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In some cases, the stereochemistry of the starting material can prevent the formation of the Zaytsev product. For example, when menthyl chloride is treated with sodium ethoxide, the Hofmann product is formed exclusively, but in very low yield:
This result is due to the stereochemistry of the starting material. E2 elimi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Wnt signaling pathways are critical in cell-cell signaling during normal development and embryogenesis and required for maintenance of adult tissue, therefore it is not difficult to understand why disruption in Wnt signaling pathways can promote human degenerative disease and cancer.
The Wnt signaling pathways are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flocculation is used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes form and accum... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a bacterium without the proper mutation(s) in rpoB rifampicin binds to a site near the fork in the β subunit and prevents the polymerase from transcribing more than two or three base pairs of any RNA sequence and stopping production of proteins within the cell. Bacteria with mutations in the proper loci along the rp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering. It dictates that at low temperatures a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that (locally) minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being converted into kinetic energy (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From 1943 on, Booth started working on the determination of crystal structures using X-ray diffraction data. The computations involved were extremely tedious and there was ample incentive for automating the process and he developed an analogue computer to compute the reciprocal spacings of the diffraction pattern.
In... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Boronic acids are used in organic chemistry in the Suzuki reaction. In this reaction the boron atom exchanges its aryl group with an alkoxy group from palladium. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
MODOMICS is a comprehensive database that contains information about RNA modifications. MODOMICS provides the following information: the chemical structure of the modified RNAs, the RNA modifying pathways, the location of the modifications in the RNA sequences, the enzymes responsible for the modifications and liquid c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term typically applies in electrochemistry, when electrical energy in the form of an applied voltage is used to modulate the thermodynamic favorability of a chemical reaction. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum vol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Histamine N-methyltransferase belongs to methyltransferases, a superfamily of enzymes present in every life form, including archaeans.
These enzymes catalyze methylation, which is a chemical process that involves the addition of a methyl group to a molecule, which can affect its biological function.
To facilitate methy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosgene reacts with water to release hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide:
Analogously, upon contact with ammonia, it converts to urea:
Halide exchange with nitrogen trifluoride and aluminium tribromide gives carbonyl fluoride| and carbonyl bromide|, respectively. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concept of saturation can be described using various naming systems, formulas, and analytical tests. For instance, IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming conventions used to describe the type and location of unsaturation within organic compounds. The "degree of unsaturation" is a formula used to summarize and dia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ocean is an extensive network of particle transport. Thorium isotopes can help researchers decipher the vertical and horizontal movement of matter. Th has a constant, well-defined production rate in the ocean and a half-life of 24 days. This naturally occurring isotope has been shown to vary linearly with depth. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) is an enzyme cofactor, generated by posttranslational modification of amino acids within the protein. Methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH), an amine dehydrogenase, requires TTQ for its catalytic function. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A way to experimentally determine wetting is to look at the contact angle (), which is the angle connecting the solid–liquid interface and the liquid–gas interface (as in the figure).
: If , the liquid completely wets the substrate.
: If , high wetting occurs.
: If , low wetting occurs.
: If , the liquid does not wet t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Venton joined the Department of Chemistry at University of Virginia as an assistant professor in 2005, received tenure and was promoted to an associate professor in 2011, and was promoted to full professor in 2016. Venton develops analytical tools such as carbon-fiber microelectrodes for sensing molecules in the brain ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Recrystallization is defined as the process in which grains of a crystal structure come in a new structure or new crystal shape.
A precise definition of recrystallization is difficult to state as the process is strongly related to several other processes, most notably recovery and grain growth. In some cases it is diff... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Where the helix is unwound, the coding strand consists of unpaired bases, while the template strand consists of an RNA:DNA composite, followed by a number of unpaired bases at the rear. This hybrid consists of the most recently added nucleotides of the RNA transcript, complementary base-paired to the template strand. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2019, the discovery of potent, and selective antagonists of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (BAY-298 and BAY-899) were reported which were able to reduce sex hormone levels in vivo. The latter fulfils the quality criteria for a Donated Chemical Probe as defined by the Structural Genomics Consortium.
A series of thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Optical reflectivity and the Brillouin zones are closely linked, since the band gap energy in the Brillouin zone determines if a photon is absorbed or reflected. If the band gap energy in the Brillouin zone is smaller than the photon energy, the photon will be absorbed, while the photon will be transmitted/reflected if... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structure of etheniums ground state was in dispute for many years, but it was eventually agreed to be a non-classical structure, with the two carbon atoms and one of the hydrogen atoms forming a three-center two-electron bond. Calculations have shown that higher homologues, like the propyl and n-'butyl cations als... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cobalt carbonyl and rhodium complexes catalyse the hydroformylation of formaldehyde and ethylene oxide to give hydroxyacetaldehyde and 3-hydroxypropanal, which can then be hydrogenated to ethylene glycol and propane-1,3-diol, respectively. The reactions work best when the solvent is basic (such as pyridine).
In the cas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PAVA is approved for police and prison service use in the United Kingdom. British police forces had traditionally used CS gas spray, but with the more widespread carriage of tasers, PAVA has now entirely replaced its predecessor due to its non-flammable nature.
Both PAVA and CS are prohibited under Section 5 of the Fir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 2002 he received the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology. In 2011 he was awarded the Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology. He also received the Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1986), Honour (1999) and Friendship (2009).
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many maritime accidents have been caused by corrosion, and this has led to stringent regulations concerning protective coatings for ballast tanks. The Coating Performance Standard for Ballast Tank Coatings (PSPC), became effective in 2008. It specifies how protective coatings should be applied during vessel constructio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first attempts at developing an odor-based form of crowd control began in Israel in 2004 by Rafael. The IDF reconsidered at the time a change in its open fire procedures, and adopting other crowd dispersal methods after an Israeli demonstrator, Gil Na'amati (21), was shot during a protest over the separation barrie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Interstitial hydrides most commonly exist within metals or alloys. They are traditionally termed "compounds" even though they do not strictly conform to the definition of a compound, more closely resembling common alloys such as steel. In such hydrides, hydrogen can exist as either atomic or diatomic entities. Mechanic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In both the FCC and HCP arrangements each sphere has twelve neighbors. For every sphere there is one gap surrounded by six spheres (octahedral) and two smaller gaps surrounded by four spheres (tetrahedral). The distances to the centers of these gaps from the centers of the surrounding spheres is for the tetrahedral, a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The near-absence of genetic recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it a useful source of information for studying population genetics and evolutionary biology. Because all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single unit, or haplotype, the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The side effects of flutamide are sex-dependent. In men, a variety of side effects related to androgen deprivation may occur, the most common being gynecomastia and breast tenderness. Others include hot flashes, decreased muscle mass, decreased bone mass and an associated increased risk of fractures, depression, and se... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) is a chemical compound with the formula OC(OCCl). It is used as a solid substitute for phosgene, which is a gas and diphosgene, which is a liquid. Triphosgene is stable up to 200 °C. Triphosgene is used in a variety of halogenation reactions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* ATRX-syndrome (α-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation) and α-thalassemia myelodysplasia syndrome are caused by mutations in ATRX, a SNF2-related ATPase with a PHD finger domain.
* CHARGE syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder, has been linked recently to haploinsufficiency of CHD7, which encodes the CHD family A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from mining will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute. Unlike fossil fu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Congo red is an organic compound, the sodium salt of 3,3′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)bis(4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). It is an azo dye. Congo red is water-soluble, yielding a red colloidal solution; its solubility is greater in organic solvents. The use of Congo red in the textile industry has long been abando... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The pulse-induction method is based on electromagnetic pulse induction technology to detect rebars. Coils in the probe are periodically charged by current pulses and thus generate a magnetic field. On the surface of any electrically conductive material which is in the magnetic field eddy currents are produced. They ind... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Interpretation of carbon isotope effects are usually complicated by simultaneously forming and breaking bonds to carbon. Even reactions that involve only bond cleavage from the carbon, such as S1 reactions, involve strengthening of the remaining bonds to carbon. In many such reactions, leaving group isotope effects ten... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A topogenic sequence is a collective term used for a peptide sequence present at nascent proteins essential for their insertion and orienting in cellular membranes. The sequences are also used to translocate proteins across various intracellular membranes, and ensure they are transported to the correct organelle after ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* The asteroid discovered by S.J. Bus on March 2, 1981, initially called "1981 EO42", was named "(5047) Zanda" in her honor. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Psychrophiles include bacteria, lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and insects.
Among the bacteria that can tolerate extreme cold are Arthrobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp. and members of the genera Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Hyphomonas, and Sphingomonas. Another example is Chryseobacterium greenlandensis, a psychrop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ocean-atmospheric exchanges rates of CO depend on the concentration of carbon dioxide already present in both the atmosphere and the ocean, temperature, salinity, and wind speed. This exchange rate can be approximated by Henry's law and can be calculated as S = kP, where the solubility (S) of the carbon dioxide gas is ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phenylboronic acid is soluble in most polar organic solvents and is poorly soluble in hexanes and carbon tetrachloride. This planar compound has idealized C molecular symmetry. The boron atom is sp-hybridized and contains an empty p-orbital. The orthorhombic crystals use hydrogen bonding to form units made up of two mo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For the special case where the incident radiation is normal (perpendicular) to a surface and the absorption is negligible, the intensity of the reflected and transmitted beams can be calculated from the refractive indices η and η of the two media, where is the fraction of the incident light reflected, and is the frac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The characteristics capable of supporting Type 1 pits were determined empirically by Lucey after examining the compositions of waters in which the pitting behaviour was known. They should be cold, less than 30°C, hard or moderately hard, 170 to 300 mg/L carbonate hardness, and organically pure. Organically pure waters ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Anion exchange membranes are used in electrolytic cells and fuel cells to separate reactants present around the two electrodes while transporting the anions essential for the cell operation. An important example is the hydroxide anion exchange membrane used to separate the electrodes of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMF... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Theoretically, any biomass can be converted into bio-oil using hydrothermal liquefaction regardless of water content, and various different biomasses have been tested, from forestry and agriculture residues, sewage sludges, food process wastes, to emerging non-food biomass such as algae. The composition of cellulose, h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA-Seq experiments generate a large volume of raw sequence reads which have to be processed to yield useful information. Data analysis usually requires a combination of bioinformatics software tools (see also List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools) that vary according to the experimental design and goals. The process ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For the reversible reaction A⇌B, the forward step A→B has a rate constant and the backwards step B→A has a rate constant . The concentration of A obeys the following differential equation:
If we consider that the concentration of product B at anytime is equal to the concentration of reactants at time zero minus the co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ATP is a molecule found in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer. The amount of light produced is directly pr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Since the molecule has a hydroxyl (-OH) group, it is frequently bound to other lipids including fatty acids; most analytical methods, therefore, utilise a strong alkali (KOH or NaOH) to saponify the ester linkages. Typical extraction solvents include 6% KOH in methanol. The free sterols and stanols (saturated sterols) ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Oxidation of phosphinites gives phosphinates:
:2 P(OR)R + O → 2 OP(OR)R
Phosphinites are ligands, giving derivatives similar to metal phosphine complexes. They are stronger pi-acceptors than typical phosphine ligands. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Janice Musfeldt is a professor at University of Tennessee, Knoxville in physical and materials chemistry and experimental physics. She received her B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1987 and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Florida in 1992. She served as a post-d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alpha-cleavage (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radical disproportionation is often thought of as occurring in a linear fashion with the donor radical, the acceptor radical, and the atom being accepted all along the same axis. In fact, most disproportionation reactions do not require linear orientations in space. Molecules that are more sterically hindered require a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann ( – 17 December 1938) was a prominent Baltic German chemist-physicist who made important contributions in the fields of glassy and solid solutions, heterogeneous equilibria, crystallization, and metallurgy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the gene in question is the wildtype a superscript + sign is used:
*leuA
If a gene is mutant, it is signified by a superscript -:
*leuA
By convention, if neither is used, it is considered to be mutant.
There are additional superscripts and subscripts which provide more information about the mutation:
* = temperature... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*[http://tomcat.cs.rhul.ac.uk/home/mxba001/ Web-based Structural Analysis tool for any uploaded PDB file, producing Ramachandran plots, computing dihedral angles and extracting sequence from PDB]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090726062008/http://www.fos.su.se/~pdbdna/input_Raman.html Web-based tool showing Ramachandr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In both marine and freshwater environments, algae – particularly green algae and diatoms – make up the dominant component of surface growth communities. Small crustaceans, rotifers, and protozoans are also commonly found in fresh water and the sea, but insect larvae, oligochaetes and tardigrades are peculia... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
By sequence similarity, most sigma factors are σ-like (). They have four main regions (domains) that are generally conserved:
N-terminus --------------------- C-terminus
The regions are further subdivided. For example, region 2 includes 1.2 and 2.1 through 2.4.
Domain 1.1 is found only in "primary sigma factors" (RpoD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inclusions are usually other minerals or rocks, but may also be water, gas or petroleum. Liquid or vapor inclusions are known as fluid inclusions. In the case of amber it is possible to find insects and plants as inclusions.
The analysis of atmospheric gas bubbles as inclusions in ice cores is an important tool in the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Training & Education program offers scientific, regulatory, and professional development training courses in person at the Annual Meeting and Midyear Meeting and as online courses and webinars. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A close packed unit cell, both face-centered cubic and hexagonal close packed, can form two different shaped holes. Looking at the three green spheres in the hexagonal packing illustration at the top of the page, they form a triangle-shaped hole. If an atom is arranged on top of this triangular hole it forms a tetrah... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is possible to obtain entropy of activation using Eyring equation. This equation is of the form where:
* = reaction rate constant
* = absolute temperature
* = enthalpy of activation
* = gas constant
* = transmission coefficient
* = Boltzmann constant = R/N, N = Avogadro constant
* = Planck's constant
* = ent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SeaSeep is a combination of 2D seismic data (a group of seismic lines acquired individually, as opposed to multiple closely space lines), high resolution multibeam sonar which is an evolutionary advanced form of side-scan sonar, navigated piston coring (one of the more common sea floor sampling methods), heat flow sam... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Genetic engineering could be used to cure diseases, but also to change physical appearance, metabolism, and even improve physical capabilities and mental faculties such as memory and intelligence. Ethical claims about germline engineering include beliefs that every fetus has a right to remain genetically unmodified, th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arylsulfonyl chlorides are made industrially in a two-step, one-pot reaction from an arene (in this case, benzene) and chlorosulfuric acid:
The intermediate benzenesulfonic acid can be chlorinated with thionyl chloride as well. Benzenesulfonyl chloride, the most important sulfonyl halide, can also be produced by treati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The European Council directive 1999/13/EC defines volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as “any organic compound having at 293.15 K a vapor pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use”.
In our daily life, these molecules are notably responsible of the flavor of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins. The term also refers to the hypothesis that posits the existence of this stage.
Alexander Rich first proposed the concept of the RNA world in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Passive daytime radiative cooling has "the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming" while being an "environmental protection refrigeration technology." PDRCs thereby have an array of potential applications, but are now most often applied to various aspects of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This resonant process occurs in a neutral atom when the electric field displaces the electron density relative to the nucleus it surrounds.
This displacement occurs due to the equilibrium between restoration and electric forces.
Electronic polarization may be understood by assuming an atom as a point nucleus surrounded... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The expert conference “Sensor-Based Sorting” is addressing new developments and applications in the field of automatic sensor separation techniques for primary and secondary raw materials. The conference provides a platform for plant operators, manufacturers, developers and scientists to exchange know-how and experienc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cold spraying (or gas dynamic cold spraying) was introduced to the market in the 1990s. The method was originally developed in the Soviet Union – while experimenting with the erosion of the target, which was exposed to a two-phase high-velocity flow of fine powder in a wind tunnel, scientists observed accidental rapid ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The research that appeared to spark an onslaught of modified applications was a gel permeation chromatography technique of fixing poly(isopropyl acrylate) (PIPA) strands to glass beads and separating a mixture of dextrans, which was developed by Gewehr et al. They found that between the temperatures of 25–32 °C, the el... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
12-Phosphotungstic acid, the compound James F. Keggin used to determine the structure, can be purchased commercially. Other compounds that contain the α-Keggin anion such as silicotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid are also commercially available at Aldrich Chemicals, Fisher Chemicals, Alfa Aesar, VWR Chemical, Ame... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The theory can be applied also to dilute solutions of mixed electrolytes. Freezing point depression measurements has been used to this purpose. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Stark effect originates from the interaction between a charge distribution (atom or molecule) and an external electric field.
The interaction energy of a continuous charge distribution , confined within a finite volume , with an external electrostatic potential is
This expression is valid classically and quantum-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A third mission, called EXPOSE-R2, was launched on 24 July 2014 aboard the Russian Progress M-24M, carrying 46 species of bacteria, fungi and arthropods, in 758 different samples that were exposed to different conditions, under different filters, and for various time periods. It was attached on 18 August 2014 to the ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The segments resulting from circularization during constructing jumping library are cleaved, and DNA fragments with markers will be enriched and subjected to paired-end sequencing.
These DNA fragments are sequenced from both ends and generate pairs of reads. The genomic distance between the reads in each pair is approx... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many photosynthetic life forms (plants, algae, phototrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, and archaea) require a way to utilize carbon into their metabolic pathways. This usually occurs in pathways that fix carbon from carbon dioxide (CO). In the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, photosynthetic organisms like Chloroflexus ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Soil contaminated with heavy metals including radionuclides is mitigated primarily using chelating resins.
Chelating polymers (ion-exchange resins) were proposed for maintenance therapy of pathologies accompanied by iron accumulation, such as hereditary hemochromatosis (iron overload) or Wilson's disease (copper overlo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The transamination of oxaloacetate to aspartate is achieved through the use of glutamate. Glutamate is transported with aspartate via antiporter, thus as one aspartate leaves the cell, a glutamate enters. Glutamate in the matrix is converted into an a-ketoglutarate which is transported in an antiporter with malate. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cells can metabolize DHA to products that possess an oxo (i.e. ketone) residue. These products include 13-oxo-DHA (termed EFOXD6) and 17-oxo-DHA (termed 18-EFOXD6). Both oxo metabolites possess anti-inflammatory activity as assesses in in vitro systems (see ). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Firefly luciferase bioluminescence color can vary between yellow-green (λ = 550 nm) to red (λ = 620). There are currently several different mechanisms describing how the structure of luciferase affects the emission spectrum of the photon and effectively the color of light emitted.
One mechanism proposes that the color ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is known that Middle Minoan bronze work flourished as an independent native art. To the very beginning of this epoch belongs the largest sword of the age, found in the palace of Malia. It is a flat blade, 79 cm long, with a broad base and a sharp point; there is a gold and crystal hilt but no ornament on the blade. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mathematical models that describe chemical reaction kinetics provide chemists and chemical engineers with tools to better understand and describe chemical processes such as food decomposition, microorganism growth, stratospheric ozone decomposition, and the chemistry of biological systems. These models can also be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The elements of the space group fixing a point of space are the identity element, reflections, rotations and improper rotations, including inversion points. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In most of today's smelting, aluminum ore, also known as bauxite, is first smelted into alumina through the Bayer Process. This step could be replaced by the Pedersen process -- either result in alumina. Unlike the smelting processes of iron and coal into steel or copper and tin into bronze, which require thermal energ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the trademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape-memory alloys that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The presence of only one of the above derangements is called a simple acid–base disorder. In a mixed disorder, more than one is occurring at the same time. Mixed disorders may feature an acidosis and alkosis at the same time that partially counteract each other, or there can be two different conditions affecting the pH... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In contrast to purple bacteria and other bacteria performing anoxygenic photosynthesis, thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria are not continuous with the plasma membrane but are separate compartments. The photosynthetic machinery is embedded in the thylakoid membranes, with phycobilisomes acting as light-harvesting ante... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Wnt signaling pathway can be divided in canonical and non-canonical. The canonical signaling involves binding of Wnt to Frizzled and LRP5 co-receptor, leading to GSK3 phosphorylation and inhibition of β-catenin degradation, resulting in its accumulation and translocation to the nucleus, where it acts as a transcrip... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It works by removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and splicing back together exons (coding regions). For nuclear-encoded genes, splicing occur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate. It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as . C is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates.
where,
*... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Chalcolithic occupation at Norşuntepe can be divided in 3 phases. The oldest Phase I dates to the Middle Chalcolithic and included Ubaid-type pottery. Phase II represents the Late Chalcolithic and during its final levels, more complex architecture appeared in the excavated area. | 8 | Metallurgy |
According to IUPAC, the functionality of a monomer is defined as the number of bonds that a monomers repeating unit forms in a polymer with other monomers. Thus in the case of a functionality of f = 2 a linear polymer is formed by polymerizing (a thermoplastic). Monomers with a functionality f' ≥ 3 lead to a branching ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The terminus of the double bond in enols is nucleophilic. Its reactions with electrophilic organic compounds is important in biochemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry. In the former area, the fixation of carbon dioxide involves addition of CO to an enol. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nines are used in a similar manner to describe computer system availability. In this context, a "one nine" (90%) uptime indicates a system that is available 90% of the time or, as is more commonly described, unavailable 10% of the time – about 72 hours per month. A "five nines" (99.999%) uptime describes a system that ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
While the mechanical behavior of ceramics is often dominated by flaws, i.e. porosity, instead of grain size, grain-size strengthening is also observed in high-density ceramic specimens. Additionally, nanocrystalline ceramics have been shown to sinter more rapidly than bulk ceramics, leading to higher densities and impr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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