text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Leaching involves the use of aqueous solutions to extract metal from metal-bearing materials which are brought into contact with them. In China in the 11th and 12th centuries, this technique was used to extract copper; this was used for much of the total copper production. In the 17th century it was used for the same p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Benzenediazonium chloride reacts with compounds containing activated double bonds to produce phenylated products. The reaction is called the Meerwein arylation: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oxaziridines with unsubstituted or acylated nitrogens are capable of nitrogen atom transfer, although this reactivity has received considerably less attention. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
# Despite scientific advances in making microdialysis probes smaller and more efficient, the invasive nature of this technique still poses some practical and ethical limitations. For example, it has been shown that implantation of a microdialysis probe can alter tissue morphology resulting in disturbed microcirculation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The complex consists of three main proteins, the RNA helicase Ski2 and the proteins Ski3 and Ski8. This tetramer contains a 370 kDa core complex, containing N-terminal arms and C-terminal arms from Ski3. The helicase core of Ski2 is positioned by both the C-terminal of Ski3 and two subunits of Ski8. | 1 | Biochemistry |
MLST has provided a more richly textured picture of bacteria within human populations and on strain variants that may be pathogenic to human, plants and animals. MLST technique was first used by Maiden et al. (1) to characterize Neisseria meningitidis using six loci. The application of MLST has clearly resolved the maj... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The principle how SAF Microscopy works is as follows: A fluorescent specimen does not emit fluorescence isotropically when it comes close to a surface, but approximately 70% of the fluorescence emitted is directed into the solid phase. Here, the main part enters the solid body above the critical angle. When the emitter... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The amorphous material produced by melt spinning is considered a soft magnet. That is to say that their natural coercivity is less than 1000 Am-1, which means that the metal's magnetism is more responsive to outside influences and as a result can be easily switched on and off. This makes amorphous metals particularly u... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Rudd grew up in Bournemouth and attended Bournemouth School for Girls. As a child she wanted to be a physicist. Her uncle was a physicist, and Rudd joined the British Junior Astronomical Association. She was the only girl in a group of 48 boys, and said she was never allowed to look down the telescope. The male dominat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Strong Acids
* Perchloric acid HClO
* Hydriodic acid HI
* Hydrobromic acid HBr
* Hydrochloric acid HCl
* Sulfuric acid HSO
* Nitric acid HNO
* Chloric acid HClO
* Bromic acid HBrO
* Perbromic acid HBrO
* Periodic acid HIO
* Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF
* Magic acid FSOHSbF
* Carborane superacid H(CHBCl)
* Fluorosulfuric a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Kilju () is the Finnish word for home made alcoholic beverage typically made of sugar, yeast, and water.
The ABV is around 15–17%, and since it does not contain a sweet reserve it is completely dry. Crude fermented water may be distilled to moonshine. Kilju for consumption is clarified to avoid wine fault, it is a flax... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Decorin is an example of a proteoglycan which functions as a myokine. Kanzleiter et al have established that this myokine is secreted during muscular contraction against resistance, and plays a role in muscle growth. They reported on July 1, 2014: "The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin has been described as a myo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been suggested that one third of all disease-causing mutations impact on splicing. Common errors include:
*Mutation of a splice site resulting in loss of function of that site. Results in exposure of a premature stop codon, loss of an exon, or inclusion of an intron.
*Mutation of a splice site reducing specifici... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like all fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone carboxylic acid. It is a chiral molecule and the pure (−)-(S)-enantiomer of the racemic drug ofloxacin. This enantiomer binds more effectively to the DNA gyrase enzyme and to topoisomerase IV than its (+)-(R)-counterpart. Levofloxacin is referred to as ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Keith Fagnou (June 27, 1971 – November 11, 2009) was a Canadian organic chemist and studied education and was a professor of chemistry at University of Saskatchewan and associate professor of organic chemistry at the University of Ottawa. His research focused on developing new reactions that avoid unnecessary ac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Comins' reagent is a triflyl-donating reagent that is used to synthesize vinyl triflates from the corresponding ketone enolates or dienolates.
It was first reported in 1992 by Daniel Comins. The vinyl triflates prepared are useful as substrates in the Suzuki reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In research, whole-genome sequencing can be used in a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) – a project aiming to determine the genetic variant or variants associated with a disease or some other phenotype. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A glycosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of a glycosidic linkage to produce two smaller sugars. This process has important implications in the utilization of stored energy, like glycogen in animals, as well as in the breakdown of cellulose by organisms that feed on plants. In general, aspartic or glutami... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Neutron Activation Analysis has a wide variety of applications including within the fields of archaeology, soil science, geology, forensics, and the semiconductor industry. Forensically, hairs subjected to a detailed forensic neutron analysis to determine whether they had sourced from the same individuals was first use... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Surface diffusion is a general process involving the motion of adatoms, molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid material surfaces. The process can generally be thought of in terms of particles jumping between adjacent adsorption sites on a surface, as in figure 1. Just as in bulk diffusion, this motion is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sutherland and collaborators proposed a geochemical scenario to argue that cyanosulfidic synthesis was a plausible process on the early Earth. Their scenario starts following a meteorite impact leads to the production of HCN and phosphate. The meteorite fragments also supply the necessary sulfide for the reaction. As p... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the mobile pha... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For example, there are three distinct compounds with the molecular formula :
The first two isomers shown of are propanols, that is, alcohols derived from propane. Both have a chain of three carbon atoms connected by single bonds, with the remaining carbon valences being filled by seven hydrogen atoms and by a hydrox... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Protolysis mechanism of cis- and trans-β-chlorovinylmercury chlorides when acted upon by HCl and DCl
* Pd-Catalyzed amination of dibromobiphenyls in the synthesis of macrocycles comprising two biphenyl and two polyamine moieties
* The influence of the substituents in the electrofilic bimolecular reaction
* New trend... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Haplotype refers to a group of genetic variants inherited together on a chromosome from one parent due to their genetic linkage. Haplotype phasing (also called haplotype estimation) refers to the process of reconstructing individual haplotypes, important for determining the genetic basis of diseases. Linked-read sequen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Fluorosulfonic acid, FSOOH, is a related strong acid with a diminished tendency to evolve hydrogen fluoride.
*Bromosulfonic acid, BrSOOH, is unstable, decomposing at its melting point of 8 °C to give bromine, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid.
*Iodosulfonic acid is not known to occur. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.
Possible ultratrace elements in humans include boron, silicon, nickel, vanadium and cobalt.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The activity of SINEs however has genetic vestiges which do not seem to play a significant role, positive or negative, and manifest themselves in the genome as pseudogenes. SINEs however should not be mistaken as RNA pseudogenes. In general, pseudogenes are generated when processed mRNAs of protein-coding genes are re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In microprocessors, graphics processors and other high-end chips, hotspots can occur as power densities vary significantly across a chip. These hotspots can severely limit the performance of the devices. Because of the small size of the thermal bumps and the relatively high density at which they can be placed on the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fundamental series lines for rubidium appear in the near infrared. The valence electron moves from the 4d level as the 3d is contained in an inner shell. They were observed by R von Lamb.
Relevant energy levels are 4p4d j=5/2 19,355.282 cm and j=3/2 19,355.623 cm, and the first f levels at 4p4f j=5/2 26,792.185 cm ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fermentation does not require oxygen. If oxygen is present, some species of yeast (e.g., Kluyveromyces lactis or Kluyveromyces lipolytica) will oxidize pyruvate completely to carbon dioxide and water in a process called cellular respiration, hence these species of yeast will produce ethanol only in an anaerobic environ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems is a field project of the Census of Marine Life programme (CoML). The main aim of ChEss is to determine the biogeography of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems at a global scale and to understand the processes driving these ecosystems. ChEss addresses the main ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. In March 2006, the official Food Standards Agency in United Kingdom conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. It found that four contained benzene levels a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Tensorial Anisotropy Index A extends the Zener ratio for fully anisotropic materials and overcomes the limitation of the AU that is designed for materials exhibiting internal symmetries of elastic crystals, which is not always observed in multi-component composites. It takes into consideration all the 21 coefficie... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
V̇O max has been measured in other animal species. During loaded swimming, mice had a V̇O max of around 140 mL/(kg·min). Thoroughbred horses had a V̇O max of around 193 mL/(kg·min) after 18 weeks of high-intensity training. Alaskan huskies running in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race had V̇O max values as high as 240 mL... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is sometimes unclear what causes specific HABs as their occurrence in some locations appears to be entirely natural, while in others they appear to be a result of human activities. Furthermore, there are many different species of algae that can form HABs, each with different environmental requirements for optimal gr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylpyrimidine is the organic compound with the formula HC(BuC)NCBu where Bu = (CH)C. It is a substituted derivative of the heterocycle pyrimidine. Known also as TTBP, this compound is of interest as a base that is sufficiently bulky to not bind boron trifluoride but still able to bind protons. It is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Charge ordering can occur in compounds containing ions of mixed valence when the electrons, which are delocalised at high temperature, localize in an ordered pattern on different cation sites so that the material becomes insulating. When the pattern of localized electrons is polar, the charge ordered state is ferroelec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The repressor is an allosteric protein, i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes, which are in equilibrium with each other. In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity, and in the other form it has lost its specificity. According to the classical model of induct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thionoesters are isomeric with thioesters. In a thionoester, sulfur replaces the carbonyl oxygen in an ester. Methyl thionobenzoate is CHC(S)OCH. Such compounds are typically prepared by the reaction of the thioacyl chloride with an alcohol.
They can also be made by the reaction of Lawesson's reagent with esters or by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the history of food, ancient fermented food processes, such as making bread, wine, cheese, curds, idli, dosa, etc., can be dated to more than seven thousand years ago. They were developed long before humanity had any knowledge of the existence of the microorganisms involved. Some foods such as Marmite are the byprod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lanthanides can be used because their small size (ionic radius) gives them the ability to replace metal ions inside protein complex such as calcium or nickel. The optical properties of lanthanide ions such as Ln(III) originate in the special features of their electronic [Xe]4f configurations. These configurations gener... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reversible Michaelis–Menten law, as with many enzymatic rate laws, can be decomposed into a capacity term, a thermodynamic term, and an enzyme saturation level. This is more easily seen when we write the reversible rate law as:
where is the capacity term, the thermodynamic term and
the saturation term. The separ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
is a trigonal pyramidal molecule with C molecular symmetry. The length of the P−H bond is 1.42 Å, the H−P−H bond angles are 93.5°. The dipole moment is 0.58 D, which increases with substitution of methyl groups in the series: , 1.10 D; , 1.23 D; , 1.19 D. In contrast, the dipole moments of amines decrease with substitu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Classically, ILs consist of salts of unsymmetrical, flexible organic cations with symmetrical weakly coordinating anions. Both cationic and anionic components have been widely varied. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Romans made full use of the brown- and ochre-coloured stone in the Weald, and many of their roads there are the means of transport for the ore, and were extensively metalled with slag from iron smelting. The sites of about 113 bloomeries have been identified as Roman, mainly in East Sussex. The Weald was in this p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Oxidation of RIS occurs rapidly under ambient conditions This is especially true for iron monosulfides, which have a higher surface area than iron disulfides.
Monosulfidic material will change from pitch black to light brown within minutes of being exposed to air (see images below). Consequently, acid sulfate soil sam... | 9 | Geochemistry |
He received his B.A. in chemistry and physics from Harvard in 1963, and was then a Henry fellow at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge. In 1967, he received his Ph.D. in biophysics from Harvard, was a research fellow there as well as a junior fellow in the Society of Fellows, and joined the Harvard fac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
:See Immobilized enzyme for more information.
There are several reasons for immobilizing an enzyme. In addition to more convenient handling of the enzyme, it provides for its facile separation from the product, thereby minimizing or eliminating protein contamination of the product. Immobilization also facilitates the e... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Corrosion in Ballast Tanks is the deterioration process where the surface of a ballast tank progresses from microblistering, to hydroscaletric electration, and finally to cracking of the tank steel itself.
::“Effective corrosion control in segregated water ballast spaces is probably the single most important feature, n... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In physical chemistry and materials science, texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample (it is also part of the geological fabric). A sample in which these orientations are fully random is said to have no distinct texture. If the crystallographic orientations are not random... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The expression of HERV-K, a biologically active family of HERV, produces proteins found in placenta. Furthermore, the expression of the envelope genes of HERV-W ([https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=13525 ERVW-1] ) and HERV-FRD ([https://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=33823 ERVFRD-1] ) pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Keto–enol tautomerism is important in several areas of biochemistry.
The high phosphate-transfer potential of phosphoenolpyruvate results from the fact that the phosphorylated compound is "trapped" in the less thermodynamically favorable enol form, whereas after dephosphorylation it can assume the keto form.
The enzyme... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polyamorphism may apply to all amorphous states, i.e. glasses, other amorphous solids, supercooled liquids, ordinary liquids or fluids. A liquid–liquid transition however, is one that occurs only in the liquid state (red line in the phase diagram, top right). In this article liquid–liquid transitions are defined as tra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although Agricola died in 1555, the publication was delayed until the completion of the extensive and detailed woodcuts one year after his death.
A German translation was published in 1557 and a second Latin edition appeared in 1561. A version in Spanish, though not a mere translation, was produced by Bernardo Pérez d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Crudden was appointed a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council postdoctoral fellow at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign working with Scott E. Denmark in 1995. She moved to University of New Brunswick in 1996 where she started her own research group. In 2002, she was appointed a Queen's National Scho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sulfinamides are traditionally produced by the reaction of sulfinyl chlorides with primary or secondary amines. They also arise by the addition of Grignard reagents to sulfinylamines, followed by protonation:
:RMgX + RN=S=O → RS(O)(NRMgX)
:RS(O)(NRMgX) + HO → RS(O)(NRH) + "MgX(OH)"
Yet another route entails... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To understand cases of real chemical reactions, the HOMO-LUMO-centered view is modified by understanding of further complex, electrophile-specific repulsive and attractive electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions that alter the altitudinal BD angle, and bias the azimuthal Flippin-Lodge angle toward one substituent ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an infrared spectrum the intensity of an absorption band is proportional to the derivative of the molecular dipole moment with respect to the normal coordinate. Likewise, the intensity of Raman bands depends on the derivative of polarizability with respect to the normal coordinate. There is also a dependence on the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LEAPER is analogous to CRISPR Cas-13 in that it targets RNA before proteins are synthesized. However, LEAPER is simpler and more efficient as it only requires , rather than Cas and a guide RNA. According to the developers of LEAPER, it has the potential to be easier and more precise than any CRISPR technique.
LEAPER al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris, usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides, sulfides, sulfates, and carbonates, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. In clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Similar to the ring-formation behavior in the carbene addition reaction of C=C double bonds, diphosphene can form a P-C-P three-membered ring with dihalocarbene or . Diphosphiranes can further rearrange to 1,3-diphospha-allene via ring opening reactions by using MeLi or n-BuLi. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Its use as an analgesic during labor is not advised due to its long onset of action (1 hour). The ratio of the mean concentration of the drug in the fetus compared to that of the mother when it is given intramuscularly for labor pains has been estimated to be 1:94. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The inner chloroplast membrane borders the stroma and regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. After passing through the TOC complex in the outer chloroplast membrane, polypeptides must pass through the TIC complex (translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane) which is located in the inner chlorop... | 5 | Photochemistry |
More generally, systems in equilibrium at temperature have probability of occupying a state with energy weighted by the corresponding Boltzmann factor:
where is the partition function. Again, it is the energy-like quantity that takes central importance.
Consequences of this include (in addition to the results for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Libration (from the Latin verb librare "to balance, to sway"; cf. libra "scales") is a type of reciprocating motion in which an object with a nearly fixed orientation repeatedly rotates slightly back and forth. In physics and chemistry, a molecule (or other group of atoms) can undergo libration if it is subject to exte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2009, a different kind of Rydberg molecule was finally created by researchers from the University of Stuttgart. There, the interaction between a Rydberg atom and a ground state atom leads to a novel bond type. Two rubidium atoms were used to create the molecule which survived for 18 microseconds.
In 2015, a trilobit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Autoacceleration (gel effect, Trommsdorff–Norrish effect) is a dangerous reaction behavior that can occur in free-radical polymerization systems. It is due to the localized increases in viscosity of the polymerizing system that slow termination reactions. The removal of reaction obstacles therefore causes a rapid incre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From the equality of the flow parameters on two different days , measured values on one day can be corrected to those that would be measured on a standard day so,
where are measured values and 519 degR and 14.7lb/sq in are the standard day temperature and pressure.
The temperature and pressure correction factors... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From the industrial perspective, the dominant reactions of the diols is in the production of polyurethanes and alkyd resins. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ninhydrin can be used in Kaiser test to monitor deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis. The chain is linked via its C-terminus to the solid support, with the N-terminus extending off it. When that nitrogen is deprotected, a ninhydrin test yields blue. Amino-acid residues are attached with their N-terminus protec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which redox reactions occur based on the free energy gained from redox pairs. These redox gradients form both spatially and temporally as a result of differences in microbial... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At distances on the scale of the wavelength of a radiated electromangetic wave or smaller, Planck's law is not accurate. For objects this small and close together, the quantum tunneling of EM waves has a significant impact on the rate of radiation.
A more sophisticated framework involving electromagnetic theory must be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a phenomenon that is observed with certain organic luminophores (fluorescent dyes).
The photoemission efficiencies of most organic compounds is higher in solution than in the solid state. Photoemission from some organic compounds follows the reverse pattern, being greater in the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cycling probe technology (CPT) is a molecular biological technique for detecting specific DNA sequences. CPT operates under isothermal conditions. In some applications, CPT offers an alternative to PCR. However, unlike PCR, CPT does not generate multiple copies of the target DNA itself, and the amplification of the si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
X-ray crystallography is the primary method for determining the molecular conformations of biological macromolecules, particularly protein and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. The double-helical structure of DNA was deduced from crystallographic data. The first crystal structure of a macromolecule was solved in 1958,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Partitioning in digital PCR increases sensitivity and allows for detection of rare events, especially single nucleotide variants (SNVs), by isolating or greatly diminishing the target biomarker signal from potentially competing background. These events can be organized into two classes: rare mutation detection and rare... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The intracellular degradation of protein may be achieved in two ways—proteolysis in lysosome, or a ubiquitin-dependent process that targets unwanted proteins to proteasome. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is normally a non-selective process, but it may become selective upon starvation whereby proteins with peptide sequ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Increase in the melting point, boiling point, solubility, and viscosity of many compounds can be explained by the concept of hydrogen bonding.
* Negative azeotropy of mixtures of HF and water.
* The fact that ice is less dense than liquid water is due to a crystal structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
* Dramaticall... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Examples of other type of method of the magnetic particle capturing device are as follows.
* Pen type capture
* Tube type capture | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2020, the monoclonal antibody therapies bamlanivimab/etesevimab and casirivimab/imdevimab were given emergency use authorizations by the US Food and Drug Administration to reduce the number of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and deaths. In September 2021, the Biden administration purchased billion worth of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metaphosphoric acid () is a colorless, vitreous, deliquescent solid, density 2.2 to 2.5 g/cc, which sublimes upon heating. It is soluble in ethanol. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The database content can be viewed in self-contained, pre-defined pathways. The database can also dynamically generate interaction networks to visualize the results of database searches. Pathways and dynamically generated networks are displayed in GIF and SVG images and can be downloaded as XML (including the standard ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The two principal methods of measuring total dissolved solids are gravimetric analysis and conductivity. Gravimetric methods are the most accurate and involve evaporating the liquid solvent and measuring the mass of residues left. This method is generally the best, although it is time-consuming. If inorganic salts comp... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Inert anodes are non-carbon based alternatives to traditional anodes used during aluminum reduction. These anodes do not chemically react with the electrolyte, and are therefore not consumed during the reduction process. Because the anode does not contain carbon, carbon dioxide is not produced. Through a review of lite... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hess's law is useful in the determination of enthalpies of the following:
#Heats of formation of unstable intermediates like CO and NO.
#Heat changes in phase transitions and allotropic transitions.
#Lattice energies of ionic substances by constructing Born–Haber cycles if the electron affinity to form the anion is kno... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perennial plants whose leaves are shed annually are said to have deciduous leaves, while leaves that remain through winter are evergreens.
Leaves attached to stems by stalks (known as petioles) are called petiolate, and if attached directly to the stem with no petiole they are called sessile.
* Ferns have fronds.
* Co... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The rate for the hydrolysis of cobalt(III) ammine halide complexes are deceptive, appearing to be associative but proceeding by an alternative pathway. The hydrolysis of [Co(NH)Cl] follows second order kinetics: the rate increases linearly with concentration of hydroxide as well as the starting complex. Based on this i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The potential of mean force is usually applied in the Boltzmann inversion method as a first guess for the effective pair interaction potential that ought to reproduce the correct radial distribution function in a mesoscopic simulation.
Lemkul et al. have used steered molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the pot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CS is synthesized by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation:
::ClCHCHO + HC(CN) → ClCHCHC(CN) + HO
The reaction is catalysed with a weak base like piperidine or pyridine. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Corson and Stoughton. Ot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Segura and Quiles concluded that chilling stress only induces chlororespiration when the stem is significantly cool and the roots are simultaneously warmer compared to the average Spathiphyllum wallisii in controlled conditions. Segura and Quiles notice that PS II is present in chloroplast, (which is lacking in roots),... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The transition state model for a six-membered oxocarbenium ring was proposed earlier in 1992 by Woods et al. The general strategy for determining the stereochemistry of a nucleophilic addition to a six-membered ring follows a similar procedure to the case of the five-membered ring. The assumption that one makes for thi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
FDA hydrolysis is often used to measure activity in soil and compost samples; however, it may not give an accurate reading if microbes with lower activity phases, such as esterases, cleave the fluorescein first.
It is also used in combination with propidium iodide (PI) to determine viability in eukaryotic cells. Living... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnetofection has been tested on a broad range of cell lines, hard-to-transfect and primary cells. Several optimized and efficient magnetic nanoparticle formulations have been specifically developed for several types of applications such as DNA, siRNA, and primary neuron transfection as well as viral applications.
Mag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Five states are located along about of Caspian coastline. The length of the coastline of these countries:
# Kazakhstan -
# Turkmenistan -
# Azerbaijan -
# Russia -
# Iran - | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Substances in the chain-melted state display properties of both a solid and a liquid. The co-author of a study regarding the chain-melted state, Andreas Hermann, stated that if the matter were hypothetically to be handled by a person, it would be like holding a wet sponge that is leaking water, while the sponge itself ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In plants, production of 5-ALA is the step on which the speed of synthesis of chlorophyll is regulated. Plants that are fed by external 5-ALA accumulate toxic amounts of chlorophyll precursor, protochlorophyllide, indicating that the synthesis of this intermediate is not suppressed anywhere downwards in the chain of r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rotation of plane polarized light by chiral substances was first observed by Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1812, and gained considerable importance in the sugar industry, analytical chemistry, and pharmaceuticals. Louis Pasteur deduced in 1848 that this phenomenon has a molecular basis. The term chirality itself was coined... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Kubelka–Munk equation describes the remission from a sample composed of an infinite number of infinitesimal layers, each having as an absorption fraction, and as a remission fraction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.