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A different perspective on Alzheimers is revealed by a mouse study that has found that APP possesses ferroxidase activity similar to ceruloplasmin, facilitating iron export through interaction with ferroportin; it seems that this activity is blocked by zinc trapped by accumulated Aβ in Alzheimers. It has been shown th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Octahedral clusters are inorganic or organometallic cluster compounds composed of six metals in an octahedral array. Many types of compounds are known, but all are synthetic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Examples of photochemical reactions are those between certain arenes and alkenes forming [2+2] and [2+4] cycloaddition adducts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases are typically named after the substrate that they act upon. Thus glucosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of glucosides and xylanases catalyze the cleavage of the xylose based homopolymer xylan. Other examples include lactase, amylase, chitinase, sucrase, maltase, neuraminidase, invertase, hyaluronidas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From 1932 to 1937, Max Delbrück worked in Berlin as an assistant to Lise Meitner, who was collaborating with Otto Hahn on the results of irradiating uranium with neutrons. During this period he wrote a few papers, one of which turned out to be an important contribution on the scattering of gamma rays by a Coulomb field... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Silicon carbide is a semiconductor, which can be doped n-type by nitrogen or phosphorus and p-type by beryllium, boron, aluminium, or gallium. Metallic conductivity has been achieved by heavy doping with boron, aluminium or nitrogen.
Superconductivity has been detected in 3C-SiC:Al, 3C-SiC:B and 6H-SiC:B at similar tem... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Opportunity Rover found that the soil at Meridiani Planum was very similar to the soil at Gusev crater and Ares Vallis; however in many places at Meridiani the soil was covered with round, hard, gray spherules that were named "blueberries." These blueberries were found to be composed almost entirely of the mineral hem... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Structurally, rusticles contain channels which allow water to flow through, and they seem to build up in a ring structure similar to the growth rings of a tree. They are very delicate and can easily disintegrate into fine powder on even the slightest touch. | 8 | Metallurgy |
HCN channel was first identified in 1976 in the heart by Noma and Irisawa and characterized by Brown, Difrancesco and Weiss | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eschenmoser developed synthetic pathways for artificial nucleic acids, specifically modifying the sugar backbone of the polymer. Having developed a number of structural alternatives to the naturally occurring nucleic acids, Eschenmoser and his colleagues were able to contrast the properties of these synthetic nucleic a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is known that most materials are polycrystalline and contain grain boundaries and that grain boundaries can act as sinks and transport pathways for point defects. However experimentally and theoretically determining what effect point defects have on a system is difficult. Interesting examples of the complications of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Triglycerides are built from three fatty acids, esterified onto each of three hydroxy groups of glycerol, which is derived from glycerol 3-phosphate. In mammals, glycerol 3-phosphate is usually synthesized through glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that degrades glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and then into two mol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept of the DNA of Things (DoT) was introduced in 2019 by a team of researchers from Israel and Switzerland, including Yaniv Erlich and Robert Grass. DoT encodes digital data into DNA molecules, which are then embedded into objects. This gives the ability to create objects that carry their own blueprint, similar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most commonly used self-cleaning products, titanium dioxide, utilizes a unique self-cleaning mechanism that combines an initial photocatalytic step and subsequent superhydrophilicity. A titanium dioxide coating, typically on glass windows, when exposed to UV light, will generate free electrons that will inte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In step-growth polymerization, in order to achieve a high degree of polymerization (and hence molecular weight), , a high fractional monomer conversion, p, is required, according to Carothers equation For example, a monomer conversion of p' = 99% would be required to achieve .
For chain-growth free radical polymerizat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prior to Edwards developing his equation, other scientists were also working to define nucleophilicity quantitatively. Brønsted and Pederson first discovered the relationship between basicity, with respect to protons, and nucleophilicity in 1924:
:where
where k is the rate constant for nitramide decomposition by a bas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the environment, bacteria preferentially produce 5α-cholestan-3β-ol (5α-cholestanol) from cholesterol rather than the 5β isomer. This reaction occurs principally in anaerobic reducing sediments and the 5α-cholestanol / cholesterol ratio may be used as a secondary (process) biomarker for such conditions. No cut-off v... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the decades after the discovery of the Conia-ene reaction, several improvements allowed for milder reaction conditions and greater control of product stereo- and regiochemistry. For example, the carbonyl component, formerly a ketone or aldehyde, became a substituted β-ketoester or malonate ester. Such carbonyls enol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two examples of boron-containing compounds that have been linked to porphyrin are BODIPY and diketonate.
The BODIPY chromophore acts as an antenna: it absorbs a broad range of UV-visible light, then emits at a wavelength compatible with porphyrin absorption, allowing for efficient energy transfer.
This work has been ex... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The main fuel stored in the bodies of animals is fat. A young adult human's fat stores average between about , but varies greatly depending on age, sex, and individual disposition. In contrast, the human body stores only about of glycogen, of which is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many woody plants regrow around injuries, such as those caused by pruning. In time, such regrowth often completely covers the damaged area as the cambium growth layer produces new tissues. Well-pruned trees with undamaged branch collars often recover well, where poorly-pruned trees rot below the wound. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest phase diagrams are pressure–temperature diagrams of a single simple substance, such as water. The axes correspond to the pressure and temperature. The phase diagram shows, in pressure–temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas.
The cur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In aquatic environments, oxygen saturation is a ratio of the concentration of "dissolved oxygen" (DO, O), to the maximum amount of oxygen that will dissolve in that water body, at the temperature and pressure which constitute stable equilibrium conditions. Well-aerated water (such as a fast-moving stream) without oxyge... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A well-known thioamide is thioacetamide, which is used as a source of the sulfide ion and is a building block in heterocyclic chemistry.
Thioamides or anti-thyroid drugs are also a class of drugs that are used to control thyrotoxicosis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Depending on the application, various types of working fluids are used. In a thermodynamic cycle it may be the case that the working fluid changes state from gas to liquid or vice versa. Certain gases such as helium can be treated as ideal gases. This is not generally the case for superheated steam and the ideal gas eq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mitochondria is believed to be important in controlling the supply of oxygen available for making light in fireflies. An increased rate of respiration decreases the intracellular oxygen concentration which reduces the amount available for light production. The mitochondria of the photocyte exists near the perimeter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
White fuming nitric acid, pure nitric acid or WFNA, is very close to anhydrous nitric acid. It is available as 99.9% nitric acid by assay. One specification for white fuming nitric acid is that it has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved . Anhydrous nitric acid has a density of 1.513 g/cm and has the a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Melainabacteria is a phylum related to Cyanobacteria. Organisms belonging to this phylum have been found in the human gut and various aquatic habitats such as groundwater. By analyzing genomes of Melainabacteria, predictions are possible about the cell structure and metabolic abilities. The bacterial cell is similar to... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Let and be two graphs. Graph is a sub-graph of graph (written as ) if and . If and contains all of the edges with , then is an induced sub-graph of . We call and isomorphic (written as ), if there exists a bijection (one-to-one correspondence) with for all . The mapping is called an isomorphism between ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 3rd analytical group of cations includes ions which form hydroxides that are insoluble even at low concentrations.
Cations in the 3rd group are, among others: Fe, Fe, Al, and Cr.
The group is determined by making a solution of the salt in water and adding ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium chloride ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is elevated in the blood of people with heavy alcohol consumption but elevated levels can also be found in a number of medical conditions. The limitations of the assay depend upon the methodology of the test. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) can detect certain genetic var... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin deficiency can be caused either by a decreased amount of hemoglobin molecules, as in anemia, or by decreased ability of each molecule to bind oxygen at the same partial pressure of oxygen. Hemoglobinopathies (genetic defects resulting in abnormal structure of the hemoglobin molecule) may cause both. In any c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To illustrate how choices of coordinate systems for calculations of chemical bonds can immensely affect the results and consequently engender ill-defined descriptors of the bonds, sample calculations for n-butane and cyclobutane are shown in this section. Note that it is known that the all the four equivalent C-C bonds... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Electrons can be scattered by other charged particles through the electrostatic Coulomb forces. Furthermore, if a magnetic field is present, a traveling electron will be deflected by the Lorentz force. An extremely accurate description of all electron scattering, including quantum and relativistic aspects, is given by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, an acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, including inorganic acids. It contains a double-bonded oxygen atom and an organyl group () or hydrogen in the case of formyl group (). In organic chemistry, the acyl group (IUPAC name alkanoyl if the organyl g... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
MgCu can be prepared by hydrogenation of MgCu or the reaction of magnesium hydride and metallic copper at elevated temperature and pressure:
: 2 MgCu + 3 H → 3 MgH + MgCu
: MgH + 2 Cu → MgCu + H
MgCu can also be prepared by reacting of stoichiometric amounts of metals at about 380 °C in the presence of excess copper. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vinegar, petroleum jelly, milk and lemon juice solutions have also been used by activists. It is unclear how effective these remedies are. In particular, vinegar itself can burn the eyes and prolonged inhalation can also irritate the airways. Vegetable oil and vinegar have been reported as helping relieve burning cause... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are various treatments to combat the effects of nonivamide. One popular method includes administering a one to one solution of milk of magnesia, and water to the eyes. Doctors also recommend not using oils or creams on the skin, and to not wear contact lenses, if one is planning to minimise the effects of nonivam... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adding scalar quarks (squarks) and fermionic gluons (gluinos) to the theory makes it more tractable, but the thermodynamics of quark matter depends crucially on the fact that only fermions can carry quark number, and on the number of degrees of freedom in general. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bilirubin in plasma is mostly produced by the destruction of erythrocytes. Heme is metabolized into biliverdin (via heme oxygenase) and then into bilirubin (via biliverdin reductase) inside the macrophages.
Bilirubin is then released into the plasma and transported to the liver bound by albumin, since it is insoluble ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levan can be used for hair care and skin whitening. In hair care products, levan acts to form a film which creates a hair holding effect utilized in various gels and mousses. Levan is used as a skin whitener as well because it has been tested to show inhibition on melanin production by decreasing the activity of the en... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CHN)CO. It is a white crystalline solid. It is often used for the coupling of amino acids for peptide synthesis and as a reagent in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The topology of an interactome makes certain predictions how a network reacts to the perturbation (e.g. removal) of nodes (proteins) or edges (interactions). Such perturbations can be caused by mutations of genes, and thus their proteins, and a network reaction can manifest as a disease. A network analysis can identify... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The analytical solutions for these equations (supposing that initial concentrations of every substance except for A are zero) are: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stage heating is the process of heating a melt inclusion on a microscope-mounted stage and flowing either helium gas (Vernadsky stage) or argon gas (Linkam TS1400XY) over the stage and then rapidly quenching the melt inclusion after it has reached its original melt temperature to form a homogenous glass phase. Use of a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Some of the furnaces burned at . Factory tours were discontinued due to liability concerns attendant to the "very high temperatures and extremely bright light" and the unavailability of affordable insurance to cover the risk.
The gems were synthesized in a furnace. The Shelby Gem Factory's diamonds were simulants. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wetlands are areas of land submerged in water near both terrestrial and aquatic systems. They are highly diverse and are classified by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service into five categories: “The term wetland includes a variety of areas that fall into one of five categories: (1) areas with hydrophytes and hyd... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDCD) can result from mutations in any of the enzymes or cofactors used to build the complex. Its primary clinical finding is lactic acidosis. Such PDCD mutations, leading to subsequent deficiencies in NAD and FAD production, hinder oxidative phosphorylation processes that are key in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In analytical chemistry, potentiometric titration is a technique similar to direct titration of a redox reaction. It is a useful means of characterizing an acid. No indicator is used; instead the electric potential is measured across the analyte, typically an electrolyte solution. To do this, two electrodes are used, a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Earth, as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is practically closed with regard to matter. As all closed systems, it follows the law of conservation of mass which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus, the matter, although transformed and migrated, remains the same as when ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Silt particles range in size (about 0.002–0.5 mm). Silt pores are considered a medium in size compared with the other particle groups. Silt has a texture consistency of flour. Silt particles allow water and air to pass readily, yet retain moisture for crop growth. Silty soil contains sufficient quantities of nutrients,... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* bicarbonate derived from carbonic anhydrase (CA)-dependent hydration.
* CO metabolism
* Enters through membrane-transporting proteins or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators.
* Calcium enters by voltage-dependent Ca channels or by release from the endoplasmic reticulum.
* Hydrogencarbonate and calcium... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Juvenile retinoschisis is a disease that affects the nerve tissue in the eye. This disease is an X-linked recessive degenerative disease of the central macula region, and it is caused by mutation in the RSI gene encoding the protein retinoschisin. Retinoschisin is produced in the photoreceptor and bipolar cells and it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the context of biochemistry and drug development, a hybridization assay is a type of Ligand Binding Assay (LBA) used to quantify nucleic acids in biological matrices. Hybridization assays can be in solution or on a solid support such as 96-well plates or labelled beads.
Hybridization assays involve labelled nucleic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2, systematic name phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)) is an enzyme that frees attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules during digestion. It can be further classified as a phosphomonoesterase. It is stored in lysosomes and functions when these fuse with endosomes, whi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deficiencies in vitamin A have been linked to an increased susceptibility to skin infection and inflammation. Vitamin A appears to modulate the innate immune response and maintains homeostasis of epithelial tissues and mucosa through its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). As part of the innate immune system, toll-like rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lac repressor (LacI) operates by a helix-turn-helix motif in its DNA-binding domain, binding base-specifically to the major groove of the operator region of the lac operon, with base contacts also made by residues of symmetry-related alpha helices, the "hinge" helices, which bind deeply in the minor groove. This bo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Pfeiffer effect is an optical phenomenon whereby the presence of an optically active compound influences the optical rotation of a racemic mixture of a second compound.
Racemic mixtures do not rotate plane polarized light, but the equilibrium concentration of the two enantiomers can shift from unity in the presence... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the field of photometry (optics), the luminous transmittance of a filter is a measure of the amount of luminous flux or intensity transmitted by an optical filter. It is generally defined in terms of a standard illuminant (e.g. Illuminant A, Iluminant C, or Illuminant E). The luminous transmittance with respect to t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Besides de novo synthesis, PA can be formed in three ways:
* By phospholipase D (PLD), via the hydrolysis of the P-O bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce PA and choline.
* By the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DAGK).
* By the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase (L... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In more common usage, an oxidizing agent transfers oxygen atoms to a substrate. In this context, the oxidizing agent can be called an oxygenation reagent or oxygen-atom transfer (OAT) agent. Examples include (permanganate), (chromate), OsO (osmium tetroxide), and especially (perchlorate). Notice that these species a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cell-specific DamID can also be achieved using recombination mediated excision of a transcriptional terminator cassette upstream of the Dam-fusion protein. The terminator cassette is flanked by FRT recombination sites which can be removed when combined with tissue specific expression of FLP recombinase. Upon removal of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Classed as a restricted weapon.
** A permit is required to obtain or carry pepper spray.
** Front-line police officers have routinely carried pepper spray since 1997. New Zealand Prison Service made OC spray available for use in approved situations in 2013.
** New Zealand Defence Force Military Police are permitte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Förster resonance energy transfer is named after the German scientist Theodor Förster. When both chromophores are fluorescent, the term "fluorescence resonance energy transfer" is often used instead, although the energy is not actually transferred by fluorescence. In order to avoid an erroneous interpretation of the ph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The grain macrostructure in ingots and most castings have three distinct regions or zones: the chill zone, columnar zone, and equiaxed zone. The image below depicts these zones.
The chill zone is named so because it occurs at the walls of the mold where the wall chills the material. Here is where the nucleation phase o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation. This includes painful menstrual periods, migraines, and rheumatoid arthritis. It may also be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a premature baby. It can be used orally (by mouth) or intravenously. ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the case of sulfides and carbonates, a process called "roasting" removes the unwanted carbon or sulfur, leaving an oxide, which can be directly reduced. Roasting is usually carried out in an oxidizing environment. A few practical examples:
* Malachite, a common ore of copper is primarily copper carbonate hydroxide C... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A dialdehyde is an organic chemical compound with two aldehyde groups. The nomenclature of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or sometimes -dialdehyde. Short aliphatic dialdehydes are sometimes named after the diacid from which they can be derived. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The clearest waters occur in oligotrophic ocean regions such as the South Pacific Gyre, tropical coastal waters, glacially-formed lakes with low sediment inputs, and lakes with some kind of natural filtration occurring at the inflow point. Blue Lake in New Zealand holds the record for the highest water clarity of any l... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The abstract definition of chemical potential given above—total change in free energy per extra mole of substance—is more specifically called total chemical potential. If two locations have different total chemical potentials for a species, some of it may be due to potentials associated with "external" force fields (el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The only approved indication for oral vancomycin therapy is in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis, where it must be given orally to reach the site of infection in the colon. Following oral administration, the fecal concentration of vancomycin is around 500 µg/mL (sensitive strains of Clostridium difficile have a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Brønsted catalysis equation or law of correlation, after Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, gives the relationship between acid strength and catalytic activity in general acid catalysis.
A plot of the common logarithm of the reaction rate constant k versus the logarithm of the ionization constant K for a series of acids (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is still not fully understood how salts are transported from the ocean and oxidized to become reactive halogen species in the air. Other halogens (chlorine and iodine) are also activated through mechanisms coupled to bromine chemistry. The main consequence of halogen activation is chemical destruction of ozone, whic... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Indoline 9 was acetylated to N-acetyl compound 10 (acetic anhydride, pyridine) and then the veratryl group was then ring-opened with ozone in aqueous acetic acid to muconic ester 11 (made possible by the two electron-donating methoxide groups). This is an example of bioinspired synthesis already proposed by Woodward in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Five of the crystal systems are essentially the same as five of the lattice systems. The hexagonal and trigonal crystal systems differ from the hexagonal and rhombohedral lattice systems. These are combined into the hexagonal crystal family.
The relation between three-dimensional crystal families, crystal systems and l... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
ASF/SF2 is involved in genomic stability; it is thought that RNA Polymerase recruits ASF/SF2 to nascent RNA transcripts to impede formation of mutagenic DNA:RNA hybrid R-loop structures between the transcript and the template DNA. In this way, ASF/SF2 is protecting cells from the potential deleterious effects of transc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spot tests are performed by placing a small amount of the desired reagent on the portion of the lichen to be tested. Often, both the cortex and medulla of the lichen are tested, and at times it is useful to test other structures such as soralia. One method is to draw up a small amount of the chemical into a glass capil... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The following formula is used to calculate COD:
where b is the volume of FAS used in the blank sample, s is the volume of FAS in the original sample, and n is the normality of FAS. If milliliters are used consistently for volume measurements, the result of the COD calculation is given in mg/L.
The COD can also be estim... | 9 | Geochemistry |
immunoblot - immunoprecipitation - immunotherapy - IMPDH/GMPR family - in situ hybridization - in vitro translation - indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase - inducer - infologs - inherited - initiation codon - insert - insertion - insertion sequence - intellectual property rights - intergenic - interleukin 40 - intron - inver... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The regioselectivity of water elimination is highly influenced by ring size. When water is eliminated from cyclic tertiary alcohols by an E1 route, three major products are formed. The semicyclic isomer (so-called because the double bond is shared by a ring atom and an exocyclic atom) and the (E) endocyclic isomer are ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The armed/disarmed approach to glycosylation is an effective way to prevent sugar molecules from self-glycosylation when synthesizing disaccharides. This approach was first recognized when acetylated sugars only acted as glycosyl acceptors when reacted with benzylated sugars. The acetylated sugars were termed “disarme... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In combustion, the Karlovitz number is defined as the ratio of chemical time scale to Kolmogorov time scale , named after Béla Karlovitz. The number reads as
In premixed turbulent combustion, the chemical time scale can be defined as , where is the thermal diffusivity and is the laminar flame speed and the flame thi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The silencing of genes created by abnormal DNA methylation is a major contributor to the formation of cancerous tumors. Variations in DNA methylation of normal cells compared to malignant cells shows a prominent mechanism in how cancerous cells proliferate. Those variations are particularly prevalent in cell cycle regu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1968–2008 - Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Georgian Academy of Sciences
*1968–1999 - Professor at Tbilisi State University, Georgia
*2008–2010 - Professor at Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
*2010–2011 - Professor at Free University of Tbilisi, Georgia
*2012–2021- Director of Institute of Molecu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "library" can refer to a population of organisms, each of which carries a DNA molecule inserted into a cloning vector, or alternatively to the collection of all of the cloned vector molecules. | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. If accurate DNA repair is deficient, DNA damages tend to accumulate. Unrepaired DNA damage can increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. DNA damage can also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors du... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method of combination differences uses differences of wavenumbers in the P- and R- branches to obtain data that depend only on rotational constants in the vibrational ground or excited state. For the excited state
This function can be fitted, using the method of least-squares to data for carbon monoxide, from Harri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SB buffer is a buffer solution used in agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. "SB" is a commercial trademark of Faster Better Media LLC for their sodium boric acid-based conductive medium (US Patent # 7811437), which is based on the publications of Brody ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
General scenario The Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say changes by an amount the driving change, causing a change the response of prime interest, in its conjugate state variable all other e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sometimes adding an ion other than the ones that are part of the precipitated salt itself can increase the solubility of the salt. This "salting in" is called the "uncommon-ion effect" (also "salt effect" or the "diverse-ion effect"). It occurs because as the total ion concentration increases, inter-ion attraction with... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In dual-mode, the mobile and stationary phases are reversed part way through the separation experiment. This requires changing the phase being pumped through the column as well as the direction of flow. Dual-mode operation is likely to elute the entire sample from the column but the order of elution is disrupted by swi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Erwin Hiebert died in Waltham, Massachusetts in November 2012, shortly after his wife of 69 years died in September 2012. He was survived by their two daughters, Catherine and Margaret, a son Thomas, and seven grandchildren. Catherine Hiebert Beissinger became a professor of Slavic languages and literatures at Princeto... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Froth flotation depends on the selective adhesion of air bubbles to mineral surfaces in a mineral/water slurry. The air bubbles attach to more hydrophobic particles, as determined by the interfacial energies between the solid, liquid, and gas phases. This energy is determined by the Young–Dupré equation:
where:
* γ is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are over 16 million dams in the world that alter carbon transport from rivers to oceans. Using data from the Global Reservoirs and Dams database, which contains approximately 7000 reservoirs that hold 77% of the total volume of water held back by dams (8000 km), it is estimated that the delivery of carbon to the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
As water reaches the temperature where it begins to crystallize and form ice, salt ions are rejected from the lattices within the ice and are either forced out into the surrounding water, or trapped among the ice crystals in pockets called brine cells. Generally, sea ice has a salinity ranging from 0 psu at the surface... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A simple container (U-tube) is filled with a solid or catalyst. This sample vessel is positioned in a furnace with temperature control equipment. A thermocouple is placed in the solid for temperature measurement. The air originally present in the container is flushed out with an inert gas (nitrogen, argon). Flow contro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monsanto manufactured PCBs at its chemical plant in Newport, South Wales, until the mid- to late-1970s. During this period, waste matter, including PCBs, from the Newport site was dumped at a disused quarry near Groes-faen, west of Cardiff, and Penhros landfill site from where it continues to be released in waste water... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The sphere packing problem is the three-dimensional version of a class of ball-packing problems in arbitrary dimensions. In two dimensions, the equivalent problem is packing circles on a plane. In one dimension it is packing line segments into a linear universe.
In dimensions higher than three, the densest lattice pack... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This is an outline of an example mechanism of yeast cells by which chromatin structure and histone post-translational modification help regulate and record the transcription of genes by RNA polymerase II.
This pathway gives examples of regulation at these points of transcription:
* Pre-initiation (promotion by Bre1, hi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TSE or Tris/Saline/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, Sodium chloride and EDTA.
In molecular biology, TSE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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