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By the end of the war in 1944, post war recovery started: Alain Bertons work on the application of absorption and emission spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and infrared, and within the frame of concerns about labor force protection, the specific dosage of atmospheric pollutants became of vital interest in factories to e... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The dehydration of boronic acids gives boroxines, the trimeric anhydrides of phenylboronic acid. The dehydration reaction is driven thermally, sometimes with a dehydration agent.
Phenylboronic acid participates in numerous cross coupling reactions where it serves as a source of a phenyl group. One example is the Suzuki... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The metals of antiquity generally have low melting points, with iron being the exception.
* Mercury melts at −38.829 °C (−37.89 °F) (being liquid at room temperature).
* Tin melts at 231 °C (449 °F)
* Lead melts at 327 °C (621 °F)
* Silver at 961 °C (1763 °F)
* Gold at 1064 °C (1947 °F)
* Copper at 1084 °C (1984 °F)
*... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Isa Process was originally developed for the CRL copper electrorefinery in Townsville. It was subsequently licensed to the Copper Range Company for its White Pine copper refinery.
The next licence issued was for an electrowinning application at the Broken Hill Associated Smelters (“BHAS”) lead smelter at Port Pirie... | 8 | Metallurgy |
García Mancheño is head of a research group at the University of Münster that focuses on developing new catalysts to accomplish organic chemical transformations. She has authored several review articles in peer-reviewed journals on topics in organocatalytic chemistry, and is the editor of a textbook on anion-binding ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Percoll is a tool for efficient density separation in Cell biology that was first formulated by Pertoft and colleagues. It is used for the isolation of cells, organelles, and/or viruses by density centrifugation. Percoll consists of colloidal silica particles of 15–30 nm diameter (23% w/w in water) which have been coa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The creation of a mirror human is the basis of 1950 Arthur C. Clarke's story "Technical Error", from The Collected Stories. In this story, a physical accident transforms a person into his mirror image, speculatively explained by travel through a fourth physical dimension.
In the 1970 Star Trek novel Spock Must Die! by ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The quantity is commonly referred to as the "generalized Rabi frequency." For cases in which , Rabi flopping actually occurs at this frequency, where is the detuning, a measure of how far the light is off-resonance relative to the transition. For instance, examining the above animation at an offset frequency of ±1.73... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds. The most typical situation is that a desired "compound A" is contaminated by a small amount of "impurity B". There are various methods of purification that may be attempted (see Separation process), recrystallization being one of them. There are al... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Problems in the digestion of phenylalanine (phe) to tyrosine (tyr) lead to the buildup of both phe and phenylpyruvate, in a disease called Phenylketonuria (PKU). These two compounds build up in the blood stream and cerebral spinal fluid, which can lead to mental retardation if left untreated. Treatment consists of a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypical growth factor, is a protein secreted by a neurons target cell. NGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. NGF is released from the target cells, binds to and activates its high affinity receptor TrkA on the neuron, and is internalized... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cross-over temperature from the normal hadronic to the QGP phase is about . This "crossover" may actually not be only a qualitative feature, but instead one may have to do with a true (second order) phase transition, e.g. of the universality class of the three-dimensional Ising model. The phenomena involved corresp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wide varieties of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of flavoenzymes and their coenzymes. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and r... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the US, the EPA issued a health advisory in 2015. A ten day Health Advisory was calculated for different ages which is considered protective of non-carcinogenic adverse health effects over a ten-day exposure to microcystins in drinking water: 0.3 μg/L for bottle-fed infants and young children of pre-school age and 1... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Solomon has been the recipient of numerous prestigious awards throughout his career. A selected list is outlined below.
* 2016 Companion of the Order of Australia.
* 2011 Prime Minister's Prize for Science, awarded jointly with Dr Ezio Rizzardo.
* 2006 Victoria Prize.
* 2001 Centenary Medal.
* 1994 Clunies Ross Nation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is used in organic synthesis. One example is in the Perkin synthesis: the formation of unsaturated cinnamic-type acids by the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with fatty acids. Replacement of the commonly used sodium acetate with caesium acetate has been shown to improve yields by up to 10 times.
It is often used ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The non-specific DNA cleavage domain from the end of the FokI endonuclease can be used to construct hybrid nucleases that are active in a yeast assay. These reagents are also active in plant cells and in animal cells. Initial TALEN studies used the wild-type FokI cleavage domain, but some subsequent TALEN studies als... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cold solutions (−10 to −20 °C) are stable for days. Decomposition is accelerated by light and heavy metals. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In its pill form, selegiline is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is most often used as an adjunct to drugs such as levodopa (-DOPA), although it has been used off-label as a monotherapy. The rationale for adding selegiline to levodopa is to decrease the required dose of levodopa and thus reduce the mot... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
David Auerbach has described an effect that he observed in samples in glass beakers placed into a liquid cooling bath. In all cases the water supercooled, reaching a temperature of typically before spontaneously freezing. Considerable random variation was observed in the time required for spontaneous freezing to start... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is possible that specific molecules are dissolved in lyotropic mesophases, where they can be located mainly inside, outside, or at the surface of the aggregates.
Some of such molecules act as dopants, inducing specific properties to the whole phase, other ones can be considered simple guests with limited effect on t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Water temperature
* Specific conductance or electrical conductance (EC) or conductivity
* Total suspended solids (TSS)
* Transparency or turbidity
* Water clarity
* Total dissolved solids (TDS)
* Odour of water
* Color of water (such as Forel-Ule scale or Pt/Co scale)
* Taste of water | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
We can use the above equations to derive some differential definitions of some thermodynamic parameters. If we define to stand for any of the thermodynamic potentials, then the above equations are of the form:
where and are conjugate pairs, and the are the natural variables of the potential . From the chain rule it... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Yeasts naturally harbour various plasmids. Notable among them are 2 μm plasmids—small circular plasmids often used for genetic engineering of yeast—and linear pGKL plasmids from Kluyveromyces lactis, that are responsible for killer phenotypes.
Other types of plasmids are often related to yeast cloning vectors that incl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest method of lipid separation is the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Although not as sensitive as other methods of lipid detection, it offers a rapid and comprehensive screening tool prior to more sensitive and sophisticated techniques.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) chromatography is useful for rapid, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major mechanism of resistance against piperacillin-tazobactam is Gram-negative bacteria producing β-lactamases. Other currently known mechanisms include mutations in the active site of penicillin-binding proteins, changes in membrane efflux, or bacteria permeability. Some enzymes, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamas... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The zero-phonon line is an optical analogy to the Mössbauer lines, which originate in the recoil-free emission or absorption of gamma rays from the nuclei of atoms bound in a solid matrix. In the case of the optical zero-phonon line, the position of the chromophore is the physical parameter that may be perturbed, where... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the absence of an external field, the director of a liquid crystal is free to point in any direction. It is possible, however, to force the director to point in a specific direction by introducing an outside agent to the system. For example, when a thin polymer coating (usually a polyimide) is spread on a glass subs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The liver is the main site of transferrin synthesis but other tissues and organs, including the brain, also produce transferrin. A major source of transferrin secretion in the brain is the choroid plexus in the ventricular system. The main role of transferrin is to deliver iron from absorption centers in the duodenum a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecules containing an N-glycosidic bond are known as glycosylamines. Many authors in biochemistry call these compounds N-glycosides and group them with the glycosides; this is considered a misnomer and is discouraged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Glycosylamines and glycosides are grouped t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Levofloxacin, sold under the brand name Levaquin among others, is an antibiotic medication. It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia, H. pylori (in combination with other medications), urinary tract infections, chronic prostatitis, and some types of gastroenter... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There is no space group restriction for the crystallization of racemic compound crystallizing either in centrosymmetric or in non-centrosymmetric space group (SG). The frequency of organic racemic compounds in the Cambridge Structural Database is summarized in the following table:
Kryptoracemic compounds are thus ver... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When choosing between inducing transient or stable expression in cells, time frame and experimental goal must be taken into consideration. Transiently transfected cells are often used to study the effects of short-term gene expression, perform RNA interference (RNAi)‑mediated gene silencing, or quickly generate small-s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salen refers to a tetradentate C-symmetric ligand synthesized from salicylaldehyde (sal) and ethylenediamine (en). It may also refer to a class of compounds, which are structurally related to the classical salen ligand, primarily bis-Schiff bases. Salen ligands are notable for coordinating a wide range of different met... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The compressor flow and pressure range is shown with a carpet plot of engine constant rpm and constant torque lines superimposed on the map. OpenCourseWare material shows a carpet plot of engine speed and load for the airflow requirements of 4-stroke truck engine. Shahed shows lines of constant engine speed and engine ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism consists of two nucleophilic substitutions: the amine is the first nucleophile displacing the bromine atom which then acts as the second nucleophile. In following the mechanism is described using trimethylamine as example:
First, the trimethylamine reacts with the cyanogen bromide to form a quate... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Traditionally, ultrasound B-Mode imaging has been designed for allowing a visual evaluation of human organs and their features by clinicians; however, this implies that the huge quantity of information carried by ultrasound signals is processed and significantly reduced for visualization purposes. REMS technology inste... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some molecules, such as XeF or , have a lone pair that distorts the symmetry of the molecule from O to C. The specific geometry is known as a monocapped octahedron, since it is derived from the octahedron by placing the lone pair over the centre of one triangular face of the octahedron as a "cap" (and shifting the posi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Inversions and translocations are relatively easy to detect by an invalid pair of sequenced-end. For instance, a translocation can be detected if the paired-ends are mapped onto different chromosomes on the reference genome. Inversion can be detected by divergent orientation of the reads, where the insert will have two... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The elementary example operates under quasi equilibrium conditions. Its main quantum feature is the discrete energy level structure.
More realistic devices operate out of equilibrium possessing friction heat leaks and finite heat flow.
Quantum thermodynamics supplies a dynamical theory required for systems out of equil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a member of the SFRP family that contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRPs act as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. SFRP1 and SFRP5 may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor cells in the re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another major use of plasmids is to make large amounts of proteins. In this case, researchers grow bacteria containing a plasmid harboring the gene of interest. Just as the bacterium produces proteins to confer its antibiotic resistance, it can also be induced to produce large amounts of proteins from the inserted gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanofiber Seeding is a process to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized conducting polymers.
Typically, catalytic amount of nanofiber seeds are added in prior to onset of nanofiber seeding polymerization (reaction), where seeds are served as the morphology directing agent rather than conventional templa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Below 912 °C (1,674 °F), iron has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure and is known as α-iron or ferrite. It is thermodynamically stable and a fairly soft metal. α-Fe can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form termed ε-Fe discussed below.
Magnetically, α-iron i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The pH dependence is given by the factor −0.059m/n per pH unit, where m relates to the number of protons in the equation, and n the number of electrons exchanged. Electrons are always exchanged in electrochemistry, but not necessarily protons. If there is no proton exchange in the reaction equilibrium, the reaction is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Modern classification of meteorites and micrometeorites is complex; the 2007 review paper of Krot et al. summarizes modern meteorite taxonomy. Linking individual micrometeorites to meteorite classification groups requires a comparison of their elemental, isotopic and textural characteristics. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The STRENDA project is driven by 15 scientists from all over the world forming the STRENDA Commission and supporting the work with expertises in biochemistry, [https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iubmb/enzyme/ enzyme nomenclature], bioinformatics, systems biology, modelling, mechanistic enzymology and theoretical biology. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It is not a single enzyme but a whole enzymatic system composed of two identical 272 kDa multifunctional polypeptides, in which substrates are handed from... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eating fish or shellfish from lakes with a bloom nearby is not recommended. Potent toxins are accumulated in shellfish that feed on the algae. If the shellfish are consumed, various types of poisoning may result. These include amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish pois... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bursting may result from the stochastic nature of biochemical events superimposed upon a two step fluctuation. In its simplest form, the gene is proposed to exist in two states, one where activity is negligible and one where there is a certain probability of activation. Only in the second state does transcription readi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tear gas, also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial self-defense spray, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One current goal of the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG), a part of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) is to solve the structures for all the proteins in Thermotoga maritima, a thermophillic bacterium. T. maritima was selected as a structural genomics target based on its relatively small genome consistin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycopolymer is synthetic polymer with pendant carbohydrates. Glycopolymers play an important role in many biological recognition events such as cell–cell adhesion, development of new tissues and infectious behavior of virus and bacteria. They have high potential in targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering and synthe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Human genetic enhancement or human genetic engineering refers to human enhancement by means of a genetic modification. This could be done in order to cure diseases (gene therapy), prevent the possibility of getting a particular disease (similarly to vaccines), to improve athlete performance in sporting events (gene do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One way that enzymatic catalysis proceeds is by stabilizing the transition state through electrostatics. By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) is a subset of a broad range of kinetic techniques utilized to determine the rate laws of chemical reactions and to aid in elucidation of reaction mechanisms. While the concepts guiding reaction progress kinetic analysis are not new, the process was formalized by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcriptional gene regulation process depends on many spatial and temporal factors in the nucleus such as global or local chromatin states, nucleosome positioning, TF binding, enhancer/promoter activities. Variant that alter the function of any of these biological processes may alter the gene regulation and cause phe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Secondary metabolites are often characterized as either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative metabolites are defined as toxins that interfere with a herbivore's metabolism, often by blocking specific biochemical reactions. Qualitative chemicals are present in plants in relatively low concentrations (often less than... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Macromolecular Interpenetration theory, also known as the diffusion theory, states that the mucoadhesive molecules and mucus glycoproteins mutually interact by means of interpenetration of their chains and the forming of secondary semi-permanent adhesive bonds. It is necessary that the mucoadhesive device has featu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He appears as a character in the Russian film Prediction by Eldar Ryazanov and has a tiny cameo mention in The Eighth Life, the prize-winning epic novel by Nino Haratischwili. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bromine is used in flame retardants, pesticides, lighter fuel, antiknocking agents, and for water purification. The organic form of this element is used as flame retardants commercially and in pesticides. These chemicals have led to an increase in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Some countries use bromi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Diamond and graphite are a familiar example; they are isomers of carbon. Isomerism refers to the existence or possibility of isomers.
Iso... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The contact graph of an arbitrary finite packing of unit balls is the graph whose vertices correspond to the packing elements and whose two vertices are connected by an edge if the corresponding two packing elements touch each other. The cardinality of the edge set of the contact graph gives the number of touching pair... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Goldschmidt classification,
developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888–1947), is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (sulfide ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and at... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the 17th century Guillaume Amontons discovered a regular relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas at constant volume. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law. Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and tem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Canada has the worlds largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands, and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudsons Bay Company, who was the first recorded European... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most studies to date have focused on the development of synthetic methodologies with the aim of maximizing pore size and surface area for gas storage. That means the functions of COFs have not yet been well explored, but COFs can be used as catalysts, or for gas separation, etc. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Gerhard Ertl is known for determining the detailed molecular mechanisms of the catalytic synthesis of ammonia over iron (Haber Bosch process) and the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over platinum (catalytic converter). During his research he discovered the important phenomenon of oscillatory reactions on platinu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Typically the reaction to form Grignard reagents involves the use of magnesium ribbon. All magnesium is coated with a passivating layer of magnesium oxide, which inhibits reactions with the organic halide. Many methods have been developed to weaken this passivating layer, thereby exposing highly reactive magnesium t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The metallurgical production of the Republic of Azerbaijan is considered high due to the large deposits of alunite, polymetallic ores, deposits of iron ore, etc. The metallurgy industry of Azerbaijan encompasses both ferrous and non-ferrous branches. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to the N-substituted thiocarbamate is shown below. The reaction proceeds under acidic conditions. The alcohol accepts a hydrogen ion from sulfuric acid to form a water, which then leaves, creating a carbocation. The mesomeric form of the cyanogroup reacts with the carbocat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Magnesium oil (also referred to as transdermal magnesium, magnesium hexahydrate) is a compound of magnesium chloride dissolved in six molecules of water, with magnesium as the alkaline earth metal and chlorine as the nonmetal, it is a concentrated magnesium chloride solution. In reality, it is not a oil, as it is not c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkylated diphenylamines function as antioxidants in lubricants, approved for use in machines, in which contact with food is not ruled out. Alkylated diphenylamines and other derivatives are used as anti-ozonants in the manufacture of rubber products, reflecting the antioxidant nature of aniline derivatives. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chemical mimicry (or molecular mimicry) is a type of biological mimicry involving the use of chemicals to dupe an operator.
A chemical mimic dupes an operator (e.g. a predator) by showing an adaptive chemical resemblance to an object of its environment and as a consequence receives selective advantage. In all cases of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the time-independent formalism of quantum scattering, the initial wave function (before scattering) is taken to be a plane wave with definite momentum :
where and are the relative coordinates between the projectile and the target. The arrow indicates that this only describes the asymptotic behavior of the wave fun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pyridines are highly variable substrates for asymmetric reduction (even compared to other heteroaromatics), in that five carbon centers are available for differential substitution on the initial ring. As of October 2012 no method seems to exist that can control all five, although at least one reasonably general method... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The structure of binary oxides can be predicted on the basis of the relative sizes of the metal and oxide ions and the filling of holes in a close packed oxide lattice. However, the predictions of structure are more difficult for ternary oxides. The combination of two or more metals in an oxide creates a lot of structu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Blood types are an example of how glycolipids on cell membranes mediate cell interactions with the surrounding environment. The four main human blood types (A, B, AB, O) are determined by the oligosaccharide attached to a specific glycolipid on the surface of red blood cells, which acts as an antigen. The unmodified an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula FeC. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, and is a ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A key characteristic of ATM is the orientation of the polarized electric field of THz light at the sample. In particular, unlike other microspectroscopy techniques like scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), the electric field of the interrogating THz field is parallel to the surface of the sample.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bulkier than IMes is the NHC ligand IPr (CAS 244187-81-3). IPr features diisopropylphenyl in place of the mesityl substituents.
Some variants of IMes and IPr have saturated backbones, two such ligands are SIMes and SIPr. They are prepared by alkylation of substituted anilines with dibromoethane followed by ring clo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aldehydes characteristically form "addition compounds" with bisulfites:
This reaction is used as a test for aldehydes and is useful for separation or purification of aldehydes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the United States, Brownfield regulation and development is largely governed by state environmental agencies in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1995, the EPA launched the Brownfields Program, which was expanded in 2002 with the Brownfields Law.
The EPA, together with local and nationa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* Contamination by phenol, which is commonly used in nucleic acid purification, can significantly throw off quantification estimates. Phenol absorbs with a peak at 270 nm and a A of 1.2. Nucleic acid preparations uncontaminated by phenol should have a A of around 2. Contamination by phenol can significantly contribute ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteria themselves do not have noticeable effect on concrete. However, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in untreated sewage water tend to produce hydrogen sulfide (HS), which is then oxidized in sulfuric acid (HSO) by atmospheric oxygen (abiotic reaction) and by aerobic bacteria present in biofilm (biotic reaction) on... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Two older prefixes still commonly used to distinguish diastereomers are threo and erythro. In the case of saccharides, when drawn in the Fischer projection the erythro isomer has two identical substituents on the same side and the threo isomer has them on opposite sides. When drawn as a zig-zag chain, the erythro isome... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Paytan was born and raised in Israel. As an undergraduate, Paytan encountered geochemistry which she likens to a big complex puzzle. Paytan obtained undergraduate degrees in geology and biology (1985) and an M.S. in Earth Sciences Oceanography (1989) from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Paytan's Ph.D. is from Scripps I... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Mohamed Mohamed Atalla was born in Port Said, Kingdom of Egypt. He studied at Cairo University in Egypt, where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. He later moved to the United States to study mechanical engineering at Purdue University. There, he received his master's degree (MSc) in 1947 and his doctorate (PhD... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pyridine supports a series of radical reactions, which is used in its dimerization to bipyridines. Radical dimerization of pyridine with elemental sodium or Raney nickel selectively yields 4,4-bipyridine, or 2,2-bipyridine, which are important precursor reagents in the chemical industry. One of the name reactions invol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Agrominerals (also known as stone bread or petrol fertilizer) are minerals of importance to agriculture and horticulture industries for they can provide essential plant nutrients. Some agrominerals occur naturally or can be processed to be used as alternative fertilizers or soil amendments. The term agromineral was cre... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To fabricate synthetic self-cleaning surfaces, there are a variety of methods used to obtain the desired nanotopography and then characterize surface nanostructure and wettability. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The and pH of a solution are related by the Nernst equation as commonly represented by a Pourbaix diagram . For a half cell equation, conventionally written as a reduction reaction (i.e., electrons accepted by an oxidant on the left side):
The half-cell standard reduction potential is given by
where is the standard ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine. The word "synapse" was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Fosters Textbook of Physiology. Sherrington struggle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides and may be either reducing or nonreducing. Even a reducing disaccharide will only have one reducing end, as disaccharides are held together by glycosidic bonds, which consist of at least one anomeric carbon. With one anomeric carbon unable to convert to the open-chain form, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In metallurgy, solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the l... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Suppose that the reactions between carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, bicarbonate and carbonate ions, all dissolved in water, are as follows:
Note that reaction is actually the combination of two elementary reactions:
: + H +
Assuming the mass action law applies to these two reactions, that water is abundant, and th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several software packages in different programming languages that allow easy use of Blosum matrices.
Examples are the [https://pypi.org/project/blosum/ blosum] module for Python, or the BioJava library for Java. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inhomogeneous broadening is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others, and therefore emit at a different frequency. This term is used especially for solids, where surfaces, grain boundaries, and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lysine is synthesized from aspartate via the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway. The initial two stages of the DAP pathway are catalyzed by aspartokinase and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. These enzymes play a key role in the biosynthesis of lysine, threonine, and methionine. There are two bifunctional aspartokinase/... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the processing of dairy milk, for example during cheese making, syneresis is the formation of the curd due to the sudden removal of the hydrophilic macropeptides, which causes an imbalance in intermolecular forces. Bonds between hydrophobic sites start to develop and are enforced by calcium bonds, which form as the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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