text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The resistance arises from the prevailing limitations on availability (local concentration) and mobility of the ions whose motion between the electrolyte and the electrode constitutes the faradaic current. The capacitance is that of the capacitor formed by the electrolyte and the electrode, separated by the Debye scre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TRIM24 has been shown to interact with Mineralocorticoid receptor, TRIM33, Estrogen receptor alpha and Retinoid X receptor alpha. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A variety of alloys exhibit the shape-memory effect. Alloying constituents can be adjusted to control the transformation temperatures of the SMA. Some common systems include the following (by no means an exhaustive list):
* Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd
* Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd
* Co-Ni-Al
* Co-Ni-Ga
* Cu-Al-Be-X(X:Zr, B, Cr, Gd)
... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An ideal cycle is simple to analyze and consists of:
# TOP (A) and BOTTOM (C) of the loop: a pair of parallel isobaric processes
# RIGHT (B) and LEFT (D) of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes
If the working substance is a perfect gas, is only a function of for a closed system since its internal pressure... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mainly associated with abnormalities that result in neurodegenerative diseases. Tau proteins stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Natures Most Dangerous Creatures is a nonfiction book by Carl Zimmer that was published by Free Press in 2000. The book discusses the history of parasites on Earth and how the field and study of parasitology formed, along with a look at the most dangerous parasites ever found i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many prior technologies exist for preparing wide-gap diamond for use in electronic devices or as a substrate for single-crystal diamond growth. The more stable forms of carbon have lower gaps and different crystal structures, and their presence must be carefully controlled. The Marchywka Effect has been characterised a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In and of themselves, pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. The general reaction scheme of acidic pH indicators in aqueous solutions can be formulated as:
:HInd + +
where, "HInd" is the acidic form and "Ind" is the conjugate base of the indicator.
Vice versa for basic pH indicators in aqueous solution... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Selenols are structurally similar to thiols, but the bond is about 8% longer at 196 pm. The angle approaches 90°. The bonding involves almost pure p-orbitals on Se, hence the near 90 angles. The bond energy is weaker than the bond, consequently selenols are easily oxidized and serve as H-atom donors. The Se-H bond ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Synthesis of nucleosides involves the coupling of a nucleophilic, heterocyclic base with an electrophilic sugar. The silyl-Hilbert-Johnson (or Vorbrüggen) reaction, which employs silylated heterocyclic bases and electrophilic sugar derivatives in the presence of a Lewis acid, is the most common method for forming nucle... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Catalytic triads perform covalent catalysis via an acyl-enzyme intermediate. If this intermediate is resolved by water, the result is hydrolysis of the substrate. However, if the intermediate is resolved by attack by a second substrate, then the enzyme acts as a transferase. For example, attack by an acyl group results... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mineral sequestration aims to trap carbon in the form of solid carbonate salts. This process occurs slowly in nature and is responsible for the deposition and accumulation of limestone over geologic time. Carbonic acid in groundwater slowly reacts with complex silicates to dissolve calcium, magnesium, alkalis and silic... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There is an emerging understanding of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, and of myokines as mediators of physical fitness through the practice of regular physical exercise (aerobic exercise and strength training), as well as new awareness of the anti-inflammatory and thus disease prevention aspects of exercise. Diff... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fact that the binding motif appears as a "triplet" of the conserved TxT repeat, as well as the observation that blastp queries have returned no viable matches, has led some researchers to suggest that RiAFP represents a new type of AFP – one that differs from the heavily studied TmAFP (from T. molitor), DcAFP (from... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The clinical use of most antibiotics result in a mutation of the pathogen organism leading to their resistance against the drug. Therefore, development of new drugs is always needed. A potential first step in developing new drugs against currently threatening diseases (e.g. tuberculosis) is to find new drug targets in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The transition dipole moment is useful for determining if transitions are allowed under the electric dipole interaction. For example, the transition from a bonding orbital to an antibonding orbital is allowed because the integral defining the transition dipole moment is nonzero. Such a transition occurs between an ev... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some caveats should be considered with the above.
1. Like all statistical mechanical results according to the MaxEnt school, this increase in thermodynamic entropy is only a prediction. It assumes in particular that the initial macroscopic description contains all of the information relevant to predicting the later ma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eutrophication may cause competitive release by making abundant a normally limiting nutrient. This process causes shifts in the species composition of ecosystems. For instance, an increase in nitrogen might allow new, competitive species to invade and out-compete original inhabitant species. This has been shown to occu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 1999, the Royal Society of Chemistry closed the journal Analytical Communications because it felt that the material submitted to that journal would be best included in a new communications section of Analyst. Predecessor journals of Analytical Communications were Proceedings of the Society for Analytical Chemistry, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Induction is the redistribution of electron density through a traditional sigma bonded structure according to the electronegativity of the atoms involved. The inductive effect drops across every sigma bond involved limiting its effect to only a few bonds.
Conjugation is a redistribution of electron density similar to i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The development of the Isa Process tank house technology had its beginning in the zinc industry. During the mid-1970s, MIM Holdings Limited (“MIM”) was considering building a zinc refinery in Townsville to treat the zinc concentrate produced by its Mount Isa operations. As a result, MIM staff visited the zinc smelters ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2. When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the pre-mRNA has been transcribed from the DNA, it includes several introns and exons. (In nematodes, the mean is 4–5 exons and introns; in the fruit fly Drosophila there can be more than 100 introns and exons in one transcribed pre-mRNA.) The exons to be retained in the mRNA are determined during the splicing pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water quality guidelines for South Africa are grouped according to potential user types (e.g. domestic, industrial) in the 1996 Water Quality Guidelines. Drinking water quality is subject to the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Oxidative addition into cyclopropylimines gives a metalloenamine intermediate similar to oxidative addition to cyclopropylketones giving alkylmetalloenolates. These intermediates can also reaction with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones to give disubstituted cyclopentane products following reductive elimination.
With rhodi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1988 by John Wiley & Sons. It covers research in physical organic chemistry in its broadest sense and is available both online and in print. The current editor-in-chief is Rik Tykwinski (University of Alberta). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Mexico, modafinil is not listed as a controlled substance, in the National Health Law, and can be purchased in pharmacies without prescription. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This section discusses bremsstrahlung emission and the inverse absorption process (called inverse bremsstrahlung) in a macroscopic medium. We start with the equation of radiative transfer, which applies to general processes and not just bremsstrahlung:
is the radiation spectral intensity, or power per (area × × photon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like a camera, most spectrometers allow the user to select the exposure time and quantity of samples to be collected. Setting the integration time and the number of scans is an important step. Too long of an integration time can cause saturation. (In a camera photo this could appear as a large white spot, where as in a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The journal included reviews of research, books, and academic conferences, as well as primary results in the form of brief reports. It also reviewed what it considered to be notable aspects of patents and relevant scientific literature. Occasionally articles on the history, geological occurrences, and exploitation of p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Crystal twinning occurs when two or more adjacent crystals of the same mineral are oriented so that they share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner. The result is an intergrowth of two separate crystals that are tightly bonded to each other. The surface along which the lattice points are shar... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Steric effects play a major role in the assignment of configurations in cyclohexanes. One can use steric hindrances to determine the propensity of a substituent to reside in the axial or equatorial plane. It is known that axial bonds are more hindered than the corresponding equatorial bonds. This is because substituen... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Positive charges of soil minerals can retain anions by the same principle as cation exchange. The surfaces of kaolinite, allophane and iron and aluminium oxides often carry positive charges. In most soils the cation-exchange capacity is much greater than the anion-exchange capacity, but the opposite can occur in highly... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Predictive biomarkers measure the effect of a drug and tell if the drug is having its expected activity, but do not offer any direct information on the disease. Predictive biomarkers are highly sensitive and specific; therefore they increase diagnostic validity of a drug or toxin's site-specific effect by eliminating ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DAST converts alcohols to the corresponding alkyl fluorides as well as aldehydes and unhindered ketones to geminal difluorides. Carboxylic acids react no further than the acyl fluoride. Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF, effects the same transformation but will also convert the acyl fluoride to the trifluoromethyl derivative. F... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In solution, reducing monosaccharides exist in equilibrium between their acyclic and cyclic forms with less than 1% in the acyclic form. The open chain form can close to give the pyranose and furanose with both the α- and β-anomers present for each. The equilibrium population of conformers depends on their relative ene... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ptxP is the pertussis toxins promoter gene. There is a well documented emergence and global spread of ptxP3 strains evolving from and replacing the native ptxP1 strains, associated with an increased production of the toxin, and thus an increased virulence. Such spread has been documented in multiple countries, and some... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As shown in Scheme 3, diol 19 was protected with phosgene as a carbonate ester (20). The terminal alkene group of 20 was next converted to a methyl ester using ozonolysis followed by oxidation with potassium permanganate and esterification with diazomethane. Ring expansion to give the cyclohexane C ring 24 was achieved... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited when one or more of the three following ratios are increased: ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD and acetyl-CoA/CoA.
In eukaryotes PDC is tightly regulated by its own specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP), deactivating and activating it respectively... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mayo-Lewis method uses a form of the copolymer equation relating to :
For each different monomer composition, a line is generated using arbitrary values. The intersection of these lines is the , for the system. More frequently, the lines do not intersect in a single point and the area in which most lines interse... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the kinetic theory, heat is explained in terms of the microscopic motions and interactions of constituent particles, such as electrons, atoms, and molecules. The immediate meaning of the kinetic energy of the constituent particles is not as heat. It is as a component of internal energy.
In microscopic terms, heat is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Volta potential measured by SKP is directly proportional to the corrosion potential of a material, as such SKP has found widespread use in the study of the fields of corrosion and coatings. In the field of coatings for example, a scratched region of a self-healing shape memory polymer coating containing a heat gene... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.
The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980, by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in hum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Through the recent study of untranslated regions, general information has been gathered about the nature and function of these elements. However, there is still much that is unknown about these regions of mRNA. Since the regulation of gene expression is critical in the proper function of cells, this is an area of study... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The RPA process employs three core enzymes – a recombinase, a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) and strand-displacing polymerase.
Recombinases are capable of pairing oligonucleotide primers with homologous sequence in duplex DNA.
SSB bind to displaced strands of DNA and prevent the primers from being displaced.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transnasal evaporative cooling is a method of inducing the hypothermia process and provides a means of continuous cooling of a person throughout the early stages of targeted temperature management and during movement throughout the hospital environment. This technique uses two cannulae, inserted into a person's nasal c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modafinil's patent history involves several key developments. The original patent, , was granted to Laboratoire L. Lafon in 1990, covering the chemical compound of modafinil. This patent expired in 2010. In 1994, Cephalon filed a patent for modafinil in the form of particles of a defined size, represented by , which ex... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dialysis is the process used to change the matrix of molecules in a sample by differentiating molecules by the classification of size. It relies on diffusion, which is the random, thermal movement of molecules in solution (Brownian motion) that leads to the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The period of pulsation is an increasing function of the amplitude .
When ,
the period
When , the period
In the whole range
, the period and frequency can be approximated by
to at least 8 significant figures. The relative error of this approximation does not exceed . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bioadhesives are natural polymeric materials that act as adhesives. The term is sometimes used more loosely to describe a glue formed synthetically from biological monomers such as sugars, or to mean a synthetic material designed to adhere to biological tissue.
Bioadhesives may consist of a variety of substances, but p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mitochondria can repair oxidative DNA damage by mechanisms analogous to those occurring in the cell nucleus. The proteins employed in mtDNA repair are encoded by nuclear genes, and are translocated to the mitochondria. The DNA repair pathways in mammalian mitochondria include base excision repair, double-strand break r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 1990s, Monsanto faced several lawsuits over harm caused by PCBs from workers at companies such as Westinghouse that bought PCBs from Monsanto and used them to build electrical equipment. Monsanto and its customers, such as Westinghouse and GE, also faced litigation from third parties, such as workers at sc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This - Calphad calculated value of numerical derivative - Q has some interesting applications in the field of metal solidification. In fact, Q reflects the phase diagram of the alloy system and its reciprocal has been found to have a relationship with grain size d on solidification, which empirically has been found i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyruvate decarboxylation or pyruvate oxidation, also known as the link reaction (or oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The reaction may be simplified as:
:Pyruvate + NAD + CoA → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO
Pyruvate oxi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Karrer was born in Moscow, Russia to Paul Karrer and Julie Lerch, both Swiss nationals. In 1892 Karrer's family returned to Switzerland where he was educated at Wildegg and at the grammar school in Lenzburg, Aarau, where he matriculated in 1908. He studied chemistry at the University of Zurich under Alfred Werner and a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the contact process, which was a far more economical process for producing sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. Today, nearly all of the world's sulfuric acid is produced using this method. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There has been a long debate over the question of whether zero-point fluctuations of quantized vacuum fields are "real" i.e. do they have physical effects that cannot be interpreted by an equally valid alternative theory? Schwinger, in particular, attempted to formulate QED without reference to zero-point fluctuations ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The key feature of the fourth-generation approach was the utilization of bidirectional fragment, vinyl iodide/phosphonium salt. phosphonium salt could be readily obtained as the trisubstituted vinyl iodide is less reactive than alkyl iodide. A Wittig reaction with followed by Suzuki coupling with alkyl iodide efficient... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, ring strain is a type of instability that exists when bonds in a molecule form angles that are abnormal. Strain is most commonly discussed for small rings such as cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes, whose internal angles are substantially smaller than the idealized value of approximately 109°. Becau... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Used in the measurement of trace amounts of volatile heavy metals such as mercury, cold vapour AFS makes use of the unique characteristic of mercury that allows vapour measurement at room temperature. Free mercury atoms in a carrier gas are excited by a collimated ultraviolet light source at a wavelength of 253.7 nano... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The vector approach defines flux density as a vector at a point of space and time prescribed by the investigator. To distinguish this approach, one might speak of the full spherical flux density. In this case, nature tells the investigator what is the magnitude, direction, and sense of the flux density at the prescribe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metabolism and Hofmann elimination
Deacetylating vecuronium at position 3 results in a very active metabolite. In the case of rapacuronium the 3-deacylated metabolite is even more potent than rapacuronium. As long as the D-ring acetylcholine moiety is unchanged they retain their muscle relaxing effect. Mono-quaternar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternative method for measuring the contact angle is the Wilhelmy method, which employs a sensitive force meter of some sort to measure a force that can be translated into a value of the contact angle. In this method, a small plate-shaped sample of the solid in question, attached to the arm of a force meter, is ver... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organic carbonates are not prepared from inorganic carbonate salts.
Two main routes to carbonate esters are practiced: the reaction of an alcohol (or phenol) with phosgene (phosgenation), and the reaction of an alcohol with carbon monoxide and an oxidizer (oxidative carbonylation). Other carbonate esters may subsequ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hardness can be quantified by instrumental analysis. The total water hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of Ca and Mg, in mol/L or mmol/L units. Although water hardness usually measures only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent divalent metal ions), iron, aluminium, and ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Unsaturated polyesters are condensation polymers formed by the reaction of polyols (also known as polyhydric alcohols), organic compounds with multiple alcohol or hydroxy functional groups, with unsaturated and in some cases saturated dibasic acids. Typical polyols used are glycols including ethylene glycol, propylene ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The presence of fecal coliform in aquatic environments may indicate that the water has been contaminated with the fecal material of humans or other animals. Fecal coliform bacteria can enter rivers through direct discharge of waste from mammals and birds, from agricultural and storm runoff, and from human sewage. How... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The properties of a photocured material, such as flexibility, adhesion, and chemical resistance, are provided by the functionalized oligomers present in the photocurable composite. Oligomers are typically epoxides, urethanes, polyethers, or polyesters, each of which provide specific properties to the resulting material... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Epoxy resin used as the matrix component in many fiber reinforced plastics such as glass-reinforced plastic and graphite-reinforced plastic; casting; electronics encapsulation; construction; protective coatings; adhesives; sealing and joining.
* Polyimides and Bismaleimides used in printed circuit boards and in body ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mechanical properties of materials describe characteristics such as their strength and resistance to deformation. For example, steel beams are used in construction because of their high strength, meaning that they neither break nor bend significantly under the applied load.
Mechanical properties include elasticity,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like the closely related progestins hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 19-norprogesterone, gestonorone caproate shows poor activity orally and must be administered parenterally; specifically, via intramuscular injection. Gestonorone caproate is administered by intramuscular injection, and acts as a long-lasting depot by ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Unnatural processes are logically conceivable but do not occur in nature. They would decrease the sum of the entropies if they occurred. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of iodine-containing solutions as an aid to describing and identifying fungi dates back to the mid-19th century.
Melzers reagent was first described in 1924 and takes its name from its inventor, the mycologist Václav Melzer, who modified an older chloral hydrate-containing IKI solution developed by botanist Art... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The small family of proteins that are sometimes referred to as polyphenolic proteins are produced by some marine invertebrates like the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis by some algae, and by the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica. These proteins contain a high level of a post-translationally modified—oxidized—form of tyro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sequence comparisons indicated a huge similarity between cytochromes P450 identified in man and bacteria, and suggested that the superfamily cytochrome P450 first originated from a common ancestral gene some three billion years ago.
The superfamily cytochrome P450 was named in 1961, because of the 450-nm spectral peak ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Full article: Biological pump
Particulate organic carbon, created through biological production, can be exported from the upper ocean in a flux commonly termed the biological pump, or respired (equation 6) back into inorganic carbon. In the former, dissolved inorganic carbon is biologically converted into organic matte... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The evolution of early reproductive proteins and enzymes is attributed in modern models of evolutionary theory to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes thymine base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into thymine dimers, a disruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This lead... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Warts, moles, skin tags, solar keratoses, molluscum, Mortons neuroma and small skin cancers are candidates for cryosurgical treatment. Several internal disorders are also treated with cryosurgery, including liver cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, oral cancers, cervical disorders and, more commonly in the past, hem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The gallium antimonide (GaSb) PV cell, invented in 1989, is the basis of most PV cells in modern TPV systems. GaSb is a III-V semiconductor with the zinc blende crystal structure. The GaSb cell is a key development owing to its narrow bandgap of 0.72 eV. This allows GaSb to respond to light at longer wavelengths than s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aside from chemical requirements several key factors influence extraction efficiency:
* Retention time - refers to the time spent in the leaching system by the solids. This is calculated as the total volumetric capacity of the leach tank/s divided by the volumetric throughput of the solid/liquid slurry. Retention time ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The antiviral drug ritonavir exists as two polymorphs, which differ greatly in efficacy. Such issues were solved by reformulating the medicine into gelcaps and tablets, rather than the original capsules. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Genetically modified fish are used for scientific research, as pets and as a food source. Aquaculture is a growing industry, currently providing over half the consumed fish worldwide. Through genetic engineering it is possible to increase growth rates, reduce food intake, remove allergenic properties, increase cold tol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bicycloaromaticity in chemistry is an extension of the concept of homoaromaticity with two aromatic ring currents situated in a non-planar molecule and sharing the same electrons. The concept originates with Melvin Goldstein who first reported about it in 1967. It is of some importance in academic research. Using MO th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There have been recalls for various medications due to the presence of nitrosamine impurities. There have been recalls for angiotensin II receptor blockers, ranitidine, valsartan and others.
The US Food and Drug Administration published guidance about the control of nitrosamine impurities in medicines. Health Canada pu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Flippin–Lodge (FL) angle, is the latter-derived of two angles that fully define the geometry of "attack" (approach via collision) of a nucleophile on a trigonal unsaturated center of an electrophilic molecule (the second being the Bürgi–Dunitz angle, , see below). Theory and application of these angles falls into ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compounds like allicin and ajoene are responsible for the odor of garlic. Lenthionine contributes to the flavor of shiitake mushrooms. Volatile organosulfur compounds also contribute subtle flavor characteristics to wine, nuts, cheddar cheese, chocolate, coffee, and tropical fruit flavors. Many of these natural product... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The simplest type of glow discharge is a direct-current glow discharge. In its simplest form, it consists of two electrodes in a cell held at low pressure (0.1–10 torr; about 1/10000th to 1/100th of atmospheric pressure). A low pressure is used to increase the mean free path; for a fixed electric field, a longer mean f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The surface tension profiles of the branched copolymers solutions were
performed using a HTS surface tensiometer as a function polymer concentration to produce pH-triggered aggregation emulsion droplets. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The characteristics of steel, in particular the carbon and chromium content, can be controlled by adjusting the oxygen/argon ratio during the manufacturing process. The oxygen/argon ratio is also important in the creation of thin films used in the manufacture of lithium ion batteries. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydrocolloids describe certain chemicals (mostly polysaccharides and proteins) that are colloidally dispersible in water. Thus becoming effectively "soluble" they change the rheology of water by raising the viscosity and/or inducing gelation. They may provide other interactive effects with other chemicals, in some case... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) was developed following REMPI experiments on electronic autoionization of low-lying Rydberg states of carbon dioxide. In REMPI photoelectron experiments, it was determined that a two-photon ionic core photoabsorption process (followed by prompt electronic autoionization) could do... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The central component of GEOTRACES is a series of [http://www.geotraces.org/cruises/cruise-summary cruises spanning the global ocean] and sampling the full water column. These dedicated GEOTRACES cruises collect seawater for analysis of a wide range of trace element and isotopes. This strategy is guided by the principl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is related to ΔG° by the relation:
where T is the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant. A positive value of ΔG° therefore implies
so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move backwards toward equilibrium, not forwards.
Nevertheles... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Air pollutants generated by aluminium smelters include carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, polycyclic compounds, lead, nickel, manganese, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury. Copper smelter emissions include arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel. Lead smelters typically emit arsenic, an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In polymers the glass transition temperature, T, is often expressed as the temperature at which the Gibbs free energy is such that the activation energy for the cooperative movement of 50 or so elements of the polymer is exceeded . This allows molecular chains to slide past each other when a force is applied. From this... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photocatalytic water splitting is a process that uses photocatalysis for the dissociation of water (HO) into hydrogen () and oxygen (). The inputs are light energy (photons), water, and a catalyst(s). The process is inspired by Photosynthesis, which converts water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates. Wat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
p-Xylene is the principal precursor to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, both monomers used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles and polyester clothing. 98% of p-xylene production, and half of all xylenes produced is consumed in this manner. o-Xylene is an important precurso... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.