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The Griess test is an analytical chemistry test which detects the presence of nitrite ion in solution. One of its most important uses is the determination of nitrite in drinking water. The Griess diazotization reaction, on which the Griess reagent relies, was first described in 1858 by Peter Griess. The test has also b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Corrosion is a major issue with neural electrodes. Corrosion can occur because electrode metals are placed in an electrolytic solution, where the presence of current can either increase the rate of corrosion mechanisms or overcome limiting activation energies. Redox reactions are a mechanism of corrosion that can lead ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
José Joaquín Barluenga Mur (27 July 1940 – 7 September 2016) was a Spanish chemist known for his research in organometallic chemistry. He was a professor of chemistry at Oviedo University until his retirement in 2014. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is an analytical technique for characterizing materials. It differs from conventional X-ray diffraction by using polychromatic photons as the source and is usually operated at a fixed angle. With no need for a goniometer, EDXRD is able to collect full diffraction patterns ver... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with highly differentiated membrane systems. Cyanobacteria have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the fully functional electron transfer chains of photosynthesis and respiration reside. The presence of different membrane systems lends these cells a unique compl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was one of the first synthetic dyes. It was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesise the phytochemical quinine for the treatment of malaria. It is also among the first chemical dyes to have been mass-produ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:
* Cyanohydrin reaction
* Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
* Amadori rearrangement
* Wohl degradation
* Tipson-Cohen reaction
* Ferrier rearrangement
* Ferrier II reaction | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had an impact factor of 6.88 for 2021.
It is indexed in the following bibliographic databases:
* Cambridge Structural Database (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre)
* Chemical Abstracts Service/SciFinder (ACS)
* ChemWeb (ChemIndustry.com)
* Chimica Database (Els... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pisum sativum (garden pea) plants communicate stress cues via their roots to allow neighboring unstressed plants to anticipate an abiotic stressor. Pea plants are commonly grown in temperate regions throughout the world. However, this adaptation allows plants to anticipate abiotic stresses such as drought. In 2011, Fal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To improve its biophysical properties, derivatives of coelenterazine have been synthesized by means of different procedures including multicomponent strategies. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Legumes such as clover provide nitrogen compounds to neighbouring plants such as grasses by fixing nitrogen from the air with symbiotic bacteria in their root nodules. These enable the grasses or other neighbours to produce more protein (with lower inputs of artificial fertiliser) and hence to grow more. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some materials may merge at the joint by diffusion. This may occur when the molecules of both materials are mobile and soluble in each other. This would be particularly effective with polymer chains where one end of the molecule diffuses into the other material. It is also the mechanism involved in sintering. When meta... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Minerals that have the same composition but different structures (polymorphic minerals) may also have epitaxic relations. Examples are pyrite and marcasite, both FeS, and sphalerite and wurtzite, both ZnS. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The compound is typically prepared by heating thin layers of urea, the thin layers facilitating escape of ammonia:
:3 (HN)CO → [HNC(O)NH]CO + 2 NH
It can also prepared by treatment of urea with phosgene:
:2 (HN)CO + COCl → [HNC(O)NH]CO + 2 HCl
A similar synthesis employs urea and dimethyl carbonate with ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Endiandric acid C, isolated from the tree Endiandra introrsa, is a well characterized chemical compound. Endiadric acid C is reported to have better antibiotic activity than ampicillin.
This genus of trees is in the family Lauraceae. These trees are found in the north-eastern Australian rainforests and other tropical a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During the 1940s and 1950s, chemists had trouble explaining why even slight changes in the reactants caused significant differences in the rate and product distributions of a reaction. In 1955 George Hammond, a young professor at Iowa State University, postulated that transition-state theory could be used to qualitati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a coupling reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together. Such reactions often require the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermocouples of platinum/molybdenum-alloy (95%Pt/5%Mo–99.9%Pt/0.1%Mo, by weight) are sometimes used in nuclear reactors, since they show a low drift from nuclear transmutation induced by neutron irradiation, compared to the platinum/rhodium-alloy types. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the ara operon (also known as the ara or araBAD operon), arabinose acts as both an inducer and a repressor. When arabinose is present, it allosterically binds to the regulatory protein AraC, which then helps to recruit RNA polymerase for transcription. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-pyrophosphoryl-methylpteridine (7,8-Dihydropterin pyrophosphate, dihydropterin-CH2OH-diphosphate) is a pteridine; a precursor to dihydrofolic acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Atomic-force microscopy is used to study the local roughness and mechanical properties of a surface. AFM is also used to characterize adhesion and friction properties for micro- and nano-patterned superhydrophobic surfaces. Results can be used to fit a curve to the surface topography and determine the radius of curvatu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
with:
*σ is surface tension of the mixture
*σ is surface tension of pure water
*a is component specific constant (see table below)
*x is mole fraction of the solvated component
The equation can be rearranged to be explicit in a:
This allows the direct calculation of that component specific parameter a from experimenta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bionic leaves have been considered as an alternative to vertical greenery systems (VGS), also known as green facades. Like VGS, bionic facades can be implemented in buildings to reduce energy consumption from cooling, absorb solar radiation, and reduce CO emissions. Unlike their natural counterpart, bionic facades requ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The basis for determination of the absolute electrode potential under the Trasatti definition is given by the equation:
where:
: is the absolute potential of the electrode made of metal M
: is the electron work function of metal M
: is the contact (Volta) potential difference at the metal(M)–solution(S) interface.
For ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Values for log K typically range between -3 (very hydrophilic) and +10 (extremely lipophilic/hydrophobic).
The values listed here are sorted by the partition coefficient. Acetamide is hydrophilic, and 2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl is lipophilic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several gene families are involved in the processes of hyperaccumulation including upregulation of absorption and sequestration of heavy metal metals. These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms Arabidopsis and Brassicaceae. The expression of such genes is... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In Europe since early 1980s, cars must be equipped with one or two red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicles longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the drivers side of the vehicle. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dialkylphosphinic acids have the formula RPOH, where R is an alkyl or aryl group. The phosphorus(V) center has tetrahedral molecular geometry. Under the brand names Aerophine and Cyanex, dialkylphosphinic acids are used in extraction and separation of metals as one of the techniques of hydrometallurgy Characteristicall... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Laser snow is the precipitation through a chemical reaction, condensation and coagulation process, of clustered atoms or molecules, induced by passing a laser beam through certain gasses. It was first observed by Tam, Moe and Happer in 1975, and has since been noted in a number of gases. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While most mining companies have shifted from a previously accepted sprinkler method to the percolation of slowly dripping choice chemicals including cyanide or sulfuric acid closer to the actual ore bed, heap leach pads have not changed too much throughout the years. There are still four main categories of pads: conve... | 8 | Metallurgy |
From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW.
Some pigments such as... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In an isolated system, thermodynamic equilibrium by definition persists over an indefinitely long time. In classical physics it is often convenient to ignore the effects of measurement and this is assumed in the present account.
To consider the notion of fluctuations in an isolated thermodynamic system, a convenient ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* 1997 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship
* 1999 National Laboratory Visiting Fellow (NSERC)
* 2004 Fred Beamish Award (CSC)
* 2008 JSPS Invitation Fellow
* 2011 W. Lash Miller Award (ECS Canadian Section)
* 2012 Tajima Prize (ISE)
* 2015 W.A.E. McBryde Medal (CSC)
* 2021 Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although much of the literature on the subject is concerned with just one mechanism, there are actually several different mechanisms that produce the photoacoustic effect. The primary universal mechanism is photothermal, based on the heating effect of the light and the consequent expansion of the light-absorbing materi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Manhès–David process is a refining process of the copper mattes, invented in 1880 by the French industrialist Pierre Manhès and his engineer . Inspired by the Bessemer process, it consists of the use of a converter to oxidise with air the undesirable chemical elements (mainly iron and sulfur) contained in the matte... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The potentially hazardous effects of methylglyoxal require regulation of the reactions with this substrate. Synthesis of methylglyoxal is regulated by levels of DHAP and phosphate concentrations. High concentrations of DHAP encourage methylglyoxal synthase to produce methylglyoxal, while high phosphate concentrations... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In particle physics and astrophysics, the term strange matter is used in two different contexts, one broader and the other more specific and hypothetical:
# In the broader context, our current understanding of the laws of nature predicts that strange matter could be created when nuclear matter (made of protons and neut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A membrane brings many new elements for the separation. Amino acids has been separated by perstraction. Membranes did not only separate extractants and the primary solution but also were selective for amino acids. Charged membranes were used. So they selected amino acids by pKa. Besides the selectivity of a membrane is... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the most important results of Wnt signaling and the elevated level of β-catenin in certain cell types is the maintenance of pluripotency. The rate of stem cells in the colon is for instance ensured by such accumulation of β-catenin, which can be stimulated by the Wnt pathway. High frequency peristaltic mechanica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For an extreme example, in a tensile test a bar of steel is strained to just before the length at which it usually fractures. The load is released smoothly and the material relieves some of its strain by decreasing in length. The decrease in length is called the elastic recovery, and the result is a work-hardened steel... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Fish scales are calcium phosphate composites coated with a mucus layer. Fish scale properties have been mimicked by polyacrylamide hydrogels, which are both hydrophilic and mimic the mucus’ retention of water. Additionally, fish scales have been used as a template for a casting technique, and as a model for a lithograp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The halomethanes are produced on an industrial scale from abundant precursors such as natural gas or methanol, and from halogens or halides. They are usually prepared by one of three methods.
*Free radical chlorination of methane (under ultraviolet light):
This method is useful for the production of (n = 1, 2, 3, or 4... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Although anti-Jo-1 antibodies are often included with ANAs, they are actually antibodies to the cytoplasmic protein, Histidyl-tRNA synthetase – an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase essential for the synthesis of histidine loaded tRNA. They are highly associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and are rarely found in oth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoluminescence (PL) is a phenomenon related to the ability of some compounds that, after absorbing specific electromagnetic radiation, relax to a lower energy state through emission of photons. This spectroelectrochemical technique is limited to those compounds with fluorescent or luminescent properties. The experim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a pseudohalide, azide generally displaces many leaving group, e.g. , , , sulfonate, and others to give the azido compound. The azide source is most often sodium azide (), although lithium azide () has been demonstrated. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a number of natural products with neurotrophic activity, which results from several mechanisms including enhancing BDNF gene transcription, upregulating the expression of BDNF and TrkB, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and CREB signalling.
The first discovered non-protein neurotrophic natural p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CCPs can be a valuable resource of genetic material. They can be used to preserve valuable genetic diversity for future use, or as base for new breeding programs. Promising plants can be selected and multiplied, generating new varieties. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Partial molar properties satisfy relations analogous to those of the extensive properties. For the internal energy U, enthalpy H, Helmholtz free energy A, and Gibbs free energy G, the following hold:
where is the pressure, the volume, the temperature, and the entropy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Source:
* Kern Prize of the ETH Zurich (1949)
* Werner Prize of the Swiss Chemical Society (1956)
* Ruzicka Prize of the ETH Zurich (1958)
* Ernest Guenther Award (1966)
* Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art (1974)
* Welch Award (1974)
* Kirkwood Medal, Yale University (1976)
* Davy Medal (1978)
* Tetrahedron ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The inverse sixth-power distance dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer was experimentally confirmed by Wilchek, Edelhoch and Brand using tryptophyl peptides. Stryer, Haugland and Yguerabide also experimentally demonstrated the theoretical dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer on the overlap integral... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many gas-fed heating appliances such as ovens and water heaters make use of a pilot flame to ignite the main gas burner when required. If the pilot flame goes out, unburned gas may be released, which is an explosion risk and a health hazard. To prevent this, some appliances use a thermocouple in a fail-safe circuit to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Nesmeyanov, together with N.K. Kochetkov and M.I. Rybinskaya, developed a method for the synthesis of various five- and six-membered heterocycles, which is based on the high activity of carbonyl groups and the mobility of the β-substituent in compounds of the type RCOCH=CHX. The same group of scientists developed the m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SUMO enzymatic cascade catalyzes the dynamic posttranslational modification process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of SUMO protein to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, SUMO-1, is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution, T = 298.15 K and I = 3 M NaClO () or 0.1 M Na medium, Data at I = 0 are not available (): | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The empirical Monod equation is
where:
: μ is the growth rate of a considered microorganism,
: μ is the maximum growth rate of this microorganism,
: [S] is the concentration of the limiting substrate S for growth,
: K is the "half-velocity constant"—the value of [S] when μ/μ = 0.5.
μ and K are empirical (experimental) ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various analytical methods approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for measuring mercury in wastewater are in common use. EPA Methods 245.7 and 1631 are commonly used for measurement of industrial wastewater using CVAFS. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The geology that underlies a river or lake has a major impact on its chemistry. A river flowing across very ancient precambrian schists is likely to have dissolved very little from the rocks and maybe similar to de-ionised water at least in the headwaters. Conversely a river flowing through chalk hills, and especially ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Spectrochemistry is the application of spectroscopy in several fields of chemistry. It includes analysis of [https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/spectra1.html ] in chemical terms, and use of spectra to derive the structure of chemical compounds, and also to qualitatively and quantitively analyze their presenc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photo-reactive amino acid analogs are artificial analogs of natural amino acids that can be used for crosslinking of protein complexes. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs may be incorporated into proteins and peptides in vivo or in vitro. Photo-reactive amino acid analogs in common use are photoreactive diazirine analog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CellCognition has been used in RNAi-based screening, applied in basic cell cycle study, and extended to unsupervised modeling. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sucrose esters are off-white powders. Though produced from sucrose, sucrose esters do not have a sweet taste, but are bland or bitter. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of proteins primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation, antiviral responses and apoptosis.
Currently, seven TRAF proteins have been characterized in mammals: TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6 and TRAF7.
Except for TRAF7, these proteins share a relati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oligodynamic effect (from Greek oligos, "few", and dynamis, "force") is a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations. This effect is attributed to the antibacterial behavior of metal ions, which are absorbed by bacteria upon contact and damage their cell membranes.
In... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An important technique for characterizing metal carbonyls is infrared spectroscopy. The C–O vibration, typically denoted ν, occurs at 2143 cm for carbon monoxide gas. The energies of the ν band for the metal carbonyls correlates with the strength of the carbon–oxygen bond, and inversely correlated with the strength of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to some definitions, covalent hydrides cover all other compounds containing hydrogen. Some definitions limit hydrides to hydrogen centres that formally react as hydrides, i.e. are nucleophilic, and hydrogen atoms bound to metal centers. These hydrides are formed by all the true non-metals (except zero group e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transposons have coexisted with eukaryotes for thousands of years and through their coexistence have become integrated in many organisms genomes. Colloquially known as jumping genes', transposons can move within and between genomes allowing for this integration.
While there are many positive effects of transposons in t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider the series of delta functions given by
The Patterson function is given by the following series of delta functions and unit step functions | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the built environment, evaporation limited capillary penetration is responsible for the phenomenon of rising damp in concrete and masonry, while in industry and diagnostic medicine this phenomenon is increasingly being harnessed in the field of paper-based microfluidics.
In physiology, capillary action is essential ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials. Crystallites are also referred to as grains.
Bacillite is a type of crystallite. It is rodlike with parallel longulites. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The asymmetric Darzens reaction between aldehydes and (alpha)-haloesters is an effective method for the synthesis of glycidic esters. Chiral auxiliaries, chiral boron enolates, and asymmetric phase transfer catalysis have been used successfully to effect asymmetric induction in the Darzens reaction.
Diastereoselective ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grating monochromators disperse ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation typically using replica gratings, which are manufactured from a master grating. A master grating consists of a hard, optically flat, surface that has a large number of parallel and closely spaced grooves. The construction of a master grating i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stainless steel alloys remain a research target because of lower production costs, as well as the need for an austenitic stainless steel with high-temperature corrosion resistance in environments with water vapor. Research focuses on increasing high-temperature tensile strength, toughness, and creep resistance to compe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The iron-tin intermetallic forms at around and naturally assumes a kagome structure. Quenching in an ice bath then cools the material to room temperature without disrupting the atomic structure. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Camille Alphonse Faure (21 May 1840, Vizille – 14 September 1898) was a French chemical engineer who in 1881 significantly improved the design of the lead-acid battery, which had been invented by Gaston Planté in 1859. Faure's improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The epoxidation of ethylene involves its reaction with oxygen. According to a reaction mechanism suggested in 1974 at least one ethylene molecule is totally oxidized for every six that are converted to ethylene oxide:
The direct reaction of oxygen with alkenes is useful only for this epoxide. Modified heterogeneous sil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In humans, transferrin consists of a polypeptide chain containing 679 amino acids and two carbohydrate chains. The protein is composed of alpha helices and beta sheets that form two domains. The N- and C- terminal sequences are represented by globular lobes and between the two lobes is an iron-binding site.
The amino a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ASPicDB is a database of human protein variants generated by alternative splicing, a process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanol economy advantages compared to a hydrogen economy:
* Efficient energy storage by volume, as compared with compressed hydrogen. When hydrogen pressure-confinement vessel is taken into account, an advantage in energy storage by weight can also be realized. The volumetric energy density of methanol is considerabl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Pathway Interaction Database (PID) is a free biomedical database of human cellular signaling pathways. The database contains information about the molecular interactions and reactions that take place in cells, with a particular focus on processes that might be relevant to cancer research and treatment. The database... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When tested by commercial laboratories, alguronic acid showed significant results in several skin benefit and anti-aging parameters, both independently and compared to other well-known anti-aging ingredients. The funding for these third party laboratories is not disclosed. The acid, an heterogeneous mix of polysacchari... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Heating polymers to a sufficiently high temperature can cause damaging chemical changes, even in the absence of oxygen. This usually starts with chain scission, generating free radicals, which primarily engage in disproportionation and crosslinking.
PVC is the most thermally sensitive common polymer, with major degrad... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are few examples of seven-carbon sugars in nature, among which are:
* sedoheptulose or -altro-heptulose (a ketose), an intermediate in the Calvin cycle and in lipid A biosynthesis
* mannoheptulose (a ketose), found in avocadoes
* -glycero--manno-heptose (an aldose), a late intermediate in lipid A biosynthesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The carboxy-terminal domain is also the binding site of the cap-synthesizing and cap-binding complex. In eukaryotes, after transcription of the 5 end of an RNA transcript, the cap-synthesizing complex on the CTD will remove the gamma-phosphate from the 5-phosphate and attach a GMP, forming a 5,5-triphosphate linkage. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methionine synthase regenerates methionine (Met) from homocysteine (Hcy). The overall reaction transforms 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N-MeTHF) into tetrahydrofolate (THF) while transferring a methyl group to Hcy to form Met. Methionine Syntheses can be cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent: Plants have both, anim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A half-cell contains a metal in two oxidation states. Inside an isolated half-cell, there is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that is in chemical equilibrium, a condition written symbolically as follows (here, "M" represents a metal cation, an atom that has a charge imbalance due to the loss of "n" electrons):
:... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The glycoprotein consists of a homodimer of 180 kDA stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds. It has a large extracellular domain of about 561 amino acids, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail domain composed of 45 amino acids. The 260 amino acid region closest to the extracellular membra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The name "photo-reflectance" or "photoreflectance" is shortened from the term "photo-modulated reflectance," which describes the use of an intensity modulated light beam to perturb the reflectance of a sample. The technique has also been referred to as "modulated photo-reflectance," "modulated optical reflectance," and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An androgen conjugate is a conjugate of an androgen, such as testosterone. They occur naturally in the body as metabolites of androgens. Androgen conjugates include sulfate esters and glucuronide conjugates and are formed by sulfotransferase and glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, respectively. In contrast to androgens, c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enantioselective intermolecular cyclopropanation has been applied to the synthesis of the chiral cyclopropane antibiotics cilastatin.
Tandem cyclopropanation/fragmentation is a key step in the synthesis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The versatility of spectroelectrochemistry is increasing due to the possibility of using several electrochemical techniques in different spectral regions depending on the purpose of the study and the information of interest.
The main advantages of spectroelectrochemical techniques are:
*The simultaneous information is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing vectors to target cells in the body. Magnetofection has been adapted to a variety of vectors, including nucleic acids, non-viral transfection systems, and viruses. This method offers advantages such as high transfectio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Grignard was the son of a sailmaker. He was described as having a humble and friendly attitude. After attempting to major in mathematics, Grignard failed his entrance exams before being drafted into the army in 1892. After one year of service, he went back to pursue mathematics at the University of Lyon and finally obt... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In bioinformatics, the BLOSUM (BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix) matrix is a substitution matrix used for sequence alignment of proteins. BLOSUM matrices are used to score alignments between evolutionarily divergent protein sequences. They are based on local alignments. BLOSUM matrices were first introduced in a paper by St... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Piobert's law applies to the reaction of solid propellant grains to generate hot gas. It is stated: "Burning takes place by parallel layers where the surface of the grain regresses, layer by layer, normal to the surface at every point." | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The second pair of cephalic appendages in free-living copepods is usually the main time-averaged source of propulsion, beating like oars to pull the animal through the water. However, different groups have different modes of feeding and locomotion, ranging from almost immotile for several minutes (e.g. some harpacticoi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings.
The initial point of the graph is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The D-gun atomises the powder feedstock into extremely small particles (80–95% of particles by total number are of size <100 nm). This means proper extraction facilities are required for inhalation safety purposes. Also isolation of the D-gun is recommended to avoid operators breathing in the dangerous dust and fumes. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The following is a sample recipe for TBST:
*20 mM Tris
*150 mM NaCl
*0.1% Tween 20
Adjust pH with HCl to pH 7.4–7.6
The simplest way to prepare a TBS-Tween solution is to use TBS-T tablets. They are formulated to give a ready to use TBST solution upon dissolution in 500 ml of deionized water. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization is a process electrochemically driven at porous gas-diffusion electrodes, in which a triple phase boundary is established between a liquid solution, an oxidizing gas, and an electrically conducting electrode. The liquid solution containing dissolved metal ions (e.g., CuCl, ZnCl) flo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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