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Prebiotic synthesis of amino acids, nucleobases, lipids, and other building blocks of protocells and metabolisms is still poorly understood. Proposed reactions that produce individual components such as the Strecker synthesis of amino acids, the formose reaction for the production of sugars, and prebiotic syntheses for... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Amalgamation with mercury can be used to recover very small gold particles, and mercury is still widely used in small-scale artisanal mining across the world. Mercury forms a mercury-gold amalgam with smaller gold particles, and then the gold is concentrated by boiling away the mercury from the amalgam. This is effecti... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sevoflurane will degrade into what is most commonly referred to as compound A (fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether) when in contact with CO absorbents, and this degradation tends to enhance with decreased fresh gas flow rates, increased temperatures, and increased sevoflurane concentration. Compoun... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The development started with early work on the underlying sensor technology. One of the first portable, chemistry-based sensors was the glass pH electrode, invented in 1922 by Hughes. The basic concept of using exchange sites to create permselective membranes was used to develop other ion sensors in subsequent years. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism. It is the chemical responsible for the brown color of human feces and was originally isolated from feces in 1932. Stercobilin (and related urobilin) can be used as a marker for biochemical identification of fecal pollution levels in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ArcB is a membrane-bound sensor histidine kinase. It is unusual in that it contains three distinct signaling domains. It senses oxygen levels in the cell by interacting with reduced quinone. When reduced quinone levels are high, it signals that the cell is engaged in aerobic respiration. When reduced quinone levels are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*ADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrine
*AGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase
*ARF1
*ARF3
*ARF4
*ARF5
*ARL2 RAS Superfamily
*CSF1 Colony stimulating factor not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12
*CSK C-src tyrosine kinase
*DCT dopachrome tautomerase
*EFNA3
*FKBP1A
*GDI1 GDP Dissociation inhibito... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCS, also known as succinyl-CoA synthetase or succinate thiokinase or succinate-CoA ligase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of succinyl-CoA to succinate. The enzyme facilitates the coupling of this reaction to the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate molecule (eith... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various cellular reactions to ultrasound indicate the mechanism of molecular uptake via endocytosis. These observed reactionary phenomena include ion exchange, hydrogen peroxide, and cell intracellular calcium concentration. Studies have used patch clamping techniques to monitor membrane potential ion exchange for the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystals can be classified in three ways: lattice systems, crystal systems and crystal families. The various classifications are often confused: in particular the trigonal crystal system is often confused with the rhombohedral lattice system, and the term "crystal system" is sometimes used to mean "lattice system" or ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Compounds such as 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, which contain multiple geminal halogens adjacent to a hydroxyl group may be considered halohydrins (although, strictly speaking, they fail the IUPAC definition) as they possess similar chemistry. In particular they also undergo intramolecular cyclisation to form dihaloepoxy gro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A Mössbauer spectrograph was made of the dust that gathered on Opportunity's capture magnet. The results suggested that the magnetic component of the dust was titanomagnetite, rather than just plain magnetite, as was once thought. A small amount of olivine was also detected which was interpreted as indicating a long ar... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The pipecolate region of rapamycin structure seems necessary for rapamycin-binding to FKBP12. This step is required for further binding of rapamycin to the mTOR kinase, which is the key enzyme in many biological actions of rapamycin.
The high affinity of rapamycin binding to FKBP12 is explained by number of hydrogen bo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a spherical particle the surface area will scale as the square of the size, while the volume scales as the cube. Therefore surface contributions to the energy can become important at small sizes in nanoparticles. If the energy of the surface atoms is lower when they are closer, this can be accomplished by shrinking... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Site energy is the term used in North America for the amount of end-use energy of all forms consumed at a specified location. This can be a mix of primary energy (such as natural gas burned at the site) and secondary energy (such as electricity). Site energy is measured at the campus, building, or sub-building level an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Low-energy surfaces primarily interact with liquids through dispersive (van der Waals) forces. William Zisman produced several key findings:
Zisman observed that cos θ increases linearly as the surface tension (γ) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a linear function between cos θ and the surface te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylation sometimes involve use of nucleophilic methyl reagents. Strongly nucleophilic methylating agents include methyllithium () or Grignard reagents such as methylmagnesium bromide (). For example, will add methyl groups to the carbonyl (C=O) of ketones and aldehyde.:
Milder methylating agents include tetramethy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several advantages in both spatial resolution and minimizing photodamage/photobleaching in organic and/or biological samples are obtained by two-photon or three-photon excitation FCS. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acetone is fragmented in two different groups, one carbonyl group and two methyl groups. For the critical volume the following calculation results:
V = 40 + 60.0 + 2 * 55.0 = 210 cm
In the literature (such as in the Dortmund Data Bank) the values 215.90 cm, 230.5 cm and 209.0 cm are published. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Knowledge of plant viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant biote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ohta sought to order energy form conversions according to their quality and introduced a hierarchical scale for ranking energy quality based on the relative ease of energy conversion (see table to right after Ohta, p. 90). It is evident that Ohta did not analyse all forms of energy. For example, water is left out of hi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences shows GFAJ-1 to be closely related to other moderate halophile ("salt-loving") bacteria of the family Halomonadaceae. Although the authors produced a cladogram in which the strain is nested among members of Halomonas, including H. alkaliphila and H. venusta, they did not e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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File:Bifacial leaf cross section.jpg|Cross-section of a leaf
File:Leaf epidermis 2.jpg|Epidermal cells
File:Leaf spongy mesophyll.jpg|Spongy mesophyll cells | 5 | Photochemistry |
SCS is the only enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes a reaction in which a nucleotide triphosphate (GTP or ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Research studies have shown that E. coli SCSs can catalyze either GTP or ATP formation. However, mammals possess different types of SCSs that are spec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain species of hornwort are the only land plants which are known to have a biophysical CCM involving concentration of carbon dioxide within pyrenoids in their chloroplasts. | 5 | Photochemistry |
* When solute particles associate in solution, is less than 1. For example, carboxylic acids such as acetic acid (ethanoic acid) or benzoic acid form dimers in benzene, so that the number of solute particles is half the number of acid molecules.
* When solute particles dissociate in solution, is greater than 1 (e.g. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Landauer stated that information is physical. His principle sets fundamental thermodynamical constraints for classical and quantum information processing. Much effort has been dedicated to incorporating information into thermodynamics and measuring the entropic and energetic costs of manipulating information. Gaining i... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Primary minerals are the minerals that crystalize during the formation of Earths crust, and their typical δSi isotopic value is in the range of −0.9‰ – +1.4‰. Earths crust is constantly undergoing weathering processes, which dissolve Si and produce secondary Si minerals simultaneously. The formation of secondary Si dis... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Developing well-constructed models (accounting for variables such as oil type, salinity and surfactant) are necessary to select the appropriate dispersant in a given situation. Two models exist which integrate the use of dispersants: Mackays model and Johansens model. There are several parameters which must be consider... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In cellular biology, inclusions are diverse intracellular non-living substances (ergastic substances) that are not bound by membranes. Inclusions are stored nutrients/deutoplasmic substances, secretory products, and pigment granules. Examples of inclusions are glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid drop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The compound crystallized in a monoclinic crystal structure. The space group is P2/n with four molecules in the unit cell. From the crystallographic data, a density of 2.365 g·cm was deduced. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gitelson (1999) states, "The ratio between chlorophyll fluorescence at 735 nm and the wavelength range 700nm to 710 nm, F735/F700 was found to be linearly proportional to the chlorophyll content (with determination coefficient, r2, more than 0.95) and thus this ratio can be used as a precise indicator of chlorophyll co... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One example of a binary chemical weapon is the United States Army M687. In the M687, methylphosphonyl difluoride (military name: DF, a Schedule 1 chemical) and a mixture of two agents are held in chambers within the munition, separated by a partition. When the weapon is fired, acceleration causes the partition to brea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis) have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium. In mouse models of intestinal inflammation and in IBD patients, signs of UPR -activation have been demonstrated. In particular, mitochondrial dysfunction and UPR -activ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkyl amines characteristically feature tetrahedral nitrogen centers. C-N-C and C-N-H angles approach the idealized angle of 109°. C-N distances are slightly shorter than C-C distances. The energy barrier for the nitrogen inversion of the stereocenter is about 7 kcal/mol for a trialkylamine. The interconversion has ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oligomer redox-species RFB have been proposed to reduce the crossover of the electroactive species, while using low cost membranes. Such redox-active oligomers are known as redoxymers. One system uses organic polymers and a saline solution with a cellulose membrane. The prototype underwent 10,000 charging cycles whil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and sodium phosphates solution in water. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to low emission rate experiments should be performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). In some studies the materials were previously doped with tritium. MSGE rate then was measured by radioactivity outcome from the material under applied mechanical stress. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
HFMs are commonly produced using artificial polymers. The specific production methods involved are heavily dependent on the type of polymer used as well as its molecular weight. HFM production, commonly referred to as "spinning", can be divided into four general types:
* Melt Spinning, in which a thermoplastic polymer ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ANCAs were originally described in Davies et al. in 1982 in segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis. The Second International ANCA Workshop, held in The Netherlands in May 1989, fixed the nomenclature on perinuclear vs. cytoplasmic patterns, and the antigens MPO and PR3 were discovered in 1988 and 1989, respectively. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Wolf effect (sometimes Wolf shift) is a frequency shift in the electromagnetic spectrum.
The phenomenon occurs in several closely related phenomena in radiation physics, with analogous effects occurring in the scattering of light. It was first predicted by Emil Wolf in 1987 and subsequently confirmed in the laborat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteriophage derived proteins are used for detection and removal of bacteria and bacterial components (especially endotoxin contaminations) in pharmaceutical and biological products, human diagnostics, food, and decolonization of bacteria causing nosocomial infections (e.g. MRSA).
Protein modifications allow the biot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Binding sites can be characterized also by their structural features. Single-chain sites (of “monodesmic” ligands, μόνος: single, δεσμός: binding) are formed by a single protein chain, while multi-chain sites (of "polydesmic” ligands, πολοί: many) are frequent in protein complexes, and are formed by ligands that bind m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After her postdoctoral research, she joined Indiana University, where she became an associate professor. She moved to the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy in 2016.
In her research, Jones focusses on structural proteomics, having developed fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) which uses an excimer la... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mixed-function oxidase is the name of a family of oxidase enzymes that catalyze a reaction in which each of the two atoms of oxygen in O is used for a different function in the reaction.
Oxidase is a general name for enzymes that catalyze oxidations in which molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor but oxygen atoms do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biosynthesis occurs in most human tissue. There are three major steps:
# Creation of the benzoquinone structure (using phenylalanine or tyrosine, via 4-hydroxybenzoate)
# Creation of the isoprene side chain (using acetyl-CoA)
# The joining or condensation of the above two structures
The initial two reactions occur in m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first electrons have already be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code (translation table 33) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Cephalodiscidae (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the major clades of deuterostomes.
Code 33 is very ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A lateral flow test (LFT), is an assay also known as a lateral flow device (LFD), lateral flow immunochromatographic assay, or rapid test. It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment. LFTs are widely used in medica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Less studied than above-ground interactions, but proving to be increasingly important, are the below-ground interactions that influence plant defense. There is a complex network of signal transduction pathways involved in plant responses to stimuli, and soil microbes can influence these responses. Certain soil microbes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It may be necessary to repair a concrete structure following damage (e.g. due to age, chemical attack, fire, impact, movement or reinforcement corrosion). Strengthening may be necessary if the structure is weakened (e.g. due to design or construction errors, excessive loading, or because of a change of use). | 8 | Metallurgy |
The suffix –ol is used in organic chemistry principally to form names of organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (–OH) group, mainly alcohols. The suffix was extracted from the word alcohol.
The suffix also appears in some trivial names with reference to oils (from Latin oleum, oil). Examples of this sense of the suf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with a higher redox potential than NAD(P)/NAD(P)H, such as nitrite or sulfur compounds, must use energy to reduce NAD(P). This energy is supplied by consuming proton motive... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isometries requiring an odd number of mirrors — reflection and glide reflection — always reverse left and right. The even isometries — identity, rotation, and translation — never do; they correspond to rigid motions, and form a normal subgroup of the full Euclidean group of isometries. Neither the full group nor the ev... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*TXN2 NM_012473
*TXNDC11 NM_015914
*TXNDC12 NM_015913
*TXNDC15 NM_024715
*TXNDC17 NM_032731
*TXNDC9 NM_005783
*TXNL1 NM_004786
*TXNL4A NM_006701
*TXNL4B NM_017853
*TXNRD1 NM_003330 | 1 | Biochemistry |
François Charles Léon Moureu (19 April 1863, in Mourenx – 13 June 1929, in Biarritz) was a French organic chemist and pharmacist. In 1902 Charles Moureu published , translated into English as Fundamental principles of organic chemistry (1921).
During World War I, Charles Moureu was vice-chairman of France's Comm... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
2DPs are expected to be superb membrane materials because of their defined pore sizes. Furthermore, they can serve as ultrasensitive pressure sensors, as precisely defined catalyst supports, for surface coatings and patterning, as ultrathin support for cryo-TEM, and many other applications.
Since 2D polymers provide an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The "tuck-in" process is related to ortho-metalation in the sense that it is an intramolecular cyclometalation. Tuck-in complexes derived from Cp* ligands are derivatives of tetramethylfulvene, sometimes abbreviated MeFv. A variety of complexes are known for MeFv and related ligands. In these complexes, the Fv can s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Soda ash [NaCO] can be present in natural water from the weathering of basalt which is an igneous rock. Lime [Ca(OH)] can be present in natural water when rain water comes in contact with calcined minerals such as ash produced from the burning of calcareous coal or lignite in boilers. Anthropogenic use of soda ash als... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be if it was in radiative equilibrium, typically under the assumption that it radiates as a black body being heated only by its parent star. In this model, the presence or absence of an atmosphere (and therefore any greenhouse effect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of energy with chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is determining the spontaneity of a given transformation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three types of sweat glands: eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine. Apocrine glands are primarily responsible for body malodor and, along with apoeccrine glands, are mostly expressed in the axillary (underarm) regions, whereas eccrine glands are distributed throughout virtually all of the rest of the skin in the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recent years, thermal physics has applied the definition of chemical potential to systems in particle physics and its associated processes. For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemical potential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical poten... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grain boundary sliding is a plastic deformation mechanism where crystals can slide past each other without friction and without creating significant voids as a result of diffusion. The deformation process associated with this mechanism is referred to as granular flow. The absence of voids results from solid-state diffu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In host–guest chemistry the bistable states of molecular switches differ in their affinity for guests. Many early examples of such systems are based on crown ether chemistry. The first switchable host is described in 1978 by Desvergne & Bouas-Laurent who create a crown ether via photochemical anthracene dimerization. ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In chemistry, absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter some bulk phase – liquid or solid material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The deeper layers of the ocean are greatly unsaturated in CO and its dissolved forms, carbonic and bicarbonic acid, and their salts. At depths greater than 3 km, CO becomes liquefied and sinks to the seafloor due to it being higher density than the surrounding seawater. Mathematical models have shown that CO stored in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Tentative evidence in Alzheimer's disease showed that lithium may slow progression. It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but a study showed lithium had no effect on ALS outcomes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
TRC105 is an experimental antibody targeted at endoglin as an anti-angiogenesis treatment for soft-tissue sarcoma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster saw large-scale, systematic loss of function (LOF) screens performed through saturation mutagenesis, demonstrating the potential of this approach to characterise genetic pathways and identify genes with unique and essential functions. The saturation mu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A small scale study of 289 Japanese patients suggested a minor increased predisposition from an amino acid substitution of the 196 allele at exon 6. Genomic testing of 81 SLE patients and 207 healthy patients in a Japanese study showed 37% of SLE patients had a polymorphism on position 196 of exon 6 compared to 18.8% o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Within the chemical universe, the fine chemical industry is positioned between the commodity, their suppliers, and specialty chemical industries, their customers. Depending on the services offered, there are two types of fine chemical companies. The Fine Chemical Companies are active in industrial scale production, bo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
AIDS appears to involve a slow and progressive decline in levels of selenium in the body. Whether this decline in selenium levels is a direct result of the replication of HIV or related more generally to the overall malabsorption of nutrients by AIDS patients remains debated. Observational studies have found an associa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dallol lies in the evaporitic plain of the Danakil Depression at the Afar Triangle, in the prolongation of the Erta Ale basaltic volcanic range. The intrusion of basaltic magma in the marine sedimentary sequence of Danakil resulted in the formation of a salt dome structure, where the hydrothermal system is hosted. The ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A coarctate reaction is a concerted reaction whose transition state involves two rings, in which at least one atom undergoes the simultaneous making and breaking of two bonds. It is an uncommon reaction topology, compared with linear topology and pericyclic topology (itself subdivided into Hückel and Möbius topologies)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Certain lachrymatory agents, most notably tear gas, are often used by police to force compliance. In some countries (e.g., Finland, Australia, and United States), another common substance is mace. The self-defense weapon form of mace is based on pepper spray which comes in small spray cans. Versions including CS are ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
hnRNP has been shown to regulate CD44, a cell-surface glycoprotein, through splicing mechanisms. CD44 is involved in cell-cell interactions and has roles in cell adhesion and migration. Splicing of CD44 and the functions of the resulting isoforms are different in breast cancer cells, and when knocked down, hnRNP reduce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One strategy to provide full 360° rotation of THz polarization of equal electric field magnitude at the sample is to generate a circular state of polarization, then select particular linear polarization states from the circularly polarized beam with a THz polarizer.
A circular polarization state may be generated by a q... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the advent of digitally based displays, some modern spectrum analyzers use analog-to-digital converters to sample spectrum amplitude after the VBW filter. Since displays have a discrete number of points, the frequency span measured is also digitised. Detectors are used in an attempt to adequately map the correct s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Absorption of radiation by reactants of a reaction at equilibrium increases the rate of forward reaction without directly affecting the rate of the reverse reaction.
The rate of a photochemical reaction is proportional to the absorption cross section of the reactant with respect to the excitation source (σ), the quantu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While the secretion of glucocorticoids in response to stressful stimuli is an adaptive response necessary for an organism to respond appropriately to a stressor, persistent secretion may be harmful. The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the habituation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Traditional classification shows several theoretical and practical deficiencies. One of the most important is the fact that no perfectly isentropic fluid exists. Isentropic fluids have two extrema (ds/dT=0) on the saturation vapour curve. Practically, there are some fluids which are very close to this behaviour or at l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a substance undergoes a phase transition (changes from one state of matter to another) it usually either takes up or releases energy. For example, when water evaporates, the increase in kinetic energy as the evaporating molecules escape the attractive forces of the liquid is reflected in a decrease in temperature.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the area of metal carbonyl clusters, a prototypical octahedral cluster is [FeC(CO)], which is obtained by heating iron pentacarbonyl with sodium. Some of the CO ligands are bridging and many are terminal. A carbide ligand resides at the center of the cluster. A variety of analogous compounds have been reported wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYK2 gene.
TYK2 was the first member of the JAK family that was described (the other members are JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3). It has been implicated in IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 signaling. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recent years, NAD has also been recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in cell-to-cell communication. NAD is released from neurons in blood vessels, urinary bladder, large intestine, from neurosecretory cells, and from brain synaptosomes, and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transm... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ramipril is a pro-drug. The molecule must be hydrolyzed by the esterase at the OCH2CH3 and form a carboxylate. This carboxylate then interacts with the positive Zn+2 to inhibit the ACE enzyme. The COOH helps orient it with the enzyme. Ramipril is similar in structure to another ACE Inhibitor, trandolapril, but it has a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Bis(allyl)nickel is an organonickel compound with the formula Ni(η-CH). The molecule consists of two allyl ligands bound to nickel(II). It has inversion symmetry. It is a volatile yellow liquid at room temperature. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1916 - A.M. Butlerov Small Prize of the Russian Physics and Chemistry Society (for the research on the composition of oil of plant species of the same family)
1953 - Order of Lenin
1954 - Prize of the D.I. Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For polystyrene the complete mechanism of photo-oxidation is still a matter of debate, as different pathways may operate concurrently and vary according to the wavelength of the incident light.
Regardless, there is agreement on the major steps.
Pure polystyrene should not be able to absorb light with a wavelength belo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition (STACE), also called the South Turkmenistan Archaeological Inter-disciplinary Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (YuTAKE) was endorsed by the Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences. It was initially organized by the orientali... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Anabolism operates with separate enzymes from catalysis, which undergo irreversible steps at some point in their pathways. This allows the cell to regulate the rate of production and prevent an infinite loop, also known as a futile cycle, from forming with catabolism.
The balance between anabolism and catabolism is sen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The total potential energy, , is the sum of the elastic strain energy, , stored in the deformed body and the potential energy, , associated to the applied forces:
This energy is at a stationary position when an infinitesimal variation from such position involves no change in energy:
The principle of minimum total poten... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Radiation emitted from a surface can propagate in any direction from the surface. Irradiation can also be incident upon a surface from any direction. The amount of irradiation on a surface is therefore dependent on the relative orientation of both the emitter and the receiver. The parameter radiation intensity, is use... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin increases in the blood with heavy ethanol consumption and can be monitored through laboratory testing.
Transferrin is an acute phase protein and is seen to decrease in inflammation, cancers, and certain diseases (in contrast to other acute phase proteins, e.g., C-reactive protein, whi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Bindi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For most crystalline solid solutions, there is a variation of lattice parameters with the composition. If the lattice of such a solution is to remain coherent in the presence of a composition modulation, mechanical work has to be done to strain the rigid lattice structure. The maintenance of coherency thus affects the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The precise function of the central domain has not been fully elucidated, but it is thought to be important in aiding catalysis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane or 9-BBN is an organoborane compound. This colourless solid is used in organic chemistry as a hydroboration reagent. The compound exists as a hydride-bridged dimer, which easily cleaves in the presence of reducible substrates. 9-BBN is also known by its nickname banana borane. This is because... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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