tissue. From the cells surrounding the xylem the ions are released or pumped into the xylem and carried up through the plant. In the case of Mg, which is highly mobile in both t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clay minerals can be classified as 1:1 or 2:1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be kaolinite and serpentinite. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are talc, vermiculite, and montmorillonite. The ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. The molecular medicine perspect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Huntington's disease (HD) results from a mutation in the huntingtin gene that causes an excess of CAG repeats. The gene then forms a mutated huntingtin protein with polyglutamine repeats near the amino terminus. This disease is incurable and known to cause motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Researchers have bee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc is the second most abundant transition metal present in living organisms second only to iron. It is critical for the growth and survival of cells. In humans, zinc is primarily found in various organs and tissues such as the brain, intestines, pancreas and mammary glands. In prokaryotes, zinc can function as an ant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MDA generates sufficient yield of DNA products. It is a powerful tool of amplifying DNA molecules from samples, such as uncultured microorganism or single cells to the amount that would be sufficient for sequencing studies. The large size of MDA-amplified DNA products also provides desirable sample quality for identify... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 1945–1946 – Nikolay Bogoliubov develops a general method for a microscopic derivation of kinetic equations for classical statistical systems using BBGKY hierarchy
* 1947 – Nikolay Bogoliubov and Kirill Gurov extend this method for a microscopic derivation of kinetic equations for quantum statistical systems
* 1948 – ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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