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* At high glucose levels, glycolysis takes place rapidly, thus increasing the amount of citrate produced from the citric acid cycle. This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). This principal reaction is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transposition is the process by which a specific genetic sequence, known as a transposon, is moved from one location of the genome to another. Simple, or conservative transposition, is a non-replicative mode of transposition. That is, in conservative transposition the transposon is completely removed from the genome an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To date there have been nine human ADK protein isoforms identified. While some of these are ubiquitous throughout the body, some are localized into specific tissues. For example, ADK7 and ADK8 are both only found in the cytosol of cells; and ADK7 is found in skeletal muscle whereas ADK8 is not. Not only do the locat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amplitude modulation was one of the original modes of operation introduced by Binnig and Quate in their seminal 1986 AFM paper, in this mode the sensor is excited just off resonance. By exciting the sensor just above its resonant frequency, it is possible to detect forces which change the resonant frequency by monitori... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a reactant is also an important factor of the rate of change. When reactants are in the same phase, as in aqueous solution, thermal motion brings them into contact. However, when they are in separate phases, the reaction is limited to the interface between the reactants. Re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The third and dominant contribution is the dispersion or London force (fluctuating dipole–induced dipole), which arises due to the non-zero instantaneous dipole moments of all atoms and molecules. Such polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in no... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Chlorophyll fluorescence can measure most types of plant stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a proxy of plant stress because environmental stresses, e.g. extremes of temperature, light and water availability, can reduce the ability of a plant to metabolise normally. This can mean an imbalance between the ab... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ferrocene-containing dendrimers are dendrimers that contain ferrocene substituents. Some ferrocene-containing dendrimers feature ferrocene cores and others do not. All feature with peripheral ferrocene groups. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Electron microscopy shows that the tapetal cells that surround the developing pollen grain in the anther have a highly active secretory system containing lipophilic globules. These globules are believed to contain sporopollenin precursors. Tracer experiments have shown that phenylalanine is a major precursor, but other... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 2,3-BPG (formerly named 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or 2,3-DPG) is an organophosphate formed in red blood cells during glycolysis and is the conjugate base of 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. The production of 2,3-BPG is likely an important adaptive mechanism, because the production increases for seve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment. Organisms like plants, fungi and certain bacteria that can fix nitrogen gas (N) depend on the ability to assimilate nitrate or ammonia for their needs. Other organisms, li... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxidative aminations of olefins are generally conducted with amides or imides; amines are thought to be protonated by the acidic medium or to bind the metal center too tightly to allow for the catalytic chemistry to occur. These nitrogen nucleophiles are found to be competent in both intermolecular and intramolecul... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first recorded observations of oscillating genes come from the marches of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. At this time, one of Alexanders generals, Androsthenes, wrote that the tamarind tree would open its leaves during the day and close them at nightfall. Until 1729, the rhythms associated with osc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term lyotropic has also been applied to the liquid crystalline phases that are formed by certain polymeric materials, particularly those consisting of rigid rod-like macromolecules, when they are mixed with appropriate solvents. Examples are suspensions of rod-like viruses such as the tobacco mosaic virus as well a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere, and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life.
The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable, in both time and space.
In the early 20th century, Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A general procedure of how to perform a loss on ignition is as follows:
# Weigh the empty crucible that the sample is to be placed in and record its weight in a lab book.
# Place the sample in the empty crucible and weigh the crucible again with the sample in it. The new weight minus the empty crucible weight is the sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide binds to metals in only a few ways. The bonding mode depends on the electrophilicity and basicity of the metal centre. Most common is the η-CO coordination mode as illustrated by Aresta's complex, Ni(CO)(PCy), which was the first reported complex of CO This square-planar compound is a derivative of Ni(II... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The second-generation of Glycoazodyes was first reported in 2008. These Glycoazodyes use an etherel linker. An ether group bonds the sugar and the dye to an n-alkane spacer, and the spacer bonds to the dye through another ether group. Like first-generation Glycoazodyes, second-generation Glycoazodyes use glucose, galac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Croatian Society of Medical Biochemists (CSMB) was founded in 1953. Until 1988, CSMB had been part of the Croatian Pharmaceutical Society and afterwards became an autonomous association. In 2012, it changed its name to the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CSMBLM), in line with the c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several small molecule inducers that can induce the glyoxalase pathway by either promoting GLO1 function to increase conversion of MG into D-Lactate, which are called GLO1 activators, or by directly reducing MG levels or levels of MG substrate, which are called MG scavengers. GLO1 activators include the synth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the cohesive forces, a molecule located away from the surface is pulled equally in every direction by neighboring liquid molecules, resulting in a net force of zero. The molecules at the surface do not have the same molecules on all sides of them and therefore are pulled inward. This creates some internal pressu... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Conductometry is a measurement of electrolytic conductivity to monitor a progress of chemical reaction. Conductometry has notable application in analytical chemistry, where conductometric titration is a standard technique. In usual analytical chemistry practice, the term conductometry is used as a synonym of conductom... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bacteriorhodopsin is a 27 kDa integral membrane protein usually found in two-dimensional crystalline patches known as "purple membrane", which can occupy almost 50% of the surface area of the archaeal cell. The repeating element of the hexagonal lattice is composed of three identical protein chains, each rotated by 120... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Corriu and coworkers performed early work characterizing reactions thought to proceed through a hypervalent transition state. Measurements of the reaction rates of hydrolysis of tetravalent chlorosilanes incubated with catalytic amounts of water returned a rate that is first order in chlorosilane and second order in w... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Electrolysis of water for hydrogen production combined with solar photovoltaics using alkaline, PEM, and SOEC electrolyzers; This basic use of solar light generated electric power to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen has proven a little bit more efficient than for example hydrogen capture by steam reforming. Th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC, informally called afterburn) is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity. In historical contexts the term "oxygen debt" was popularized to explain or perhaps attempt to quantify anaerobic energy expenditure, particularly as regards lactic a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pregnant leach solution or pregnant liquor solution (PLS) is acidic metal-laden water generated from stockpile leaching and heap leaching. Pregnant leach solution is used in the solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) process.
The portion of an original liquid that remains after other components have been dissolv... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Campbells mona monkeys also generate alarm calls, but in a different way than vervet monkeys. Instead of having discrete calls for each predator, Campbell monkeys have two distinct types of calls which contain different calls which consist in an acoustic continuum of affixes which change meaning. It has been suggested ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radicals play important roles in biology. Many of these are necessary for life, such as the intracellular killing of bacteria by phagocytic cells such as granulocytes and macrophages. Radicals are involved in cell signalling processes, known as redox signaling. For example, radical attack of linoleic acid produces a se... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Studies indicate creatinine can be effective at killing bacteria of many species in both the Gram positive and Gram negative as well as diverse antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Creatinine appears not to affect growth of fungi and yeast; this can be used to isolate slower growing fungi free from the normal bacter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ester pyrolysis in organic chemistry is a vacuum pyrolysis reaction converting esters containing a β-hydrogen atom into the corresponding carboxylic acid and the alkene. The reaction is an E elimination and operates in a syn fashion.
Examples include the synthesis of acrylic acid from ethyl acrylate at 590 °C, the synt... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Adrenergic means "working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)" (or on their receptors). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.
*Adrenergic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the United States Congress to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, pursuant to the Toxic Substances Control Act. To implement the law, EPA banned new manufacturing of PCBs, but issued regulations ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Tartaric acid may be most immediately recognizable to wine drinkers as the source of "wine diamonds", the small potassium bitartrate crystals that sometimes form spontaneously on the cork or bottom of the bottle. These "tartrates" are harmless, despite sometimes being mistaken for broken glass, and are prevented in man... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Natural and contaminant organometallic compounds are found in the environment. Some that are remnants of human use, such as organolead and organomercury compounds, are toxicity hazards. Tetraethyllead was prepared for use as a gasoline additive but has fallen into disuse because of lead's toxicity. Its replacements are... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In higher eukaryotes, TTF-I binds and bends the termination site at the 3' end of the transcribed region. This will force Pol I to pause. TTF-I, with the help of transcript-release factor PTRF and a T-rich region, will induce Pol I into terminating transcription and dissociating from the DNA and the new transcript. Evi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
E-AB sensors can be adapted into wearable devices that monitor health of patients in real time. E-AB sensors are capable of monitoring specific biomarkers that can aid in detection of diseases in early stages. For example, the measurement of C-reactive protein can aid in detection of heart attacks on a wearable device.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Identification of novel modified sites – BoMoC does not capture the modification directly but rather the mis-incorporation signature resulting from the modified base. Therefore, sites where modification status has not been previously established may be difficult to confirm the identity of the modification.
* Pre-matu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some key factors that determine overall rate include protein half-life, pH, and temperature.
Protein half-life helps determine the overall rate as this designates the first step in protein catabolism. Depending on whether this step is short or long will influence the rest of the metabolic process. One key component in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A recent study shows that conformational proofreading is used by human DNA repair mechanisms. The research focused on the question of how DNA-repair proteins scan the human genome for UV-induced damage during the initial step of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Detailed single-molecule measurements revealed how the hu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Negishi began dating Sumire Suzuki in his freshman year and they announced their engagement to their parents in March 1958. They had met at a choir of which they were both members at in university. They married the next year and together they had two daughters.
Negishi loved playing the piano and conducting. During the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Neuropeptides are released by dense core vesicles after depolarization of the cell. Compared to classical neurotransmitter signaling, neuropeptide signaling is more sensitive. Neuropeptide receptor affinity is in the nanomolar to micromolar range while neurotransmitter affinity is in the micromolar to millimolar range.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gallium palladide (GaPd or PdGa) is an intermetallic combination of gallium and palladium. It has the iron monosilicide crystal structure. The compound has been suggested as an improved catalyst for hydrogenation reactions. In principle, gallium palladide can be a more selective catalyst since unlike substituted compou... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The nomenclature of the metal carbonyls depends on the charge of the complex, the number and type of central atoms, and the number and type of ligands and their binding modes. They occur as neutral complexes, as positively-charged metal carbonyl cations or as negatively charged metal carbonylates. The carbon monoxide l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In May, researchers announced the first gene therapy trial for inherited retinal disease. The first operation was carried out on a 23-year-old British male, Robert Johnson, in early 2007. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Theories of chemical structure were first developed by August Kekulé, Archibald Scott Couper, and Aleksandr Butlerov, among others, from about 1858. These theories were first to state that chemical compounds are not a random cluster of atoms and functional groups, but rather had a definite order defined by the valency... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Non-viral methods present certain advantages over viral methods, with simple large scale production and low host immunogenicity being just two. Previously, low levels of transfection and expression of the gene held non-viral methods at a disadvantage; however, recent advances in vector technology have yielded molecules... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spectroscopic notation provides a way to specify atomic ionization states, atomic orbitals, and molecular orbitals. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spinning cone columns are used in a form of low temperature vacuum steam distillation to gently extract volatile chemicals from liquid foodstuffs while minimising the effect on the taste of the product. For instance, the columns can be used to remove some of the alcohol from wine, off smells from cream, and to capture ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For many reasons known and unknown, protein adsorption varies from material to material. Two of the biggest determining factors that have been observed are surface roughness and surface free energy. In the case of exposed electrodes, it is desirable to have the adsorbed protein layer as thin as possible to increase sen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LEXO uses bio-based phase-change and advanced heat transfer materials to absorb the initial heat of the beverage and cool it to a more drinkable temperature. When the temperature begins to drop, the LEXO slowly releases the stored heat back into the drink. The LEXO can also insulate cold liquids.
The LEXO has three... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Russell demonstrated that alkaline vents created an abiogenic proton motive force chemiosmotic gradient, ideal for abiogenesis. Their microscopic compartments "provide a natural means of concentrating organic molecules," composed of iron-sulfur minerals such as mackinawite, endowed these mineral cells with the catalyti... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When the ribosome movement on the mRNA is not linear, the ribosome gets paused at different regions without a precise reason. The ribosome pause position will help to identify the mRNA sequence features, structure, and the transacting factor that modulates this process. The advantage of ribosomal pause sites that are l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SOBER1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the biochemical reaction of deacetylation. The SOBER (uppressor f AvrsT-licited esistance) 1 protein is conserved in plants and it suppresses the plants ability to carry out the hypersensitive response against infection by certain pathogenic effector proteins from the YopJ family. SOB... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Xylose, fucose, mannose, and GlcNAc phosphoserine glycans have been reported in the literature. Fucose and GlcNAc have been found only in Dictyostelium discoideum, mannose in Leishmania mexicana, and xylose in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mannose has recently been reported in a vertebrate, the mouse, Mus musculus, on the cell-su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Limitations to take note when using MeDIP are typical experimental factors. This includes the quality and cross-reactivity of 5mC antibodies used in the procedure. Furthermore, DNA detection methods (i.e. array hybridization and high-throughput sequencing) typically involve well established limitations. Particularly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the development of various next-generation sequencing platforms, there has been a substantial reduction in costs, and increase in throughput of DNA sequencing. However, the majority of the sequencing technologies rely on PCR-based clonal amplification of the DNA molecule in order to bring the signal to a detectab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the single-stranded viral DNA enters the cytoplasm, it serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. This synthesis is initiated in the intergenic region of the DNA sequence by host RNA polymerase, which synthesizes a short RNA primer on the infecting DNA as template. The host DNA polymera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2007 Houser et al. developed the analogous parameter to distinguish whether the geometry of the coordination center is square planar or tetrahedral. The formula is:
where: and are the two greatest valence angles of coordination center; is a tetrahedral angle.
When is close to 0 the geometry is similar to square... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ion current density is typically measured in mA/cm, and ion energy in eV. The use of eV is convenient for converting between voltage and energy, especially when dealing with singly-charged ion beams, as well as converting between energy and temperature (1 eV = 11600 K). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neurofurans are 22-carbon compounds formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an ω-3 essential fatty acid. The neurofurans are similar to the isofurans and are formed under similar conditions of oxidative stress, containing a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. Measureme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anandamide and N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) have been shown to act on temperature-sensing TRPV1 channels, which are involved in thermoregulation. TRPV1 is activated by the exogenous ligand capsaicin, the active component of chili peppers, which is structurally similar to endocannabinoids. NADA activates the TRPV1 cha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. Relative loss of body wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Orthoesters of diarylstibinic acids are fungicides and bactericides, used in paints, plastics, and fibers. Trivalent organic antimony was used in therapy for schistosomiasis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymatic lysis, also called Lysozyme lysis, involves the use of enzymes to digest the cell wall and release the plasmid DNA. The most commonly used enzyme for this purpose is lysozyme, which breaks down the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Lysozyme is usually added to the bacterial culture, fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perfluorohexane has extremely high global warming potential (GWP) of 9,300. This leads to a need to find low GWP alternative. Novec 649 was considered a good drop-in replacement in many applications due to its similar thermo-physical properties and having a global warming potential of 1. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An interspecific semiochemical that is beneficial to both interacting organisms, the emitter and receiver, e.g. floral synomone of certain Bulbophyllum species (Orchidaceae) attracts fruit fly males (Tephritidae: Diptera) as pollinators. In this true mutualistic inter-relationship, both organisms gain benefits in their... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initially devised by Mikhail Shneider and Richard Miles at Princeton University, coherent microwave scattering has become a valuable technique in applications ranging from photoionization and electron-loss rate measurements to trace species detection, gaseous mixture and reaction characterization, molecular spectroscop... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (variously abbreviated PPFPA, PolyPFPA, PPfpA, or PolyPfpA) is a highly fluorinated polymer. It features the pentafluorophenyl ester functionality, from which its properties and applications result. It is most commonly used in post-polymerization modification to synthesize functional po... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Looking at the results from four meta-analyses, one reported a statistically significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose levels (FPG) and a non-significant trend in lower hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). A second reported the same, a third reported significant decreases for both measures, while a fourth reported no benefit f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Nucleobase analogues
**Fluorouracil (5FU), which inhibits thymidylate synthase
**Floxuridine (FUDR)
**6-azauracil (6-AU)
*Nucleoside analogues
**Cytarabine (Cytosine arabinoside)
**Gemcitabine
*Nucleotide analogues | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Dubin–Johnson syndrome, impaired biliary excretion of bilirubin glucuronide is due to a mutation in the canalicular multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2). A darkly pigmented liver is due to polymerized epinephrine metabolites, not bilirubin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases.
In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pin1, a parvulin, regulates mRNA stability and expression in certain eukaryotics mRNAs. These mRNAs are GM-CSF, Pth, and TGFβ and each of them have AREs, or AU-rich cis-elements. The ARE binding protein KSRP has a Pin1 binding site. Pin1 binds to this site and dephosphorylates the serine and isomerizes the peptide bond... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
During the last couple of years there has been developments of CSPs based on novel chiral selectors viz. chitosan derivatives, cylofructan derivatives and chiral porous materials for HPLC chiral separation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The idea of rigid unit modes was developed for crystalline materials to enable an understanding of the origin of displacive phase transitions in materials such as silicates, which can be described as infinite three-dimensional networks of corner-lined SiO and AlO tetrahedra. The idea was that rigid unit modes could act... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
2D correlation analysis is frequently used for its main advantage: increasing the spectral resolution by spreading overlapping peaks over two dimensions and as a result simplification of the interpretation of one-dimensional spectra that are otherwise visually indistinguishable from each other. Further advantages are i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studies of individual transcripts were being performed several decades before any transcriptomics approaches were available. Libraries of silkmoth mRNA transcripts were collected and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) for storage using reverse transcriptase in the late 1970s. In the 1980s, low-throughput sequencing ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a seque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Barton evaporation engine is a heat engine based on a cycle producing power and cooled moist air from the evaporation of water into hot dry air. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A xerogel is a solid formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity (15–50%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m/g), along with very small pore size (1–10 nm). When solvent removal occurs under supercritical conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of the G Protein System. | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the deprotonation, the hydrazone turns into an azaenolate with lithium cation chelating both the nitrogen and oxygen. There are two possible options for lithium chelation. One is that lithium is antiperiplanar to the C=C bond (blue colored), leading to the conformation of Z; the other one is that lithium and the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ferroin is the chemical compound with the formula [Fe(o-phen)]SO, where o-phen is an abbreviation for 1,10-phenanthroline, a bidentate ligand. The term "ferroin" is used loosely and includes salts of other anions such as chloride. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In recent years, expression vectors have been used to introduce specific genes into plants and animals to produce transgenic organisms, for example in agriculture it is used to produce transgenic plants. Expression vectors have been used to introduce a vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene, into rice plants. This product ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transposons vary in their structure and manner of proliferation, both of which help to define their classification. Each class contains autonomous elements, a sub-variety distinguished by the ability to self-proliferate, and also non-autonomous elements, which lack that ability. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States, 49% of the 250,000 valve replacement procedures performed annually involve a mechanical valve implant. The most widely used valve is a bileaflet disc heart valve or St. Jude valve. The mechanics involve two semicircular discs moving back and forth, with both allowing the flow of blood as well as t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A similar method was proposed in 1981 by Eksborg. This method was based on Deming regression—a method introduced by Adcock in 1878.
Bland and Altman's Lancet paper was number 29 in a list of the top 100 most-cited papers of all time with over 23,000 citations. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The equilibrium temperature is neither an upper nor lower bound on actual temperatures on a planet. There are several reasons why measured temperatures deviate from predicted equilibrium temperatures. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The allyl ligand is commonly found in organometallic chemistry. Most commonly, allyl ligands bind to metals via all three carbon atoms, the η-binding mode. The η-allyl group is classified as an LX-type ligand in the Green LXZ ligand classification scheme, serving as a 3e donor using neutral electron counting and 4e do... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The furnace comprises three distinct zones:
* Firstly, the preheating zone heats the ore to 800 °C using the hot fumes within the furnace. Ore reduction occurs only if temperatures exceed 900-1,000 °C, while the coal releases its most volatile constituents.
* Secondly, the reduction zone is situated in the middle of th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Crampton et al. have proposed a mechanism for the ssDNA-dependent hydrolysis of dTTP by T7 DNA helicase as shown in the figure below. In their model, protein loops located on each hexameric subunit, each of which contain three lysine residues, sequentially interact with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ssD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some versions of the Schilling test, B can be given both with and without intrinsic factor at the same time, using different cobalt radioisotopes Co and Co, which have different radiation signatures, in order to differentiate the two forms of B. This is performed with the Dicopac kitset. This allows for only a singl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics and chemistry, motional narrowing is a phenomenon where a certain resonant frequency has a smaller linewidth than might be expected, due to motion in an inhomogeneous system. The discovery of motional narrowing has been attributed to Nicolaas Bloembergen during his thesis work in the 1940s | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcareous sediments are typically deposited in shallow water closer to land, as marine organisms that precipitate calcium carbonate primarily reside within shallow water ecosystems due to an inability to precipitate calcium carbonate at depth (see carbonate compensation depth). Generally speaking, the farther from lan... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Very small amount of carbon is sufficient to stabilize "ScBC". This compound has a broad composition range, namely ScBC with x ≤ 2.2 and y ≤ 0.44. ScBC has a hexagonal crystal structure with space group P6mmm (No. 199) and lattice constants a, b = 1.45501(15) nm and c = 0.84543(16) nm.
There are 19 atomic sites in the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The chemistry of stable carbenes has not been fully explored. However, Enders et al.
have performed a range of organic reactions involving a triazol-5-ylidene. These reactions are outlined below and may be considered as a model for other carbenes.
These carbenes tend to behave in a nucleophilic fashion (e and f), perfo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In anti-tank warfare, spalling through mechanical stress is an intended effect of high-explosive squash head (HESH) anti-tank shells and many other munitions, which may not be powerful enough to pierce the armour of a target. The relatively soft warhead, containing or made of plastic explosive, flattens against the arm... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Pedersen Process was invented by Harald Pedersen in the 1920s and used in Norway for over 40 years before shutting down due to the Pedersen Process being less economically competitive than the Bayer Process. However, it is believed a modern Pedersen process could be economically viable with "low-quality" bauxite, a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
JNK can directly phosphorylate Bim-EL, a splicing isoform of Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), which activates Bim-EL apoptotic activity. JNK activation is required for apoptosis but c-jun, a protein in the JNK signaling pathway, is not always required. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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