text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Source:
The spacer is an integral part of the FSL Kode construct and gives it several important characteristics including water dispersibility.
* Length – the spacer can be varied in length, for example 1.9 nm (Ad), 7.2 nm (CMG2), 11.5 nm (CMG4), allowing for enhanced presentation of Functional groups at the biosurface... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Crankshaft reconditioning or conditioning
*Corrosion protection
*Fouling protection
*Altering thermal conductivity or electrical conductivity
*Wear control: either hardfacing (wear-resistant) or abradable coating
*Repairing damaged surfaces
*Temperature/oxidation protection (thermal barrier coatings)
*Medical implants... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology [https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-photochemistry-and-photobiology]
* ChemPhotoChem [https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/23670932]
* Photochemistry and Photobiology [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17511097]
* Photochemical & Photo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Most equilibrium fractionations are thought to result from the reduction in vibrational energy (especially zero-point energy) when a more massive isotope is substituted for a less massive one. This leads to higher concentrations of the massive isotopes in substances where the vibrational energy is most sensitive to iso... | 9 | Geochemistry |
(+)-Discodermolide is a highly potent antiproliferative agent. (+)-Discodermolide treated murine Do11.10T hybridoma cells could not proceed normal cell cycling. In untreated controls, 68% of cells were found at G1 phase, and 31% were found at S phase, and less than 1% was found at the G2/M phase. However, after 3 hour... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Any process that results in the production of methane and its release into the atmosphere can be considered a "source". The known sources of methane are predominantly located near the Earth's surface. Two main processes that are responsible for methane production include microorganisms anaerobically converting organic ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
After leaching, the leach liquor must normally undergo concentration of the metal ions that are to be recovered. Additionally, undesirable metal ions sometimes require removal.
*Precipitation is the selective removal of a compound of the targeted metal or removal of a major impurity by precipitation of one of its com... | 8 | Metallurgy |
(p)ppGpp, guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate, also known as the "magic spot" nucleotides, are alarmones involved in the stringent response in bacteria that cause the inhibition of RNA synthesis when there is a shortage of amino acids. This inhibition by (p)ppGpp decreases translation in the cell, conserving am... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sialyl lewis x is important in ABO blood antigen determination.
SLex is also important to proper immune response. P-selectin release from Weibel-Palade bodies, on blood vessel endothelial cells, can be induced by a number of factors. One such factor is the response of the endothelial cell to certain bacterial molecules... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vincenzo Balzani (born 15 November 1936 in Forlimpopoli, Italy) is an Italian chemist, now emeritus professor at the University of Bologna. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Crack extension, as opposed to crack onset, is the rate determining step for solid induced-metal embrittlement. The main mechanism leading to solid metal induced embrittlement is multilayer surface self-diffusion of the embrittler at the crack tip. Propagation rate of a crack undergoing metal-induced embrittlement is a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Spalling is a common mechanism of rock weathering, and occurs at the surface of a rock when there are large shear stresses under the surface. This form of mechanical weathering can be caused by freezing and thawing, unloading, thermal expansion and contraction, or salt deposition. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In UIT, ultrasonic waves are produced by an electro-mechanical ultrasonic transducer, and applied to a workpiece. An acoustically tuned resonator bar is caused to vibrate by energizing it with a magnetostrictive or Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. The energy generated from these high frequency impulses is imparte... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Bailey peptide synthesis is a name reaction in organic chemistry developed 1949 by J. L. Bailey. It is a method for the synthesis of a peptide from α-amino acid-N-carboxylic acid anhydrides (NCAs) and amino acids or peptide esters. The reaction is characterized by short reaction times and a high yield of the target... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal. The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold. However, gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on the typical gravity casting process, called slush casting, produces hollow ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Of commercial interest, acyl chlorides react with HF to give acyl fluorides. Aromatic (as well as aliphatic) acyl fluorides are conveniently prepared directly from carboxylic acids, using stable, inexpensive commodity chemicals: , NBS and in a bench-top protocol. Cyanuric fluoride converts carboxylic acids to acyl flu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The transition temperature of an ELP depends to a certain extent on the identity of the "X" residue found at the fourth position of the pentapeptide monomeric unit. Residues that are highly hydrophobic, such as leucine and phenylalanine, tend to decrease the transition temperature. On the other hand, residues that are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chlorophyll-a concentration is sometimes used to measure water clarity, especially when suspended sediments and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations are low. Chlorophyll-a concentration is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass, which is one way to quantify how turbid the water is due to biological primary produc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
John Scott Newman (born November 17, 1938) is an American retired academic. A professor and renowned battery and electrochemical engineer researcher, he worked at the University of California in the Department of Chemical Engineering. The Newman Research Group was established with the goal of identifying "efficient and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aside from the slowing and/or reversal of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. For example, the elevated oceanic levels of may produce -induced acidification of body fluids, known a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Initially, in a glutamatergic synapse, the neurotransmitter glutamate is released from the neurons and is taken up into the synaptic cleft. Glutamate residing in the synapse must be rapidly removed in one of three ways:
# Uptake into the postsynaptic compartment,
# Re-uptake into the presynaptic compartment, or
# Upta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A star supplies its own energy from nuclear sources, and hence the temperature equilibrium cannot be defined in terms of incident energy only.
Cox and Giuli (1968/1984) define radiative equilibrium for a star, taken as a whole and not confining attention only to its atmosphere, when the rate of transfer as heat of ener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The drug consists of exametazime as a chelating agent for the radioisotope technetium-99m. Both enantiomeric forms of exametazime are used—the drug is racemic. The third stereoisomer of this structure, the meso form, is not included. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The catalysis of this mechanism is initiated by the deprotonation of TPP at the thiazolium ring. This carbanion then binds to the carbonyl of the donor substrate thus cleaving the bond between C-2 and C-3. This keto fragment remains covalently bound to the C-2 carbon of TPP. The donor substrate is then released, and... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While EPIC-seq offers significant potential in various biomedical applications, it also has limitations that warrant consideration in its implementation and interpretation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A class of aliphatic acids (volatile fatty acids as a kind of carboxylic acid) was found in female rhesus monkeys that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in hum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While tubulin and related structural proteins also bind and hydrolyze GTP as part of their function to form intracellular tubules, these proteins utilize a distinct tubulin domain that is unrelated to the G domain used by signaling GTPases.
There are also GTP-hydrolyzing proteins that use a P-loop from a superclass oth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleic acids have an important range of interactions with Mg. The binding of Mg to DNA and RNA stabilises structure; this can be observed in the increased melting temperature (T) of double-stranded DNA in the presence of Mg. In addition, ribosomes contain large amounts of Mg and the stabilisation provided is essential... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reporter genes are used in some cloning vectors to facilitate the screening of successful clones by using features of these genes that allow successful clone to be easily identified. Such features present in cloning vectors may be the lacZα fragment for α complementation in blue-white selection, and/or marker gene or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 is produced in heterodimer form by B cells and antigen-presenting cells. Binding of IL-12 to IL-12R, which is composed of two different subunits (IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2), leads to the interaction of IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2 with JAK2 and TYK2, which is followed by phosphorylation of STAT4 tyrosi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Institute brings together over 200 technical and scientific staff with a panel of expertise ranging from theoretical chemistry to physics, through modeling, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry. The ISA also has a tip and global instrumentation equipment: NMR spectrometer (1Ghz), hosted by the «Very High Fields N... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Zero Carbon World were one of the Sponsors of the 2012 Bath Film Festival which included a showing of Revenge of the Electric Car. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a special form of photosynthesis used by some bacteria and archaea, which differs from the better known oxygenic photosynthesis in plants in the reductant used (e.g. hydrogen sulfide instead of water) and the byproduct generated (e.g. elemental sulfur instead of molecular oxygen). | 5 | Photochemistry |
Although available commercially, diethyl azodicarboxylate can be prepared fresh in the laboratory, especially if required in pure, non-diluted form. A two-step synthesis starts from hydrazine, first by alkylation with ethyl chloroformate, followed by treating the resulting diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate with chlorine (bu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), also known as carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, is the C-terminal telopeptide of fibrillar collagens such as collagen type I and type II. It is used as a biomarker in the serum to measure the rate of bone turnover. It can be useful in assisting clinicians to determine a patients no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On the other hand, softer, more polarisable centres prefer to coordinate in a more covalent manner through the phosphorus atom. Examples of this include complexes accommodating a neutral or sparsely charged transition metal centre. The first example of this nature of PCO binding was published by Grutzmacher and co-work... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The number of entities (symbol N) in a one-mole sample equals the Avogadro number (symbol N), a dimensionless quantity.
Historically, N approximates the number of nucleons (protons or neutrons) in one gram of ordinary matter.
The Avogadro constant (symbol ) has numerical multiplier given by the Avogadro number with the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A three- dimensional translation slides every point in space by a fixed distance in the x-direction, a fixed distance in the y-direction, and a fixed distance in the z-direction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An oceanographic water mass is an identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water. Properties include temperature, salinity, chemical - isotopic ratios, and other physical quantities which are conservative flow tracers. Water mass is also identifi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In Chapter 12 of The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, entitled "Violations," Woodward and Hoffmann famously stated:This pronouncement notwithstanding, it is important to recognize that the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are used to predict relative barrier heights, and thus likely reaction mechanisms, and that they only take... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term quantum efficiency (QE) may apply to incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) ratio of a photosensitive device, or it may refer to the TMR effect of a magnetic tunnel junction.
This article deals with the term as a measurement of a devices electrical sensitivity to light. In a charge-coupled device (CCD) o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fugacity is most useful in mixtures. It does not add any new information compared to the chemical potential, but it has computational advantages. As the molar fraction of a component goes to zero, the chemical potential diverges but the fugacity goes to zero. In addition, there are natural reference states for fuga... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Circular DNA are more strongly affected by ethidium bromide concentration than linear DNA if ethidium bromide is present in the gel during electrophoresis. All naturally occurring DNA circles are underwound, but ethidium bromide which intercalates into circular DNA can change the charge, length, as well as the superhe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spirapril, sold under the brand name Renormax among others, is an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive drug used to treat hypertension. It belongs to dicarboxy group of ACE inhibitors.
It was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1995. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The term "physical chemistry" was coined by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752, when he presented a lecture course entitled "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" () before the students of Petersburg University. In the preamble to these lectures he gives the definition: "Physical chemistry is the science that must explain under ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosgene oxime is classified as a vesicant even though it does not produce blisters. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. The effects of the poisoning occur almost immediately. No antidote for phosgene oxime poisoning is known. Generally, any treatment is supportive. Typical physical symptoms of CX ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is synthesized as a by-product in the autoxidation of cumene, which mainly affords cumene hydroperoxide. Alternatively, it can be produced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to α-methylstyrene.
Of the ca. 60,000 ton/y production of dialkyl peroxides, dicumyl peroxide is dominant. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2006, the wells of a neighborhood in Jacksonville, Maryland, were contaminated by a spill of 26,000 gallons of gasoline from an Exxon-Mobil station in the area, resulting in an ongoing court battle. The suit has been filed by the state of Marylands Department of the Environment on behalf of the areas residents, seek... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic messages are subject to surveillance by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which checks for the presence of premature stop codons (nonsense codons) in the message. These can arise via incomplete splicing, V(D)J recombination in the adaptive immune system, mutations in DNA, transcription errors, leaky scanning by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) is a solid-state electrochemical device that is operated alternatively as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Similarly to SOFCs, rSOCs are made of a dense electrolyte sandwiched between two porous electrodes. Their operating temperature ranges... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, the Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) approach is an approximation for calculating free-energies of a chemical reaction in condensed-phase. It was first developed by Israeli chemist Arieh Warshel, and was inspired by the way Marcus theory uses potential surfaces to calculate the probability of elec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spectrophotometry is a branch of electromagnetic spectroscopy concerned with the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spectrophotometers, that can measure the intensity of a light beam at different w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydroxylamine or its salts (salts containing hydroxylammonium cations ) can be produced via several routes but only two are commercially viable. It is also produced naturally as discussed in a section on biochemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are several kinds of Dimetcote, designed for different working environments.
* Dimetcote 21-5
* Dimetcote 3a
* Dimetcote 9H
* Dimetcote 9
* Dimetcote 11
* Dimetcote 302H
* Dimetcote 4 | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because of differences in their electron shells, singlet and triplet oxygen differ in their chemical properties; singlet oxygen is highly reactive. The lifetime of singlet oxygen depends on the medium and pressure. In normal organic solvents, the lifetime is only a few microseconds whereas in solvents lacking C-H bonds... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oxaloacetate forms in several ways in nature. A principal route is upon oxidation of -malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, in the citric acid cycle. Malate is also oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase in a slow reaction with the initial product being enol-oxaloacetate. <br>
It also arises from the condensation of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sequence-based classification methods have proven to be a powerful way of generating hypotheses for protein function based on sequence alignment to related proteins. The carbohydrate-active enzyme database presents a sequence-based classification of glycosyltransferases into over 90 families. The same three-dimensional... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Jameson Cell grew out of a long-term research program aimed at improving the recovery of fine particles by flotation. The work started at Imperial College London, and continued when Jameson moved in 1978 to the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, where he is Laureate Professor (2015). | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reactor operates by converting organic analytes after GC separation into methane before detection by FID. The oxidation and reduction reactions occur sequentially, wherein the organic compound is first combusted into molecules of carbon dioxide, which are subsequently reduced to methane molecules. The following rea... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Simple rows or clusters of sharpened sticks (nowadays also known as punji sticks), and small caltrops have been used in anti-infantry warfare since antiquity. However, due to the difficulty of mass-producing them in the pre-modern age, they were rarely used except in the defense of limited areas or chokepoints, especia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SedDB was developed, operated and maintained by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory as part of the Integrated Earth Data Applications ([http://www.iedadata.org/ IEDA]) Research Group funded by the US Nation... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One product of fatty acid metabolism are the prostaglandins, compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid. Every prostaglandin ther... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peters died from hospital-acquired COVID-19 on April 13, 2020, four days before his 83rd birthday. He contracted the virus while in a Bloomington hospital recovering from a fall.
Peters name was included in the May 2020 New York Times tribute U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss to the 100,000 Americans who ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The C-B bonds generated by hydroboration are reactive with various reagents, the most common one being hydrogen peroxide. Because the addition of H-B to olefins is stereospecific, this oxidation reaction will be diastereoselective when the alkene is trisubstituted. Hydroboration-oxidation is thus an excellent way of pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iodine in 2000. For people age 14 and up, the iodine RDA is 150 μg/day; the RDA for pregnant women is 220 μg/day and the RDA during lactation is 290 μg/day. For children aged 1–8 years, the R... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages (including Karlodinium and Karenia) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast, and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont. Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes. Because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The determination of phosphorus, arsenic, silicon and germanium are examples of the use of heteropoly-molybdenum blue in analytical chemistry. The following example describes the determination of phosphorus. A sample containing the phosphate is mixed with an acid solution of Mo, for example ammonium molybdate, to produ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cis and trans isomers have distinct physical properties. Their differing shapes influences the dipole moments, boiling, and especially melting points.
These differences can be very small, as in the case of the boiling point of straight-chain alkenes, such as pent-2-ene, which is 37 °C in the cis isomer and 36 °C in the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a propynyl group is a propyl bearing a triple bond.
* The 1-propynyl group has the structure CH-C≡C–R.
* The 2-propynyl group is also known as a propargyl group, and has the structure HC≡C−CH–R. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aminolevulinic acid utilization is promising in the field of cancer delineation, particularly in the context of fluorescence-guided surgery. This compound is utilized to enhance the visualization of malignant tissues during surgical procedures. When administered to patients, 5-ALA is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (P... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many reactions produce carboxylic acids but are used only in specific cases or are mainly of academic interest.
* Disproportionation of an aldehyde in the Cannizzaro reaction
* Rearrangement of diketones in the benzilic acid rearrangement
* Involving the generation of benzoic acids are the von Richter reaction from nit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:
where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γ is the surf... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM), previously termed the chemokine-like factor superfamily (CKLFSF), consists of 9 proteins, some of which have various isoforms due to alternative splicing of their respective genes. These proteins along with their isoforms are:
*Chemokine-like factor (C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene targeting holds enormous promise to make targeted, user-defined sequence changes or sequence insertions in the genome. However its primary applications - human disease modelling and plant genome engineering - are hindered by the low efficiency of homologous recombination in comparison to the competing non-homologo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
More typically for laboratory operations, the Prilezhaev reaction is employed. This approach involves the oxidation of the alkene with a peroxyacid such as mCPBA. Illustrative is the epoxidation of styrene with perbenzoic acid to styrene oxide:
The reaction proceeds via what is commonly known as the "Butterfly Mechanis... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Only a small minority of enzyme-catalysed reactions have just one substrate, and even the number is increased by treating two-substrate reactions in which one substrate is water as one-substrate reactions the number is still small. One might accordingly suppose that the Michaelis–Menten equation, normally written with ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two main non-correlation alternatives to FCS that are widely used to study the dynamics of fluorescent species. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After finishing his Ph.D., Willard returned to Michigan to rejoin the faculty; he became a full professor in 1922 and retired from the university, assuming professor emeritus status, in 1951. He was designated the Henry Russel Lecturer in 1948, noted as the university's highest distinction. He was known for his strong ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mass–action ratio, often denoted by , is the ratio of the product concentrations, p, to reactant concentrations, s. The concentrations may or may not be at equilibrium.
This assumes that the stoichiometric amounts are all unity. If not, then each concentration must be raised to the power of its corresponding stoich... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Primary hydrogen kinetic isotope effects refer to cases in which a bond to the isotopically labeled hydrogen is formed or broken at a rate- and/or product-determining step of a reaction. These are the most commonly measured kinetic isotope effects, and much of the previously covered theory refers to primary kinetic iso... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the major products of the methylcitrate cycle is pyruvate. This pyruvate can be used by metabolic enzymes for energy and biomass formation. The other major product, succinate, is used in the citric acid cycle and helps to carry the reaction forward and restarts the cycle. Succinate is used by the citric acid an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When two solid bodies come in contact, such as A and B in Figure 1, heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body. From experience, the temperature profile along the two bodies varies, approximately, as shown in the figure. A temperature drop is observed at the interface between the two surfaces in contact. This p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At higher temperatures RuBisCO is less able to discriminate between and . This is because the enediol intermediate is less stable. Increasing temperatures also lower the solubility of , thus lowering the concentration of relative to in the chloroplast. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The protein is 273 amino acids in length with the first 23 residues acting as a signal peptide which is subsequently cleaved. It has a Uniprot accession of [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02872 P02872]. There are over 20 structures of this protein in the PDB which reveal and all beta-sheet protein with a tetrameric q... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An AFM probe has a sharp tip on the free-swinging end of a cantilever that protrudes from a holder. The dimensions of the cantilever are in the scale of micrometers. The radius of the tip is usually on the scale of a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers. (Specialized probes exist with much larger end radii, for e... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The osmotic stress technique is a method for measuring the effect of water on biological molecules, particularly enzymes. Just as the properties of molecules can depend on the presence of salts, pH, and temperature, they can depend significantly on the amount of water present. In the osmotic stress technique, flexibl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Joseph Achille Le Bel (21 January 1847 in Pechelbronn – 6 August 1930, in Paris, France) was a French chemist. He is best known for his work in stereochemistry. Le Bel was educated at the École Polytechnique in Paris. In 1874 he announced his theory outlining the relationship between molecular structure and optical act... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic 5-HT receptors, which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstrea... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zintl phases can be prepared in regular solid state reactions, usually performed under an inert atmosphere or in a molten salt solution. Typical solid state methods include direct reduction of corresponding oxides in solution phase reactions in liquid ammonia or mercury. The product can be purified in some cases via zo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wetland restoration involves restoring a wetlands natural biological, geological, and chemical functions through re-establishment or rehabilitation. It has also been proposed as a potential climate change mitigation strategy. Wetland soil, particularly in coastal wetlands such as mangroves, sea grasses, and salt marshe... | 5 | Photochemistry |
As a system is formed from a solid surface and a drop of liquid, energy minima and maxima are produced by the free energy of the system. When the solid surface is rough or homogeneous, the system, which is made up of a solid, a liquid, and a fluid, could have multiple minima produced from the free energy at different m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since diffusion and transport of free ammonia across the cell membrane will affect the pH level of the cell, the more attractive and regulated way of transporting ammonia between the neuronal and the astrocytic compartment is via an amino-acid shuttle, of which there are two: leucine and alanine. The amino acid moves i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Allègre C.J., 2008. Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press).
*Dickin A.P., 2005. Radiogenic Isotope Geology (Cambridge University Press).
*Faure G., Mensing T. M. (2004), Isotopes: Principles and Applications (John Wiley & Sons).
*Hoefs J., 2004. Stable Isotope Geochemistry (Springer Verlag).
*Sharp Z., 2006. P... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The prototypical super leaving group is triflate, and the term has come to mean any leaving group of comparable ability. Compounds where loss of a super leaving group can generate a stable carbocation are usually highly reactive and unstable. Thus, the most commonly encountered organic triflates are methyl triflate and... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* m-Phenylene ethynylene oligomers are driven to fold into a helical conformation by solvophobic forces and aromatic stacking interactions.
* β-peptides are composed of amino acids containing an additional unit between the amine and carboxylic acid. They are more stable to enzymatic degradation and have been demons... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug, although some poisons act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well. Most drugs with parasympatholytic properties are anti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Uranus has an active methane cycle. Methane is converted to hydrocarbons through photolysis which condenses and as they are heated, release methane which rises to the upper atmosphere.
Studies by Grundy et al. (2006) indicate active carbon cycles operates on Titania, Umbriel and Ariel and Oberon through the ongoing sub... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The growth, development, and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division; the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells. This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication. The copies are made by specialized enzymes kn... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alkyl cycloalkanes are chemical compounds with an alkyl group with a single ring of carbons to which hydrogens are attached according to the formula
:CH.
They are named analogously to their normal alkane counterpart of the same carbon count: methylcyclopropane, methylcyclobutane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.