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Several genes involved in cytochrome P450, phase I, and glucuronosyltransferases conjugation catalysis in phase II are regulated by phenobarbital(PB) as well the transport mediated pathways of drug elimination. Induction of PB in xenobiotic-metabolizes of cytochromes CYP2b undergoes a transcriptional process, thus rais... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Inoue Prize (2000)
* Chirality Medal (2005)
* Honorary member of the Italian National Academy of Sciences (2006)
* Science and Technology Prize from MEXT, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2007)
* Chemical Society of Japan Award (2010)
* Japanese Purple Ribbon Medal (2012)
*... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Lost-wax castingalso called investment casting, precision casting, or cire perdue (; borrowed from French)is the process by which a duplicate sculpture (often a metal, such as silver, gold, brass, or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method.
The oldest known examples of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 2001, a cow named Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian gaur, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days. In 2003, a banteng was successfully cloned, followed by three African wildcats from a thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chiral auxiliaries are generally reliable and versatile, enabling the synthesis of a large number of enantiomerically pure compounds in a time-efficient manner. Consequently, chiral auxiliaries are often the method of choice in the early phases of drug development. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A compressor map is a chart which shows the performance of a turbomachinery compressor. This type of compressor is used in gas turbine engines, for supercharging reciprocating engines and for industrial processes, where it is known as a dynamic compressor. A map is created from compressor rig test results or predicted ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
(AD 450(?)–1500)
Utilitarian and ceremonial objects; objects of personal adornment
#Chipal, Guatemala
#Chutixtiox, Guatemala
#Copán, Honduras
#Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala
#Motagua River valley, Guatemala
#Los Naranjos, Honduras
#Nebaj, Guatemala
#Quemistlá "Bell Caves", Honduras
#Quiriguá, Guatemala
#San Augustín Acasaguast... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In atomic physics, a ridged mirror (or ridged atomic mirror, or Fresnel diffraction mirror) is a kind of atomic mirror, designed for the specular reflection of neutral particles (atoms) coming at a grazing incidence angle. In order to reduce the mean attraction of particles to the surface and increase the reflectivity,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microarray-based methods are a logical extension of the technologies available to analyze bisulfite-treated DNA to allow for genome-wide analysis of methylation. Oligonucleotide microarrays are designed using pairs of oligonucleotide hybridization probes targeting CpG sites of interest. One is complementary to the una... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nitrogen-vacancy center is a point defect in the diamond lattice. It consists of a nearest-neighbor pair of a nitrogen atom, which substitutes for a carbon atom, and a lattice vacancy.
Two charge states of this defect, neutral NV and negative NV, are known from spectroscopic studies using optical absorption, photol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conventionally, they are displayed as isosurfaces with positive density—electron density where theres nothing in the model, usually corresponding to some constituent of the crystal that hasnt been modelled, for example a ligand or a crystallisation adjutant -- in green, and negative density—parts of the model not backe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* 1802 – Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac publishes Charless law, discovered (but unpublished) by Jacques Charles around 1787; this shows the dependency between temperature and volume. Gay-Lussac also formulates the law relating temperature with pressure (the pressure law, or Gay-Lussacs law)
* 1804 – Sir John Leslie observes t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Current optical data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to increase storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more of these data layers, but their number is severely limited since the addressing laser interacts... | 5 | Photochemistry |
FSL constructs, when in solution (saline) and in contact, will spontaneously incorporate into cell membranes. The methodology involves simply preparing a solution of FSL constructs in the range of 1–1000 μg/mL, with the concentration used determining the amount of antigen present on the kodecyte. The ability to control... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MS-SnuPE employs the primer extension method initially designed for analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. DNA is bisulfite-converted, and bisulfite-specific primers are annealed to the sequence up to the base pair immediately before the CpG of interest. The primer is allowed to extend one base pair into the C (or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These compounds form during the catabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in condensation reactions, and in some other metabolic reactions of the amino acids. Oxygen is produced by plants and some bacteria in photosynthesis, while CO is a waste product of all animals and plants. Nitrogen gases are produced by denitrifyi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
α-Keggin anions have been used as catalyst in the following reactions: hydration, polymerization and oxidation reaction as catalysts. Japanese chemical companies have commercialized the use of the compounds in hydration of propene, oxidation of methacrolein, hydration of isobutene and n-butene, and polymerization of TH... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another class of plant disease resistance genes opens a “trap door” that quickly kills invaded cells, stopping pathogen proliferation. Xanthomonas and Ralstonia transcription activator–like (TAL) effectors are DNA-binding proteins that activate host gene expression to enhance pathogen virulence. Both the rice and peppe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form calcium cyanamide:
:CaC + N → CaCN + C
Commonly known as nitrolime, calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to cyanamide, HNCN. | 8 | Metallurgy |
This form of photophosphorylation occurs on the stroma lamella, or fret channels. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the high-energy electron released from P700, a pigment in a complex called photosystem I, flows in a cyclic pathway. The electron starts in photosystem I, passes from the primary electron acceptor to ferred... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Microarray image processing must correctly identify the regular grid of features within an image and independently quantify the fluorescence intensity for each feature. Image artefacts must be additionally identified and removed from the overall analysis. Fluorescence intensities directly indicate the abundance of each... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paired box protein Pax-6 in humans is a transcription factor, which is a main regulatory gene of eye and brain development. Ectopic expression of Drosophila homolog eyeless (ey) has been used to identify roles of Pax-6 in humans. Using tissue specific UAS-Gal4 system, ey can be induced on the legs, wings, halters and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trichloroacetonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CClCN. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples often are brownish. It is used commercially as a precursor to the fungicide etridiazole. It is prepared by dehydration of trichloroacetamide. As a bifunctional compound, trichloroacetonitrile can... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is relatively inexpensive. In 2022, a survey of eight generic antibiotics commonly prescribed in the United States found their average cost to be about $42.67, while amoxicillin was sold for $12.14 on average. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dry nylon-6 has a glass transition temperature of . Nylon-6,6 in the dry state has a glass transition temperature of about . Whereas polyethene has a glass transition range of
The above are only mean values, as the glass transition temperature depends on the cooling rate and molecular weight distribution and could be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroporation allows cellular introduction of large highly charged molecules such as DNA which would never passively diffuse across the hydrophobic bilayer core. This phenomenon indicates that the mechanism is the creation of nm-scale water-filled holes in the membrane. Electropores were optically imaged in lipid bil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photochromism was discovered in the late 1880s, including work by Markwald, who studied the reversible change of color of 2,3,4,4-tetrachloronaphthalen-1(4H)-one in the solid state. He labeled this phenomenon "phototropy", and this name was used until the 1950s when Yehuda Hirshberg, of the Weizmann Institute of Scien... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Hydrogel fiber can be produced by electrospinning with solidification done by the evaporation of the solvent. The fibrous state is created by the combination of electrostatic repulsion and the surface tension of the solution. But subsequent crosslinking is usually needed to form a crosslinked network. One advantage of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quorum sensing can be a useful tool for improving the function of self-organizing networks such as the SECOAS (Self-Organizing Collegiate Sensor) environmental monitoring system. In this system, individual nodes sense that there is a population of other nodes with similar data to report. The population then nominates j... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quality scores are normally stored together with the nucleotide sequence in the widely accepted FASTQ format. They account for about half of the required disk space in the FASTQ format (before compression), and therefore the compression of the quality values can significantly reduce storage requirements and speed up an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electronic transitions of molecules in solution can depend strongly on the type of solvent with additional bathochromic shifts or hypsochromic shifts. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The murexide test is an analytical technique to identify the presence of caffeine and other purine derivatives in a sample. These compounds do not respond to the common alkaloid identification tests such as Dragendorff's reagent. In this test, crude drugs (to be identified) are mixed with a tiny amount of potassium chl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) is a reagent used in organic chemistry for the iodination of alkenes and as a mild oxidant.
NIS is the iodine analog of N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) which are used for similar applications. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The transcription, a complete set of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase need to be assembled at the core promoter to form the ~2.5 million Dalton preinitiation complex. For example, for promoters that contain a TATA box near the TSS, the recognition of TATA box by the TBP subunit of TFIID initiates the a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer chemistry, a random coil is a conformation of polymers where the monomer subunits are oriented randomly while still being bonded to adjacent units. It is not one specific shape, but a statistical distribution of shapes for all the chains in a population of macromolecules. The conformation's name is derived f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most antibodies have the similar structure except the hypervariable region which is called the antigen binding site. This region is constituted by the combination of various amino acids. When the antigen is a kind of carbohydrate (Polysaccharide), the binding could be regarded as a protein-carbohydrate interaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since thienamycin decomposes in the presence of water, it is impractical for the clinical treatment of bacterial infections, so stable derivatives were created for medicinal consumption. One such derivative, imipenem, was formulated in 1985. Imipenem, an N-formimidoyl derivative of thienamycin, is rapidly metabolized... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In humans, ERVs have been proposed to be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). A specific association between MS and the ERVWE1, or "syncytin", gene, which is derived from an ERV insertion, has been reported, along with the presence of an "MS-associated retrovirus" (MSRV), in patients with the disease. Human ERVs (HERVs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
About 70% of a humans total energy expenditure is due to the basal life processes taking place in the organs of the body (see table). About 20% of ones energy expenditure comes from physical activity and another 10% from thermogenesis, or digestion of food (postprandial thermogenesis). All of these processes require an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For MLL, two isomers are possible - a facial isomer (fac) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies one face of the octahedron surrounding the metal atom, so that any two of these three ligands are mutually cis, and a meridional isomer (mer) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies a plane pass... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Salt metathesis reaction of salts such as KCo(CO) with [Ru(CO)Cl] leads selectively to mixed-metal carbonyls such as RuCo(CO).
:4 KCo(CO) + [Ru(CO)Cl] → 2 RuCo(CO) + 4 KCl + 11 CO | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Maximum entropy method is an analysis method that has great developmental potential. The method is also used for the quantification of sedimentation velocity data from analytical ultracentrifugation. The maximum entropy method involves several iterative steps to minimize the deviation of the fitted data from the ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first known use of silver was in the Near East in Anatolia and Mesopotamia during the 4th and 3rd millennium BC, the Early Bronze Age. Archaeological findings of silver and lead objects together with litharge pieces and slag have been studied in a variety of sites. Although this has been interpreted as silver being... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a biological electrochemical system that implements the use of electro-active bacteria to power desalination of water in situ, resourcing the natural anode and cathode gradient of the electro-active bacteria and thus creating an internal supercapacitor. Available water supply has ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrocatalysis for CO reduction is not practiced commercially but remains a topic of research. The reduction of CO into useable products is a potential way to combat climate change. Electrocatalysts can promote the reduction of carbon dioxide into methanol and other useful fuel and stock chemicals. The most valuable ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
F number is a correlation number used in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a descriptor of their hydrophobicity and molecular size. It was proposed by Robert Hurtubise and co-workers in 1977. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A core set of energy-producing catabolic pathways occur within all living organisms in some form. These pathways transfer the energy released by breakdown of nutrients into ATP and other small molecules used for energy (e.g. GTP, NADPH, FADH). All cells can perform anaerobic respiration by glycolysis. Additionally, mos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PI3K/AKT pathway has a natural inhibitor called Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) whose function is to limit proliferation in cells, helping to prevent cancer. Knocking out PTEN has been shown to increase the mass of the brain because of the unregulated proliferation that occurs.
PTEN works by dephosphorylating... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated Rb; gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When the cell is ready... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certified reference materials (CRMs) are controls or standards used to check the quality and metrological traceability of products, to validate analytical measurement methods, or for the calibration of instruments. A certified reference material is a particular form of measurement standard.
Reference materials are par... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Eagle effect, Eagle phenomenon, or paradoxical zone phenomenon, named after Harry Eagle who first described it, originally referred to the paradoxically reduced antibacterial effect of penicillin at high doses, though recent usage generally refers to the relative lack of efficacy of beta lactam antibacterial drugs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Arc system connects the electron transport chain to regulation of certain genes, allowing aerobic respiration to occur in the presence of oxygen and fermentation to take place when no oxygen is present. This is done through the connection of ArcB with quinones from the electron transport chain. Oxidized quionones, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tertiary (3°) phosphines, with the formula RP, are traditionally prepared by alkylation of phosphorus trichloride using Grignard reagents or related organolithium compounds:
:3RMgX + PCl → PR + 3MgX
In the case of trimethylphosphine, triphenyl phosphite is used in place of the highly electrophilic PCl:
: 3 C... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the most well known epigenetic mechanisms that proline isomerization plays a role in is the modification of histone tails, specifically those of histone H3. Fpr4 is a PPIase, in the FK507BP group, that exhibits catalytic activity at the proline positions 16, 30, and 38 (also written P16, P30, and P38 respectivel... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mice can distinguish close relatives from more distantly related individuals on the basis of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious inbreeding.
In addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular Bombus bifarius and Bombus frigidus, have been observed t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term spiral separator can refer to either a device for separating slurry components by density (wet spiral separators), or for a device for sorting particles by shape (dry spiral separators). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Survivin is a member of the IAP family of antiapoptotic proteins. It is shown to be conserved in function across evolution as homologues of the protein are found both in vertebrates and invertebrates. The first members of the IAPs identified were from the baculovirus IAPs, Cp-IAP and Op-IAP, which bind to and inhibit c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In quantum mechanics, a triplet state, or spin triplet, is the quantum state of an object such as an electron, atom, or molecule, having a quantum spin S = 1. It has three allowed values of the spins projection along a given axis m' = −1, 0, or +1, giving the name "triplet".
Spin, in the context of quantum mechanics, i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Lely method, also known as the Lely process or Lely technique, is a crystal growth technology used for producing silicon carbide crystals for the semiconductor industry. The patent for this method was filed in the Netherlands in 1954 and in the United States in 1955 by Jan Anthony Lely of Philips Electronics. The p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The temperature-entropy conjugate pair is concerned with the transfer of energy, especially for a closed system.
* An isothermal process occurs at a constant temperature. An example would be a closed system immersed in and thermally connected with a large constant-temperature bath. Energy gained by the system, through ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TCE is also used in the manufacture of a range of fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane more commonly known as HFC 134a. TCE was also used in industrial refrigeration applications due to its high heat transfer capabilities and its low-temperature specification. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Goss completed her undergraduate studies in Chemistry at the University of Durham in 1997. Under the supervision of Prof. David O'Hagan, Goss completed her Ph.D. studying the biosynthesis of various natural products including the stereochemistry of enzymatic fluorination in fluoroacetate biosynthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Capnellene-8β,10α-diol and its acylated derivatives exhibit significant cytotoxicity in vitro against cervical epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa, oral epidermoid (KB), medulloblastoma (Daoy) and colon adenocarcinoma (WiDr) human tumor cell lines. The diol was also effective against human leukemia, renal leiomyoblastoma, colon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One feature of enzymes is their high specificity. They are specific on a singular substrate, reaction or both together, that means, that the enzymes can catalyze all reactions wherein the substrate can experience.
The enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase catalyzes the reaction that converts cholesterol into cholester... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The preparation of ceramic specimens for microstructural analysis consists of five broad steps: sawing, embedding, grinding, polishing and etching. The tools and consumables for ceramographic preparation are available worldwide from metallography equipment vendors and laboratory supply companies. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polymerase chain reaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature-mediated DNA polymerase. The products can be used for sequencing or analysis, and this process is a key part of many genetics research laboratories, along with uses in DNA fingerprinting for forensics and other human genetic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Group 2 elements calcium, strontium, and barium can all form octacarbonyl complexes M(CO) (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). The compounds were characterized in cryogenic matrices by vibrational spectroscopy and in gas phase by mass spectrometry.
*Group 4 elements with 4 valence electrons are expected to form heptacarbonyls; while the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a number of distinct methods of holding the precursors together prior to the ultimate ring-closing reaction in a template-directed catenane synthesis. Each noncovalent approach to catenane formation results in what can be considered different families of catenanes.
Another family of catenanes are called pret... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Methods for predicting liquid properties can be organized by their "scale" of description, that is, the length scales and time scales over which they apply.
*Macroscopic methods use equations that directly model the large-scale behavior of liquids, such as their thermodynamic properties and flow behavior.
*Microscopic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Darwins Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (1996; second edition 2006) is a book by Michael J. Behe, a professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and a senior fellow of the Discovery Institutes Center for Science and Culture. In the book Behe presents his notion of irreducible complex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, the molar absorption coefficient or molar attenuation coefficient () is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs, and thereby attenuates, light at a given wavelength. It is an intrinsic property of the species. The SI unit of molar absorption coefficient is the square metre per mole (), bu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A separating funnel takes the shape of a cone with a hemispherical end. It has a stopper at the top and stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Separating funnels used in laboratories are typically made from borosilicate glass and their taps are made from glass or PTFE. Typical sizes are between 30 mL and 3 L. In industrial che... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Dortmund Data Bank was founded in the 1970s at the University of Dortmund in Germany. The original reason for starting a vapor–liquid phase equilibria data collection was the development of the group contribution method UNIFAC which allows to estimate vapor pressures of mixtures.
The DDB has since been extended to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mollapour is married to Dimitra Bourboulia, PhD, Associate Professor, Assistant Dean for Undergraduate and Graduate Medical Education Research, and Director for the Office of Research for Medical Students, at SUNY Upstate Medical University. | 1 | Biochemistry |
CoQ is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), where it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation, a process required for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy source of cells.
CoQ is a lipophilic molecule that is located in all biological membranes of human body and se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fundamental resolution equation is used in chromatography to help relate adjustable chromatographic parameters to resolution, and is as follows:
R = [N/4][(α-1)/α][k/(1+k)], where
N = Number of theoretical plates
α = Selectivity Term = k/k
The [N/4] term is the column factor, the [(α-1)/α] term is the thermodynamic... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is a mode of liquid chromatography in which non-polar stationary phase and polar mobile phases are used for the separation of organic compounds. The vast majority of separations and analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in recent years are done using t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Branched chain fatty acids are usually saturated and are found in two distinct families: the iso-series and anteiso-series. It has been found that Actinomycetales contain unique branch-chain fatty acid synthesis mechanisms, including that which forms tuberculosteric acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically, displacement chromatography was applied to preparative separations of amino acids and rare earth elements and has also been investigated for isotope separation. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Silicification of woods usually occur in terrestrial conditions, but sometimes it could be done in aquatic environments. Surface water silicification can be done through the precipitation of silica in silica-enriched hot springs. On the northern coast of central Japan, the Tateyama hot spring has a high silica content ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Leaving alone remote antiquity and starting with Imperial Rome, the working of bronze, inspired probably by conquered Greece, is clearly seen. There are ancient bronze doors in the Temple of Romulus in the Roman Forum; others from the baths of Caracalla are in the Lateran Basilica, which also contains four fine gilt br... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In geometry, a Euclidean plane isometry is an isometry of the Euclidean plane, or more informally, a way of transforming the plane that preserves geometrical properties such as length. There are four types: translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections (see below ).
The set of Euclidean plane isometries f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Humic substances in soils and sediments can be divided into three main fractions: humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin.
Humic and fulvic acids are extracted from soil and other solid phase sources into a strongly basic aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
*Humic acids are precipitated from this... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cobalt extraction refers to the techniques used to extract cobalt from its ores and other compound ores. Several methods exist for the separation of cobalt from copper and nickel. They depend on the concentration of cobalt and the exact composition of the ore used. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Two-metal dual activation represents the combination of the enolate activation mode and the alkyne activation mode into a single reaction system. Generally, a hard, oxophilic metal (K, Na, Ag) activates the enolate oxygen, while a soft, carbophilic metal (Pd, Cu, Mo) coordinates with the alkyne. In some instances, howe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Much like β-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below, until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced.
The diagrams presented show how fatty acids are synthesized in microorganisms and list the enzymes found in Escherichia coli. These reactions are performed by fat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the lin⊥lin configuration cooling is achieved via a Sisyphus effect. Consider two counterpropagating electromagnetic waves with equal amplitude and orthogonal linear polarizations and , where k is the wavenumber . The superposition of and is given as:
Introducing a new pair of coordinates and the field can be w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A fire test can be conducted to determine the degree of flammability. Test standards used to make this determination but are not limited to the following:
* Underwriters Laboratories [http://ulstandards.ul.com/standard/?id=94&edition=6&doctype=ulstd UL 94 Flammability Testing]
* International Electrotechnical Commissio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in epithelial cells in order to study mucosal tissue and detect early cancer and precancer.
Light scattering spectroscopy relies upon elastic scattering of photons reflected from the epithelium. Most of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to their high reactivity, most metals were not discovered until the 19th century. A method for extracting aluminium from bauxite was proposed by Humphry Davy in 1807, using an electric arc. Although his attempts were unsuccessful, by 1855 the first sales of pure aluminium reached the market. However, as extractive ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Under stress conditions (e.g. water deficit) oxalate released from calcium oxalate crystals is converted to CO by an oxalate oxidase enzyme and the produced CO can support the Calvin cycle reactions. Reactive hydrogen peroxide (HO), the byproduct of oxalate oxidase reaction, can be neutralized by catalase. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cytochromes are proteins that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments.
Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c. Bacter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A selectable marker is a gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection. They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) appear to regulate the expression of more than 60% of protein coding genes of the human genome. If an miRNA is abundant it can behave as a "switch", turning some genes on or off. However, altered expression of many miRNAs only leads to a modest 1.5- to 4-fold change in protein expression of their t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc pest (from German Zinkpest "zinc plague"), also known as zinc rot and zamak rot, is a destructive, intercrystalline corrosion process of zinc alloys containing lead impurities. While impurities of the alloy are the primary cause of the problem, environmental conditions such as high humidity (greater than 65%) may ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The stationary phase comes in the form of a packed syringe-shaped cartridge, a 96 well plate, a 47- or 90-mm flat disk, or a microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) device, a SPE method that uses a packed sorbent material in a liquid handling syringe. These can be mounted on its specific type of extraction manifold. T... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Frozen Zoo at the San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research currently stores a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forebear to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe. However, there are s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In medicine, protein electrophoresis is a method of analysing the proteins mainly in blood serum. Before the widespread use of gel electrophoresis, protein electrophoresis was performed as free-flow electrophoresis (on paper) or as immunoelectrophoresis.
Traditionally, two classes of blood proteins are considered: ser... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. At the first sign of exposure or potential exposure, masks are applied when available. People are removed from the affected area when possible. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles.
Decontamination is by physical ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular dynamics methods of calculating pK values make it possible to include full flexibility of the titrated molecule.
Molecular dynamics based methods are typically much more computationally expensive, and not necessarily more accurate, ways to predict pK values than approaches based on the Poisson–Boltzmann equat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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