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At densities greater than those supported by neutron degeneracy, quark matter is expected to occur. Several variations of this hypothesis have been proposed that represent quark-degenerate states. Strange matter is a degenerate gas of quarks that is often assumed to contain strange quarks in addition to the usual up an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The cinnamyl alcohol glycosides rosin, rosavin and rosarin occur in the context of rhodiola species, only in Rhodiola rosea. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thiones are usually prepared from ketones using reagents that exchange S and O atoms. A common reagent is phosphorus pentasulfide and the related reagent Lawesson's reagent. Other methods uses a mixture of hydrogen chloride combined with hydrogen sulfide. Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide has also been employed.
Thiobenzophen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A table with experimental single bonds for carbon to other elements is given below. Bond lengths are given in picometers. By approximation the bond distance between two different atoms is the sum of the individual covalent radii (these are given in the chemical element articles for each element). As a general trend, bo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many metal-ligand combinations have been reported to catalyze hydroamination, including main group elements including alkali metals such as lithium, group 2 metals such as calcium, as well as group 3 metals such as aluminum, indium, and bismuth. In addition to these main group examples, extensive research has been con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The organosilane is activated with fluoride (as some sort of salt such as TBAF or TASF) or a base to form a pentavalent silicon center which is labile enough to allow for the breaking of a C-Si bond during the transmetalation step. The general scheme to form this key intermediate is shown below. This step occurs in si... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Olfactory receptor gene ([https://senselab.med.yale.edu/ordb/ OR]) is normally expressed in human and mouse olfactory tissue with a main function as odorant receptor for the detection of odorants. Individuals with a defect in this gene have disorders of taste and smell. It has been reported that ORs is also expressed o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A carbon source is a carbon-containing molecule that is used by an organism to synthesise biomass. Such sources may be organic or inorganic. Heterotrophs must use organic molecules as a source of both carbon and energy. In contrast, autotrophs may use inorganic materials as a source for both, such as inorganic chemical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are at least three distinct mechanisms in which pRb can repress transcription of E2F-regulated promoters. Though these mechanisms are known, it is unclear which are the most important for the control of the cell cycle.
E2Fs are a family of proteins whose binding sites are often found in the promoter regions of ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A balance of magnesium is vital to the well-being of all organisms. Magnesium is a relatively abundant ion in Earth's crust and mantle and is highly bioavailable in the hydrosphere. This availability, in combination with a useful and very unusual chemistry, may have led to its utilization in evolution as an ion for sig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2019 it was reported that ordinary graphite exhibits second sound at 120 K. This feature was both predicted theoretically and observed experimentally, and
was by far the highest temperature at which second sound has been observed. However, this second sound is observed only at the microscale, because the wave dies o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
mTOR is implicated in the failure of a pruning mechanism of the excitatory synapses in autism spectrum disorders. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron–sulfur clusters occur in many biological systems, often as components of electron transfer proteins. The ferredoxin proteins are the most common Fe–S clusters in nature. They feature either 2Fe–2S or 4Fe–4S centers. They occur in all branches of life.
Fe–S clusters can be classified according to their Fe:S stoic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor or FSH receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning of FSH. FSHRs are found in the ovary, testis, and uterus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polysulfides are compounds that have chains of sulfur atoms. This reactant has been tested on the field in treating TCE and in comparison to EHC. The use of polysulfides is a type of abiotic reduction and works best in anaerobic conditions where iron (III) is available. The benefit of using polysulfides is that they do... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The integrated stress response is a cellular stress response conserved in eukaryotic cells that downregulates protein synthesis and upregulates specific genes in response to internal or environmental stresses. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 form the core of a nucleosome and thus are called core histones. Processing of core histones is done differently because typical histone mRNA lacks several features of other eukaryotic mRNAs, such as poly(A) tail and introns. Thus, such mRNAs do not undergo splicing and their 3' processing ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Folin's reagent or sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate is a chemical reagent used as a derivatizing agent to measure levels of amines and amino acids. The reagent reacts with them in alkaline solution to produce a fluorescent material that can be easily detected.
This should not be confused with Folin-Ciocalteu reage... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another type of environmental contaminant can be found in the form of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), specifically when they come in contact with organic agriculture. This sort of contamination can result in the decertification of a farm. This sort of contamination can at times be difficult to control, necessita... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Cabaniss, Steve, Greg Madey, Patricia Maurice, Yingping Zhou, Laura Leff, Ola Olapade, Bob Wetzel, Jerry Leenheer, and Bob Wershaw, comps. Stochastic Synthesis of Natural Organic Matter. UNM, ND, KSU, UNC, USGS. 22 Apr. 2007.
* Cho, Min, Hyenmi Chung, and Jeyong Yoon. "Disinfection of Water Containing Natural Organic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many reef aquarium keepers use RO systems to make fish-friendly seawater. Ordinary tap water can contain excessive chlorine, chloramines, copper, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, or other chemicals detrimental to marine organisms. Contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphates can lead to unwanted algae growth.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are three types of persistent infections, latent, chronic and slow, in which the virus stays inside the host cell for prolonged periods of time. During latent infections there is minimal to no expression of infected viral genome. The genome remains within the host cell until the virus is ready for replication. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A theory about the magnetic sense of birds assumes that a protein in the retina is changed due to the Zeeman effect. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactions of linear topology are the most common, and consist of all transformations whose transition states are acyclic, including addition, elimination, substitution, and (some types of) fragmentation reactions. By contrast, in pericyclic reactions, the atoms under chemical change form a single closed cycle, and incl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Endonucleases are enzymes that recognise and cleave nucleic acid segments and they can be used to direct DNA assembly. Of the different types of restriction enzymes, the type II restriction enzymes are the most commonly available and used because their cleavage sites are located near or in their recognition sites. Henc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Recherches sur les composés octyliques (1870).
* Application du sulfure de manganèse comme conleur plastique (1890). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the limiting case of no interaction, the system is an ideal gas and the structure factor is completely featureless: , because there is no correlation between the positions and of different particles (they are independent random variables), so the off-diagonal terms in Equation () average to zero: . | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
France 24 documentary "Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics" (12 minutes) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfVKtIcl2Nk&t=10s Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics]
Seminar "Electric field control of magnetism" by R. Ramesh at U Michigan (1 hour) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTpr9CEYP6M Ramamo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the field of solid state physics, the electron affinity is defined differently than in chemistry and atomic physics. For a semiconductor-vacuum interface (that is, the surface of a semiconductor), electron affinity, typically denoted by E or χ, is defined as the energy obtained by moving an electron from the vacuum ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitriles can be prepared by the dehydration of primary amides. Common reagents for this include phosphorus pentoxide () and thionyl chloride (). In a related dehydration, secondary amides give nitriles by the von Braun amide degradation. In this case, one C-N bond is cleaved. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Boronate affinity chromatography consists of using boronic acid or boronates to elute and quantify amounts of glycoproteins. Clinical adaptations have applied this type of chromatography for use in determining long term assessment of diabetic patients through analysis of their glycated hemoglobin. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the Euclidean plane, reflections and glide reflections are the only two kinds of indirect (orientation-reversing) isometries.
For example, there is an isometry consisting of the reflection on the x-axis, followed by translation of one unit parallel to it. In coordinates, it takes
This isometry maps the x-axis to its... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A rapid antigen test (RAT), sometimes called a rapid antigen detection test (RADT), antigen rapid test (ART), or loosely just a rapid test, is a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen. RATs are a type of lateral flow test detecting antigens, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because Grignard reagents are so sensitive to moisture and oxygen, many methods have been developed to test the quality of a batch. Typical tests involve titrations with weighable, anhydrous protic reagents, e.g. menthol in the presence of a color-indicator. The interaction of the Grignard reagent with phenanthroline... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tholins were detected in situ by the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Tholins are not typically characteristic of main-belt asteroids, but have been detected on the asteroid 24 Themis. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Printing quality is highly influenced by the various treatments and methods used in creating paper and enhancing the paper surface. Consumers are most concerned with the paper-ink interactions which vary for certain types of paper due to different chemical properties of the surface. Inkjet paper is the most commercial... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measuring the composition of a cow's rumen can also indicate the quality of its feed, a process called a forage analysis.
Once the cannula is surgically placed, the cow is then allowed to graze for a certain period of time—for example, 30 to 45 minutes, in a 1960 study at the University of Nevada, Reno. Researchers wil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sellar and Boreman have argued that this SNR improvement can be considered as a result of freedom from needing an exit slit inside the spectrometer, since an exit slit reduces the light collected by the detector by the same factor. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levomilnacipran was developed by Forest Laboratories and Pierre Fabre Group, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in July 2013. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For globular proteins, interior atomic packing (arising from short-range, local interactions) of side-chains has been shown to be pivotal in the structural stabilization of the protein-fold. On the other hand, the electrostatic harmony (non-local, long-range) of the overall fold has also been shown to be essential for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Irving–Williams series refers to the relative stabilities of complexes formed by transition metals. In 1953 Harry Irving and Robert Williams observed that the stability of complexes formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase across the period to a maximum stability at copper: Mn(II) < Fe(... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In reference to biochemistry, this is an important concept as far as kinetics is concerned in metalloproteins. This can allow for the rapid synthesis and degradation of substrates in biological systems. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Well-defined, molecular clusters are known, invariably containing organic ligands on their exteriors. Two examples are and . In order to generate naked gold clusters for catalytic applications, the ligands must be removed, which is typically done via a high-temperature ( or higher) calcination process, but can also b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Factors governing organic reactions are essentially the same as that of any chemical reaction. Factors specific to organic reactions are those that determine the stability of reactants and products such as conjugation, hyperconjugation and aromaticity and the presence and stability of reactive intermediates such as fre... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In sedimentology, winnowing is the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. Once a sediment has been deposited, subsequent changes in the speed or direction of wind or water flowing over it can agitate the grains in the sediment and allow the preferential removal of the finer g... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Wohl degradation in carbohydrate chemistry is a chain contraction method for aldoses. The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939).
In one modification, d-glucose is converted to the glucose oxime by reaction wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In alkaline media oxygen evolution reactions, multiple adsorbent species (O, OH, OOH, and OO) and multiple steps are involved. Steps 4 and 5 often occur in a single step, but there is evidence that suggests steps 4 and 5 occur separately at pH 11 and higher.
Where the * indicate species adsorbed to the surface of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Housekeeping genes account for majority of the active genes in the genome, and their expression is obviously vital to survival. The housekeeping gene expression levels are fine-tuned to meet the metabolic requirements in various tissues. Biochemical studies on transcription initiation of the housekeeping gene promoters... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DKPs have been shown to inhibit the activities of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and potentially protozoa, as well as exhibit antitumor and antiprion properties. The molecule glionitrin, for instance, proved to be very effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in addition to four different human ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In order to remove the C15 alcohol group, Enol 15 was converted to tosylate 16 (TsCl, pyridine) and then to mercaptoester 17 (sodium benzylmercaptide) which was then reduced to unsaturated ester 18 by Raney nickel and hydrogen. Further reduction with hydrogen / palladium on carbon afforded the saturated ester 19. Alk... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA secondary structure can be determined from atomic coordinates (tertiary structure) obtained by X-ray crystallography, often deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Current methods include 3DNA/DSSR and MC-annotate. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nature produces massive amounts of chloromethane and bromomethane. Most concern focuses on anthropogenic sources, which are potential toxins, even carcinogens. Similarly, great interest has been shown in remediation of man made halocarbons such as those produced on large scale, such as dry cleaning fluids. Volatile h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The study of interactomes is called interactomics. The basic unit of a protein network is the protein–protein interaction (PPI). While there are numerous methods to study PPIs, there are relatively few that have been used on a large scale to map whole interactomes.
The yeast two hybrid system (Y2H) is suited to explore... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Formate is produced by the cleavage of pyruvate. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme pyruvate-formate lyase (PFL), which plays an important role in regulating anaerobic fermentation in E. coli.
pyruvate + CoA → acetyl-CoA + formate | 1 | Biochemistry |
The VSMOW–SLAP scale is recommended by the USGS, IUPAC, and IAEA for measurement of deuterium and O concentrations in any substance. For O, a scale based on Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite can also be used. The physical samples, which are distributed by the IAEA and U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, are use... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Cells Alive System (CAS) is a line of commercial freezers manufactured by ABI Corporation, Ltd. of Chiba, Japan claimed to preserve food with greater freshness than ordinary freezing by using electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations to limit ice crystal formation that destroys food texture. They also are cl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Keepers are substances (typically solvents, but sometimes adsorbent solids) added in relatively small quantities during an evaporative procedure in analytical chemistry, such as concentration of an analyte-solvent mixture by rotary evaporation. The purpose of a keeper is to reduce losses of a target analyte during the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In industry, methanethiol is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methanol. This method is employed for the industrial synthesis of methanethiol:
:CHOH + HS → CHSH + HO
Such reactions are conducted in the presence of acidic catalysts. The other principal route to thiols involves the addition of hydrogen su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calorie restriction, vitamin E, and increased glutathione appear to reduce or halt the production of lipofuscin.
The nootropic drug piracetam appears to significantly reduce accumulation of lipofuscin in the brain tissue of rats.
Other possible treatments:
*Centrophenoxine
*Acetyl-L-carnitine
*Ginkgo biloba
*Dimethylet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A planet is in thermal equilibrium when the incident energy reaching it (typically the solar irradiance from its parent star) is equal to the infrared energy radiated away to space. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1972, scientists discovered that chlorophyll could absorb sunlight and transfer energy into electrochemical cells. This discovery eventually led to the use of photosensitizers as sunlight-harvesting materials in solar cells, mainly through the use of photosensitizer dyes. Dye Sensitized Solar cells utilize these pho... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some polymers containing sulfone groups are useful engineering plastics. They exhibit high strength and resistance to oxidation, corrosion, high temperatures, and creep under stress. For example, some are valuable as replacements for copper in domestic hot water plumbing. Precursors to such polymers are the sulfones b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NADPH plays an important role as an antioxidant by decreasing the reactive oxygen produced during rapid cell proliferation. It has been shown that attenuation of the PPP would dampen NADPH production in cancer cells, leading to the decrease in macromolecular biosynthesis and rendering the transformed cells that are v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In phosphor thermometry, the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence process is exploited to measure temperature. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two types of genes: protein coding genes and noncoding genes. Noncoding genes are an important part of non-coding DNA and they include genes for transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. These genes were discovered in the 1960s. Prokaryotic genomes contain genes for a number of other noncoding RNAs but noncoding RNA ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This method can be used to detect co-binding of two factors to the same genomic locus. The Dam methylase may be expressed in two halves which are fused to different proteins of interest. When both proteins bind to the same region of DNA, the Dam enzyme is reconstituted and is able to methylate the surrounding GATC site... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research on thyroid cancer has elucidated the theory that paracrine signaling may aid in creating tumor microenvironments. Chemokine transcription is upregulated when Ras is in the GTP-bound state. The chemokines are then released from the cell, free to bind to another nearby cell. Paracrine signaling between neighb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogel encapsulation of the QDs opens up a new range of applications, such as:
* Biosensors
:Enzymes and other bio-active molecules serve as biorecognition units while QDs serve as signalling units. By adding enzymes to the QD hydrogel network both units can be combined to form a biosensor. The enzymatic reaction tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ehrlichs reagent or Ehrlich reagent is a reagent containing p'-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) and thus can act as an indicator to presumptively identify indoles and urobilinogen. Several Ehrlich tests use the reagent in a medical test; some are drug tests and others contribute to diagnosis of various diseases or adve... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A Langmuir–Taylor detector, also called surface ionization detector or hot wire detector, is a kind of ionization detector used in mass spectrometry, developed by John Taylor based on the work of Irving Langmuir and K. H. Kingdon. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The lactose operon (lac operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most enteric bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other hypothetical gene therapies could include changes to physical appearance, metabolism, mental faculties such as memory and intelligence, and well-being (by increasing resistance to depression or relieving chronic pain, for example). | 1 | Biochemistry |
For bottom-up proteomics, the proteins can be separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for relative quantification or by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for absolute quantification. For ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Red blood cell transketolase activity is reduced in deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B), and may be used in the diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy and other B-deficiency syndromes if the diagnosis is in doubt. Apart from the baseline enzyme activity (which may be normal even in deficiency states), acceleration of enzy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a materials characterisation technique that improves upon electron spin resonance. It involves measuring the change in electrical resistance of a sample when exposed to certain microwave frequencies. It can be used to identify very small numbers (down to a few hundred ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes, and induces epithelial development. It belongs to the EGF family.
* TGFβ exists in three known subtypes in humans, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome and some human cancers, and p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Under steady-state conditions, the catalyst and substrate undergo reversible association followed by a relatively rapid consumption of the catalyst–substrate complex (by both forward reactions to product and reverse reactions to unbound catalyst.) The steady-state approximation holds that the concentration of the catal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many experimenters tried to immobilize the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell to make it more convenient to use. The Zamboni pile of 1812 is a high-voltage dry battery but capable of delivering only minute currents. Various experiments were made with cellulose, sawdust, spun glass, asbestos fibers, and gelatine.
In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In metallurgy, selective leaching, also called dealloying, demetalification, parting and selective corrosion, is a corrosion type in some solid solution alloys, when in suitable conditions a component of the alloys is preferentially leached from the initially homogenous material. The less noble metal is removed from th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In Denmark, modafinil is a prescription drug but not listed as a controlled substance. According to the Danish Medicines Agency, modafinil is approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, still, importing modafinil to Denmark is considered illegal without a valid prescription.
In Finland, modafinil is a prescription... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In crystallography, the transition temperature is the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state (allotrope) to another. More formally, it is the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance can co-exist in equilibrium. For example, when rhombic sulfur is heated above 95.6 °C, it change... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Third generation TSH assay is the current requirement for modern standards of care. At present, TSH testing in the United States is typically carried out with automated platforms using advanced forms of immunometric assay. Nonetheless, there is currently no international standard for measurement of thyroid-stimulating ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perfluorocarbon emulsions are emulsions containing either bubbles or droplets which have perfluorocarbons inside them. Some of them are commonly used in medicine as ultrasound contrast agents, and others have been studied for use as oxygen therapeutics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The regulation of bio-luminescence in bacteria is achieved through the regulation of the oxidative enzyme called luciferase. It is important that bio-luminescent bacteria decrease production rates of luciferase when the population is sparse in number in order to conserve energy. Thus, bacterial bioluminescence is regul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
pHT01 is a plasmid used as a cloning vector for expressing proteins in Bacillus subtilis. It is 7,956 base pairs in length. pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong, IPTG-inducible promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilis groE promoter, a lac operator, and the gsiB ribosome binding site. It was first found on p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1977 the US Federal Drug Administration published a clinical trial guideline that excluded women of "childbearing potential" from the early phases of most clinical trials, which in practice led to their exclusion from later trial phases as well. This 1977 FDA guideline was implemented in response to a protectionist ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The evolution of oxygen during the light-dependent steps in photosynthesis (Hill reaction) was proposed and proven by British biochemist Robin Hill. He demonstrated that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen (O) but not fix carbon dioxide (CO). This is evidence that the light and dark reactions occur at different sit... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, peroxycarbonate (sometimes peroxocarbonate, IUPAC name: oxocarbonate or oxidocarbonate) or percarbonate is a divalent anion with formula . It is an oxocarbon anion that consists solely of carbon and oxygen. It would be the anion of a hypothetical peroxycarbonic acid HO–CO–O–OH (sometimes peroxocarbonic ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The formation of raw iron ore pellets, also known as pelletizing, has the objective of producing pellets in an appropriate band of sizes and with mechanical properties high usefulness during the stresses of transference, transport, and use. For example, waste materials are ground before being heated and introduced into... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A drug in blood exists in two forms: bound and unbound. Depending on a specific drug's affinity for plasma proteins, a proportion of the drug may become bound to the proteins, with the remainder being unbound. If the protein binding is reversible, then a chemical equilibrium will exist between the bound and unbound sta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most recently completed dexpramipexole clinical trial was EXHALE-1 (AS201), a Phase II clinical trial in participants with moderate-to-severe eosinophilic asthma. Dexpramipexole demonstrated highly significant, dose dependent eosinophil lowering during the primary assessment phase and was maximal at Week 12. Dexpra... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Using the specific values of in matrix , it can be shown that the fourth-rank elasticity stiffness tensor may be written in 2-index Voigt notation as the matrix
The elasticity stiffness matrix has 5 independent constants, which are related to well known engineering elastic moduli in the following way. These engineer... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Patchoulene oxide (1) could be accessed from terpene patchoulol (52) through a series of acid-catalyzed carbocation rearrangements proceeded by an elimination following Zaitzev's rule to give pathoulene (53). The driving force for the rearrangement is relief of ring strain. Epoxidation of 53 with peracetic acid gave pa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Often molecules do form multilayers, that is, some are adsorbed on already adsorbed molecules, and the Langmuir isotherm is not valid. In 1938 Stephen Brunauer, Paul Emmett, and Edward Teller developed a model isotherm that takes that possibility into account. Their theory is called BET theory, after the initials in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The two main pressure scales used in static high-pressure experiments are X-ray diffraction of a material with a known equation of state and measuring the shift in ruby fluorescence lines. The first began with NaCl, for which the compressibility has been determined by first principles in 1968. The major pitfall of this... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Direct-EI may offer a clear advantage over ESI in several applications, but it may excel in the following cases:
*Large number of compounds of different polarities and chemical properties: EI can offer a shortcut, do-it-all solution when hard-to-detect substances are included or and when a combination of positive and n... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When iodide is added to a solution of hexacyanoferrate(III), the following equilibrium exists:
Under strongly acidic solution, the above equilibrium lies far to the right hand side, but is reversed in almost neutral solution. This makes analysis of hexacyanoferrate(III) troublesome as the iodide and thiosulfate decompo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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