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From 2008 Kuipers is supervisor, coach and coordinator of the iGEM student team Groningen. iGEM is a worldwide competition in the field of synthetic biology between teams of students from all over the world. The team from Groningen won in the annual in Boston (United States) organized international competition several... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sit was born in 1941 and attended Tanjong Katong Girls' School. She studied science at the National University of Singapore and obtained first-class honours when she graduated top of her class. She obtained her PhD in biochemistry from McGill University. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There has been conflicting ideas to the purpose of the 800 copper plates. Although they have been assumed to be scales of armor from an Egyptian army unit, as proposed by archaeologist Shmuel Yeivin, recent reevaluations have confuted this claim. Archaeologist William A. Ward proposed that the scales were means of bart... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ferritin concentrations increase drastically in the presence of an infection or cancer. Endotoxins are an up-regulator of the gene coding for ferritin, thus causing the concentration of ferritin to rise. By contrast, organisms such as Pseudomonas, although possessing endotoxin, cause plasma ferritin levels to drop sign... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TiAl has the lowest density of 3.4 g/cm, the highest micro hardness of 465–670 kg/mm and the best oxidation resistance even at 1 000 °C. However, the applications of TiAl in the engineering and aerospace fields are limited by its poor ductility. In addition, the loss of ductility at ambient temperature is usually accom... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Aza-Cope rearrangement
*Beckmann rearrangement
*Duff reaction
*Mannich reaction
*Pictet-Spengler reaction
*Stephen aldehyde synthesis
*Stork enamine alkylation
*Vilsmeier-Haack reaction and Vilsmeier reagent | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Group 14 anions functionalized with organic groups: [GeMes], [Ge(CHCHCHNH)], [(CHCH)GeGe(CHCH)], [Ge(CHCHCHCH)Ge], [(CHCH)Ge(CH)Ge(CHCH)];
* Silated anions: GeHypTl, [GeHyp];
* Intermetalloid deltahedral clusters: [Co@Sn], [Ni@Pb], [Au@Pb], [Mn@Pb], [Rh@Sn];
* Exo coordinated transition metal complexes: [(ŋ-Sn)Hg(ŋ-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface diffusion is a critically important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, as reaction rates are often dictated by the ability of reactants to "find" each other at a catalyst surface. With increased temperature adsorbed molecules, molecular fragments, atoms, and clusters tend to have much greater mobility (see equ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitriles are susceptible to hydrogenation over diverse metal catalysts. The reaction can afford either the primary amine () or the tertiary amine (), depending on conditions. In conventional organic reductions, nitrile is reduced by treatment with lithium aluminium hydride to the amine. Reduction to the imine followe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Modafinil was used by the French Foreign Legion, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Marine infantry during the Gulf War to enhance "operational tempo" (a term that denotes the speed and intensity at which military operations or activities are executed), aiming to optimize the overall performance and efficiency of the unit.
Armed... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The alternative oxidase is an integral monotopic membrane protein that is tightly bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane from matrix side The enzyme has been predicted to contain a coupled diiron center on the basis of a conserved sequence motif consisting of the proposed iron ligands, four glutamate and two histidi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following reactions describe the methanation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide respectively:
: -206 kJ/mol
: -164 kJ/mol
The methanation reactions are classified as exothermic and their energy of formations are listed.
There is disagreement on whether the CO methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During the submerged arc welding process, not all flux turns into slag. Depending on the welding process, 50% to 90% of the flux can be reused. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a dynamic osmometer flow of solvent is measured and a counteracting pressure is created to stop the flow. Flow rate of the solvent is measured by the movement of an air bubble in a capillary tube of the solvent. The pressure of the solvent compartment is directly changed by raising or lowering a reservoir of solvent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The strength, , of dislocation is dependent on the shear modulus, G, the magnitude of the Burgers vector, b, and the dislocation density, :
where is the intrinsic strength of the material with low dislocation density and is a correction factor specific to the material.
As shown in Figure 1 and the equation above, wor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Arenediazonium cations reduced by hypophosphorous acid, ethanol, sodium stannite or alkaline sodium thiosulphate gives benzene:
An alternative way suggested by Baeyer & Pfitzinger is to replace the diazo group with H is: first to convert it into hydrazine by treating with then to oxidize it into hydrocarbon by boiling... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dicarbollide complexes have been investigated for many years, but commercial applications are rare. The bis(dicarbollide) has been used as a precipitant for removal of from radiowastes.
The medical applications of carboranes have been explored. C-functionalized carboranes represent a source of boron for boron neutron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electron diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of electron beams due to elastic interactions with atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering, when there is no change in the energy of the electrons. The negatively charged electrons are scattered due to Coulomb forces when t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Regulatory sequences for the insulin gene are:
* A5
* Z
* negative regulatory element (NRE)
* C2
* E2
* A3
* cAMP response element
* A2
* CAAT enhancer binding (CEB)
* C1
* E1
* G1 | 1 | Biochemistry |
The second part of the B ring synthesis (Scheme 5) was concerned with correct chemistry for the newly formed ethylene bridge connecting the A and C rings. After Scheme 4, this bridge contained an exocyclic methylene group, but in the ultimate taxol molecule this bridge is an α-acylketone. The required conversion was ac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce the grain sizes of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium. Yttrium is used to increase the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. The addition of yttrium to alloys generally improves workability, adds resistance to high-temperature recrystalliz... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Nickel aluminide refers to either of two widely used intermetallic compounds, NiAl or NiAl, but the term is sometimes used to refer to any nickel–aluminium alloy. These alloys are widely used because of their high strength even at high temperature, low density, corrosion resistance, and ease of production. NiAl is of s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Pacey, A. J. & Fisher, S. J. (1967) "Daniel Bernoulli and the vis viva of compressed air", The British Journal for the History of Science 3 (4), p. 388–392,
* British Transport Commission (1957) Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen, London : B.T.C., p. 81, (facsimile copy publ. Ian Allan (1977), ) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several equations to predict the number of calories required by humans have been published from the early 20th–21st centuries. In each of the formulas below:
: P is total heat production at complete rest,
: m is mass (kg),
: h is height (cm),
: a is age (years).
;The original Harris–Benedict equation
Historically, the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A consortium of Porsche, Siemens Energy, Enel, AME und ENAP plans to build production facilities for manufacturing of renewable methanol with wind power and CO from the air (as of July 2021). With assistance of ExxonMobil the methanol shall be transformed to further synthetic fuels. By 2024 the consortium wants to pr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In order for seawater mineral and element extractions to take place while taking close consideration of sustainable practices, it is necessary for monitored management systems to be put in place. This requires management of ocean areas and their conditions, environmental planning, structured guidelines to ensure that e... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Triglycerides are synthesized by esterification of fatty acids to glycerol. Fatty acid esterification takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells by metabolic pathways in which acyl groups in fatty acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and diacylglycerol. Three fatty acid chains... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Every possible biosignature is associated with its own set of unique false positive mechanisms or non-biological processes that can mimic the detectable feature of a biosignature. An important example is using oxygen as a biosignature. On Earth, the majority of life is centred around oxygen. It is a byproduct of photos... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
One of the simplest methods for finding reactivity ratios is plotting the copolymer equation and using nonlinear least squares analysis to find the , pair that gives the best fit curve. This is preferred as methods such as Kelen-Tüdős or Fineman-Ross (see below) that involve linearization of the Mayo–Lewis equation wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The EPS process (see Figure 2) begins with hot rolled strip steel in coil form. This steel pays off of an uncoiler, then passes through a machine which serves the purpose of "scale breaker", "leveler" or both. This machine (see Figure 2) works the material between sets of hardened rollers. This has the effect of remov... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Agarose gel is a three-dimensional matrix formed of helical agarose molecules in supercoiled bundles that are aggregated into three-dimensional structures with channels and pores through which biomolecules can pass. The 3-D structure is held together with hydrogen bonds and can therefore be disrupted by heating back to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trandolapril acts by competitive inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme in the renin–angiotensin system. which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The use of trifluoroperacetic acid with boron trifluoride causes oxidation of alkenes and aromatic rings with concomitant rearrangement of the molecular skeleton.
For alkenes, the reaction gives a ketone product, though the mechanistic process is not simply epoxidation followed by a BF-catalyzed Wagner–Meerwein rearran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plants use CAM to different degrees. Some are "obligate CAM plants", i.e. they use only CAM in photosynthesis, although they vary in the amount of they are able to store as organic acids; they are sometimes divided into "strong CAM" and "weak CAM" plants on this basis. Other plants show "inducible CAM", in which they ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the recent article published in 2021, Hansen and Vermeeren proposed the two requirements for an α-nucleophile to present the α-effect. The two proposed requirements were (1) minimization of steric Pauli repulsion via small HOMO lobes on the nucleophilic center and (2) small HOMO-LUMO orbital energy gap that ensures ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CDAs are used with NMR spectroscopic analysis to determine enantiomeric excess and the absolute configuration of a substrate. Chiral discriminating agents are sometimes difficult to distinguish from chiral solvating agents (CSA) and some agents can be used as both. The speed of the exchange between the substrate and th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Glycine is biosynthesized from serine, catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The enzyme effectively replaces a hydroxymethyl group with a hydrogen atom.
SHMT is coded by the gene glyA. The regulation of glyA is complex and is known to incorporate serine, glycine, methionine, purines, thymine, and folates... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2013, eighteen cases of overdoses had been reported with doses of up to 14.4 grams, none of them fatal. No specific antidote for overdose exists and treatment is purely supportive. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The reaction of calcium carbide with water, producing acetylene and calcium hydroxide, was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862.
:CaC(s) + 2HO(l) → CH(g) + Ca(OH)(aq)
This reaction was the basis of the industrial manufacture of acetylene, and is the major industrial use of calcium carbide.
Today acetylene is mainly m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely versatile technique for copying DNA. In brief, PCR allows a specific DNA sequence to be copied or modified in predetermined ways. The reaction is extremely powerful and under perfect conditions could amplify one DNA molecule to become 1.07 billion molecules in less than t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex (PCP or PerCP) is a soluble molecular complex consisting of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein bound to peridinin, chlorophyll, and lipids. The peridinin molecules absorb light in the blue-green wavelengths (470 to 550 nm) and transfer energy to the chlorophyll molecules with ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Lasso peptide biosynthesis requires at least three genes, referred to as the A, B, and C proteins. The A gene encodes the precursor peptide, which is modified by the B and C proteins into the mature natural product. The B protein is an adenosine triphosphate-dependent cysteine protease that cleaves the leader region fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic polymers invariably consist of a mixture of macromolecular species with different degrees of polymerization and therefore of different molecular weights. There are different types of average polymer molecular weight, which can be measured in different experiments. The two most important are the number averag... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (n) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In medicine, actinic effects are generally described in terms of the dermis or outer layers of the body, such as eyes (see: Actinic conjunctivitis) and upper tissues that the sun would normally affect, rather than deeper tissues that higher-energy shorter-wavelength radiation such as x-ray and gamma might affect. Actin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since laser diffraction analysis is not the sole way of measuring particles it has been compared to the sieve-pipette method, which is a traditional technique for grain size analysis. When compared, results showed that laser diffraction analysis made fast calculations that were easy to recreate after a one-time analysi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the solvent extraction a mixture of an extractant in a diluent is used to extract a metal from one phase to another. In solvent extraction this mixture is often referred to as the "organic" because the main constituent (diluent) is some type of oil.
The PLS (pregnant leach solution) is mixed to emulsification with ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The nitroso group has both a +M and -M effect, but the -M effect is more favorable.
Nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons. However, the lone pair of its monomer form is unfavourable to donate through resonance. Only the dimer form is available for +M effect. However, the dimer form is less stable in a solution. Therefo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vinylidene chloride and fluoride can be converted to linear polymers polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The polymerization reaction is:
: n CH=CX → (CH−CX)
These vinylidene polymers are isomeric with those produced from vinylene monomers. Thus polyvinylene fluoride from vinylene f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Accelerated studies have been in use since at least the mid-1950s, at least for biological reference materials. CRMs are typically monitored at a range of temperatures and the results are used to predict the rate of change at a proposed, usually low, storage temperature. Often, the prediction uses a well known degradat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ivar Karl Ugi (9 September 1930 in Saaremaa, Estonia – 29 September 2005 in Munich) was an Estonian-born German chemist who made major contributions to organic chemistry. He is known for the research on multicomponent reactions, yielding the Ugi reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis is originally based on the Fraunhofer diffraction theory, stating that the intensity of light scattered by a particle is directly proportional to the particle size. The angle of the laser beam and particle size have an inversely proportional relationship, where the laser beam angle increases ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structure of biliproteins is typically characterised by bilin chromophores arranged in linear tetrapyrrolic formation, and the bilins are covalently bound to apoproteins via thioether bonds. Each type of biliprotein has a unique bilin that belongs to it (e.g. phycoerythrobilin is the chromophore of phycoerythrin an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction. They make their entrance into the cytoplasm either... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CoQ is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition. However, it is sold as a dietary supplement not subject to the same regulations as medicinal drugs, and is an ingredient in some cosmetics. The manufacture of CoQ is not regulated, and different batches and br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro verified that equal volumes of pure gases contain the same number of particles. His theory was not generally accepted until 1858 when another Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain non-ideal exceptions. For his work with gases a century prior, the physical constant that bears ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Similar to other d transition metals, Nb(III) produce adducts with alkynes. These derivatives are sometimes called Nb(V) alkenediyls metallacyclopropenes.
These alkendiyl complexes function as latent dianion equivalents. They react with electrophiles to give alkene derivatives. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The robustness of focal molography against environmental noise gives the method a platform character that enables many possible applications. They range from the investigation of a specific biomolecular interaction in basic biological research to the diagnosis of a critical health condition in an emergency.
The biolo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
6-Methylisoxanthopterin (6MI) is a base analog for the nucleotide guanine. It is useful as a fluorescent indicator because unlike most other base analogs, quenching does not occur when it is incorporated into a double helix. In fact, it exhibits a 3 to 4-fold increase in quantum yield when it is incorporated into a dup... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The table below describes properties of several different thermocouple types. Within the tolerance columns, T represents the temperature of the hot junction, in degrees Celsius. For example, a thermocouple with a tolerance of ±0.0025×T would have a tolerance of ±2.5 °C at 1000 °C.
Each cell in the Color Code columns d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For molecules in the gas phase, the principal effects are Doppler and pressure broadening. This applies to rotational spectroscopy, rotational-vibrational spectroscopy and vibronic spectroscopy.
For molecules in the liquid state or in solution, collision and proximity broadening predominate and lines are much broader t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reduced oxygen levels are expected to lead to increased seawater concentrations of redox-sensitive metals. The reductive dissolution of iron–manganese oxyhydroxides in seafloor sediments under low-oxygen conditions would release those metals and associated trace metals. Sulfate reduction in such sediments could release... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The regulation of translation in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes. Initially, the eIF4F complex is recruited to the 5′ cap, which in turn recruits the ribosomal complex to the 5′ UTR. Both eIF4E and eIF4G bind the 5′ UTR, which limits the rate at which translational initiation can occur. However, this is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nesfatin-1 is a polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the protein precursor, Nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2).
Recombinant human Nesfatin-1 is a 9.7 kDa protein containing 82 amino acid residues. Nesfatin-1 is expressed in the hypothalamus, in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets, gastric endocrine cells ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* SOX gene family
** Sex-Determining Region Y Protein
** SOX1, SOX2, etc.
* TCF/LEF family (T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family)
** LEF1 (Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1)
** TCF7 (TCF-1)
** TCF7L1 (TCF-3)
** TCF7L2 (TCF-4) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Structural work has determined that its 1,494 Dalton core unit (Glycine / Hydroxy-glycine / FeO) contains iron, but not lithium, leading to the more general term hemoglycin for these molecules. The hemoglycin core contains a total of 22 glycine residues in an anti-parallel beta sheet chain that is terminated at each en... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the selection has been performed, the primary structure of the proteins which display the appropriate characteristics must be determined. This is achieved by retrieval of the protein-encoding sequences (as originally inserted) from the cells showing the appropriate phenotype. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Bragg condition is correct for very large crystals. Because the scattering of X-rays and neutrons is relatively weak, in many cases quite large crystals with sizes of 100 nm or more are used. While there can be additional effects due to crystal defects, these are often quite small. In contrast, electrons interact t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tribocorrosion occurs in many engineering fields. It reduces the life-time of pipes, valves and pumps, of waste incinerators, of mining equipment or of medical implants, and it can affect the safety of nuclear reactors or of transport systems. On the other hand, tribocorrosion phenomena can also be applied to good use,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Suzanne A. Blum is an American professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine. Blum works on mechanistic chemistry, most recently focusing on borylation reactions and the development of single-molecule and single-particle fluorescence microscopy to study organic chemistry and catalysis. She received the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Petasis reagent is prepared by the salt metathesis reaction of methylmagnesium chloride or methyllithium with titanocene dichloride:
: CpTiCl + 2 CHMgCl → CpTi(CH) + 2 MgCl
This compound is used for the transformation of carbonyl groups to terminal alkenes. It exhibits similar reactivity to the Tebbe reagen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sublimation is a direct phase transition from the solid phase to the gas phase, skipping the intermediate liquid phase. Because it does not involve the liquid phase, it is not a form of vaporization. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The organic chemistry of nitrosamines is well developed with regard to their syntheses, their structures, and their reactions. They usually are produced by the reaction of nitrous acid () and secondary amines, although other nitrosyl sources (e.g. , , RONO) have the same effect:
The nitrous acid usually arises from pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For Schottky diodes, majority carrier traps are observed by the application of a reverse bias pulse, while minority carrier traps can be observed when the reverse bias voltage pulses are replaced with light pulses with the photon energy from the above semiconductor bandgap spectral range. This method is called Minority... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At this point, the lipoate-thioester functionality is translocated into the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) active site, where a transacylation reaction transfers the acetyl from the "swinging arm" of lipoyl to the thiol of coenzyme A. This produces acetyl-CoA, which is released from the enzyme complex and subsequent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EPA's analysis indicated the amount of existing inventory was between 22,700t and 45,400t.
In 2012 the EPA reduced the amount of R-22 by 45%, causing the price to rise by more than 300%. For 2013, the EPA has reduced the amount of R-22 by 29%. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Silicified carbonates can appear as silicified carbonate rock layers, or in the form of silicified karsts. The Paleogene Madrid Basin in Central Spain is a foreland basin resulted from the Alpine uplift, an example of silicified carbonates in rock layers. The lithology consists of carbonate and detritus units that were... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Like lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole permanently binds to the proton pump and blocks it, preventing the formation of gastric acid. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the 1980s the NCEC developed the Chemdata hazardous material database, which was provided to British fire services for use in case of chemical accidents.
Chemdata lists over 61,600 safety data sheets (SDS) for dangerous substances. It is published in six languages. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was firmly established by the microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper The concept of a bacterium (though spelled procaryote and eucaryote there). That paper cites Édouard Chattons 1937 book Titres et Travaux Scientifiques' for using those t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In all three spectroscopic methods, the sample usually needs to be present in solution, which may present problems during forensic examination because it necessarily involves sampling solid from the object to be examined.
In FTIR, three types of samples can be analyzed: solution (KBr), powder, or film. A solid film is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The C-terminal domain, also known as ropB-CTD, is a carboxy terminalligand-binding domain made of amino acids 56–280. RopB-CTD houses 5 TPR motifs and attaches to the SIP peptide in the innermost part of the SIP binding pocket in a sequence-specific manner without induction of polymerization. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, .
* Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). Physical Chemistry, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, .
* Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum Scient... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kovacs reagent is a biochemical reagent consisting of isoamyl alcohol, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), and concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is used for the diagnostical indole test, to determine the ability of the organism to split indole from the amino acid tryptophan. The indole produced yields a red comple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ligand cone angles are measures of the size of ligands in coordination chemistry. It is defined as the solid angle formed with the metal at the vertex and the hydrogen atoms at the perimeter of the cone (see figure). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Reformatsky reaction (sometimes transliterated as Reformatskii reaction) is an organic reaction which condenses aldehydes or ketones with α-halo esters using metallic zinc to form β-hydroxy-esters:
The organozinc reagent, also called a Reformatsky enolate, is prepared by treating an alpha-halo ester with zinc dust.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rasagiline (Azilect, Azipron) is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B used as a monotherapy to treat symptoms in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases.
The racemic form of the drug was invented by Aspro Nicholas in the early 1970s. Moussa B.H. Youdim identified it as a po... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Using this notation, Woodward and Hoffmann state in their 1969 review the general formulation for all pericyclic reactions as follows:
and (4r) components is odd.</blockquote>
Here, (4q + 2) and (4r) refer to suprafacial (4q + 2)-electron and antarafacial (4r)-electron components, respectively. Moreover, this criteri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally, the b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Semi-solid metal (SSM) casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the residual porosity present in most die castings. Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material, SSM casting uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid. A modified die casting mach... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The EPS process produces scale-free steel strip which is interchangeable with acid-pickled steel strip, yet the EPS process entails lower capital and operating (variable) cost than an acid-pickling line of equivalent output. For this reason the EPS process is considered to be a direct replacement of acid pickling.
In a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Born series for the scattering states reads
It can be derived by iterating the Lippmann–Schwinger equation
Note that the Green's operator for a free particle can be retarded/advanced or standing wave operator for retarded advanced or standing wave scattering states .
The first iteration is obtained by replacing ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because cycling probe technology does not involve the amplification of target DNA, CPT has a lower risk of cross contamination than PCR. In addition, CPT is faster than PCR and doesn't require a specialized thermocycler. CPT also does not require running CPT products on a gel. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants. Applications may include evaluation and categorization of lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
OCO-3 is constructed from spare equipment from the OCO-2 mission. Thus its physical characteristics are similar, but with some adaptations. A 2-axis pointing mirror was added, which will allow targeting of cities and other areas on order of for area mapping (also called "snapshot mode"). A resolution context camera w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Otto Warburg Medal is awarded annually by the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (German: Gesellschaft für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie or GBM) to honour scientists who have contributed important work in the field of biological chemistry. It is named after Otto Warburg, a renowned German physi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacterial bioluminescence is seen in Photobacterium species, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio haweyi, and Vibrio harveyi. Light emission in some bioluminescent bacteria utilizes antenna such as lumazine protein to accept the energy from the primary excited state on the luciferase, resulting in an excited lulnazine chromophore w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical structure of the herbicide is of primary affecting efficacy. 2,4-D, mecoprop, and dicamba control many broadleaf weeds but remain ineffective against turf grasses.
Chemical additives influence selectivity. Surfactants alter the physical properties of the spray solution and the overall phytotoxicity of the herb... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the experiment a droplet of mercury is placed in a watch glass, immersed in an electrolyte such as sulfuric acid which contains an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, or potassium dichromate. The tip of an iron nail is positioned almost touching the mercury. If the position of the nail... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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