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Bromotrifluoromethane, commonly referred to by the code numbers Halon 1301, R13B1, Halon 13B1 or BTM, is an organic halide with the chemical formula CBrF. It is used for gaseous fire suppression as a far less toxic alternative to bromochloromethane. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Diels–Reese Reaction is a reaction between hydrazobenzene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (or related esters) first reported in 1934 by Otto Diels and Johannes Reese. Later work by others extended the reaction scope to include substituted hydrazobenzenes. The exact mechanism is not known. By changing the acidic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From 1985 to 1988, Bols did PhD with Professor Inge Lundt at the Technical University of Denmark. From 1988 to 1989, he did a post doc with professor Walter Szarek at Queens University before joining Leo Pharmaceuticals in 1989. From 1991 to 1995, he was Ass. Prof. at DTU only interrupted by a visit in the last 6 month... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The cyclic relation is also known as the cyclic rule or the Triple product rule. Setting the second term in brackets equal to zero yields
Using a reciprocity relation for on this equation and reordering gives a cyclic relation (the triple product rule),
If, instead, reciprocity relations for and are used with subseq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After John Macadam and her children's deaths his widow, Elizabeth Clark, later remarried. She married the Reverend John Dalziel Dickie, who was pastor at Colac for 32 years. They married on 26 February 1868 They had four daughters. Elizabeth Dickie died aged 82 in 1915, in Brighton, Victoria, as the widow of the Rev. D... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sulfates in solution in contact with concrete can cause chemical changes to the cement, which can cause significant microstructural effects leading to the weakening of the cement binder (chemical sulfate attack). Sulfate solutions can also cause damage to porous cementitious materials through crystallization and recrys... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1964 Impalco decided to offer Fulmer for sale.
At that time Dr (later Sir) James Taylor, who was Chairman of Imperial Metal Industries (IMI), was also the Honorary Treasurer of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society (IOP). He proposed that IOP should acquire Fulmer and thus become the first Learned Societ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
CBP and p300 are large nuclear proteins that bind to many sequence-specific factors involved in cell growth and/or differentiation, including c-jun and the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. The protein encoded by the PCAF gene associates with p300/CBP. It has in vitro and in vivo binding activity with CBP and p300, and compe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The classification of thermodynamic systems arose with the development of thermodynamics as a science.
Theoretical studies of thermodynamic processes in the period from the first theory of heat engines (Saadi Carnot, France, 1824) to the theory of dissipative structures (Ilya Prigozhin, Belgium, 1971) mainly concerned ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diagnostic serum creatinine studies are used to determine renal function. The reference interval is 0.6–1.3 mg/dL (53–115 μmol/L). Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test, and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function.
A rise in blood creatinine concentration is a late marker, observed only with mark... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nikolay Dmitriyevich Zelinsky (; 6 February 1861 – 31 July 1953) was a Russian and Soviet chemist. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1929).
Zelinsky studied at the University of Odessa and at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen in Germany. Zelinsky was one of the founders of theory on or... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An index of biological integrity (IBI), also called an index of biotic integrity, is a scientific tool typically used to identify and classify water pollution problems, although there have been some efforts to apply the idea to terrestrial environments. An IBI associates anthropogenic influences on a water body with bi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
P elements are transposable elements that were discovered in Drosophila as the causative agents of genetic traits called hybrid dysgenesis. The transposon is responsible for the P trait of the P element and it is found only in wild flies. They are also found in many other eukaryotes.
The name was first suggested by evo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alternative non-helical models were briefly considered in the late 1970s as a potential solution to problems in DNA replication in plasmids and chromatin. However, the models were set aside in favor of the double-helical model due to subsequent experimental advances such as X-ray crystallography of DNA duplexes and lat... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
More than 100 immune system disorders affect humans, including inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, bloom syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita. The Shapiro–Senapathy algorithm has been used to discover genes and mutations involved in man... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Post-mortem chemistry, also called necrochemistry or death chemistry, is a subdiscipline of chemistry in which the chemical structures, reactions, processes and parameters of a dead organism is investigated. Post-mortem chemistry plays a significant role in forensic pathology. Biochemical analyses of vitreous humor, ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemically, levorphanol belongs to the morphinan class and is (−)-3-hydroxy-N-methyl-morphinan. It is the "left-handed" (levorotatory) stereoisomer of racemorphan, the racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers with differing pharmacology. The "right-handed" (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of racemorphan is dextrorphan (DXO)... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5 end and a 3 end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5 to 3 direction respec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MUSE system mainly serves as a low-cost alternative to traditional histological analysis for cancer diagnostics with simpler and less time-consuming techniques. By integrating microscopy and fresh tissue fluorescence staining into an automated optical system, the overall acquiring time needed for getting digital images... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil). Aliphatic compounds can be saturated (in which all the C-C bonds are single requiring the structure to be completed, or saturated, by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein). A term derived from the lac operon, structural genes are typically viewed as those containing sequences of DNA corresponding to the amino acids of a protein that will be produced, as long as s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flucloxacillin is used for both staphylococcal and streptococcal skin infections. These include folliculitis, carbuncles, impetigo, ecthyma, cellulitis, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, and infections of skin conditions such as eczema, scabies, ulcers and acne. Due to the widespread belief that dual-therapy is needed... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Flow-induced dispersion analysis (FIDA) is an immobilization-free technology used for characterization and quantification of biomolecular interaction and protein concentration under native conditions. In the FIDA assay, the size of a ligand (indicator) with affinity to the target analyte is measured. When the indicator... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diffusion process can also be calculated with Arrhenius equation:
where D is the diffusion coefficient and E is diffusion activation energy.
All three processes strongly depend on surface morphology at a certain time. For example, atoms tend to lend at the edges of a group of connected atoms, the so-called island, rath... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbohydrate Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the chemistry of carbohydrates. It is published by Elsevier and was established in 1965. The editor-in-chief is M. Carmen Galan (University of Bristol). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.1... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) was an intended NASA Venture-class Earth observation mission that was designed to measure the carbon cycle. Originally intended to be mounted on a commercial geostationary communication satellite operated by SES S.A., a lack of hosting opportunities drove NASA to seek a ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Hyper-IL-6 protein has also been used to explore the physiologic role of Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in vivo. It turned out that this signaling mode was involved in many types of inflammation and cancer.
Hyper-IL-6 has helped to establish the concept of Interleukin-6 trans-signaling. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stereochemical information of a chiral monomer can be expressed in a supramolecular polymer. Helical supramolecular polymer with P-and M-conformation are widely seen, especially those composed of disc-shaped monomers. When the monomers are achiral, both P-and M-helices are formed in equal amounts. When the monomers ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In a rat model of premature aging, oxidative stress induced DNA damage in the neocortex and hippocampus was substantially higher than in normally aging control rats. Numerous studies have shown that the level of 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine, a product of oxidative stress, increases with age in the brain and muscle DNA of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases, particularly the caspase-3 activated DNase (CAD), with subsequent cleavage of nuclear DNA into internucleosomal fragments of roughly 180 base pairs (bp) a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Concentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive. Gloves made of nitrile rubber are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of strong acids, fluoride salts release hydrogen fluoride, which is corrosive, especially toward glass. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Design and fabrication of E-AB aptamers is consistent with methods used for previously reported aptamers. SELEX is a well known selection method for fabrication and selection of nucleotide aptamers. In 1990s, scientists introduced SELEX. Aptamers are chosen based on their in vitro target recognition through this proces... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani (born 1964) is an Iranian chemist and Professor of Organic Chemistry at Alzahra University. Mohammadi Ziarani is among the most-cited Iranian researchers and is known for her works on organic chemistry, nanochemistry, multi-component reactions, natural product synthesis, and asymmetric synthesi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the 1960s and '70s, the ever-growing list of strongly interacting particles — mesons and baryons — made it clear to physicists that none of these particles is elementary. Geoffrey Chew and others went so far as to question the distinction between composite and elementary particles, advocating a "nuclear ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Chemistry, a kryptoracemic compound or kryptoracemate (sometimes false conglomerate) is a racemic compound crystallizing in a Sohncke space group.
In most of the cases, racemic compounds crystallize in centrosymmetric crystal structures. In a kryptoracemic compound the chemical composition of the crystal is racemic ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Levan has shown uses for burned tissue, anti-inflammation, and aquaculture. By combining levan into a thin film, it is able to activate an enzyme known as metalloproteinase which increases the recovery and healing process. In the case of inflammation, levan interacts with the aggregating cells and affects their adhesio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on electroanalytical chemistry, published by Elsevier twice per month. It was originally established in 1959 under the current name, but was known as the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry from 1967 to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Examples of restriction enzymes include:
Key:<br/>
= blunt ends<br/>
N = C or G or T or A<br/>
W = A or T | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dynamic behavior of Min proteins has been reconstituted in vitro using artificial lipid bilayers, with varying lipid composition and different confinement geometry as mimics for the cell membrane. The first pattern to be reconstituted were spiraling waves of MinD chased by MinE, followed by the reconstitution of w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, also Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) is an antioxidant capacity assay that uses Trolox as a standard. The FRAP assay was first performed by Iris Benzie and J. J. Strain of the Human Nutrition Research Group at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. The method is based on th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, Illumina released its first whole genome sequencers that were approved for clinical as opposed to research-only use and doctors at academic medical centers began quietly using them to try to diagnose what was wrong with people whom standard approaches had failed to help. In 2009, a team from Stanford led by Eu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agricultural practices such as allowing livestock to graze near water bodies, spreading manure as fertilizer on fields during wet periods, using sewage sludge biosolids and allowing livestock watering in streams can all contribute to fecal coliform contamination. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Non-photochemical quenching is measured by the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and is distinguished from photochemical quenching by applying a bright light pulse under actinic light to transiently saturate photosystem II reaction center and compare the maximal yield of fluorescence emission under light and dark-a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Volkensin is a eukaryotic ribosome-inactivating protein found in the Adenia volkensii plant. It is a glycoprotein with two subunits A and B. A subunit is linked to B subunit with disulfide bridges and non-covalent bonds. B subunit is responsible for binding to the galactosyl-terminated receptors on the cell membrane th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached phy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A molecule is composed of one or more chemical bonds between molecular orbitals of different atoms. A molecule may be polar either as a result of polar bonds due to differences in electronegativity as described above, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement of nonpolar covalent bonds and non-bonding pairs of elect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In practice, the osmotic pressure produced by an ideally dilute solution would be too small to be accurately measured. For accurate measurements, solutions are not ideally dilute and a virial equation is used to account for deviations from ideal behavior and allow the calculation of . The virial equation takes a form ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stringing is perhaps the most crucial of these effects, and is often seen on adhesive tapes. Stringing occurs when a separation of two surfaces is beginning and molecules at the interface bridge out across the gap, rather than cracking like the interface itself. The most significant consequence of this effect is the re... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For more complex systems that are representative of water-surface interactions in nature, the Cassie-Baxter model is used. This model takes into consideration the fact that a water droplet may trap air between itself and the surface that it is on. The Cassie-Baxter model is described by the following equation:
= Conta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polluted effluent is added into the bottom of the cell and mixed with the adsorbent in the adsorption zone 1.1 where adsorption of the pollutants onto the surface of the adsorbent occurs. Mixing between the adsorbent and the polluted effluent is promoted by air spargers at the base of the cell which also facilitate the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Homeobox protein NANOG (hNanog) is a transcriptional factor that helps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency by suppressing cell determination factors. hNanog is encoded in humans by the NANOG gene. Several types of cancer are associated with NANOG. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selenium yeast is a feed additive for livestock, used to increase the selenium content in their fodder. It is a form of selenium currently approved for human consumption in the EU and Britain. Inorganic forms of selenium are used in feeds (namely sodium selenate and sodium selenite, which appear to work in roughly the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was first shown by Faraday that optical activity (the Faraday effect) could be induced in matter by a longitudinal magnetic field (a field in the direction of light propagation). The development of MCD really began in the 1930s when a quantum mechanical theory of MOR (magnetic optical rotatory dispersion) in regions... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tantalum anodizes similarly to titanium and niobium with a range of attractive colours being formed by interference at different film thicknesses. Again the film thickness is dependent on the anodizing voltage and typically ranges from 18 to 23 Angstroms per volt depending on electrolyte and temperature. Uses include t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The partial molar volume is broadly understood as the contribution that a component of a mixture makes to the overall volume of the solution. However, there is more to it than this:
When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume increases by 18 cm. The molar volume of pure water would ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The post-termination complex formed by the end of the termination step consists of mRNA with the termination codon at the A-site, an uncharged tRNA in the P site, and the intact 70S ribosome. Ribosome recycling step is responsible for the disassembly of the post-termination ribosomal complex. Once the nascent protein i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, describes a collection of related techniques to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility (a function of the molecular weight of a polypeptide chain) while in the denatured (unfolded) state. In most proteins, the binding of SDS to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through any object ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size to quickly measure geometrical dimensions of a particle. This particle size analysis process does not depe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Various chemistries can be considered when dealing with reversible solid oxide cells, which in turn can influence their operating conditions and overall efficiency. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The 6-phosphogluconic acid is converted to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) in the presence of enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase; in the process, a water molecule is released to the surroundings. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron–sulfur cluster and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Esters derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility. B... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The BCS formalism is applicable without modifications to the description of quark matter with color group SU(2), where Cooper pairs are colorless. The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
predicts the existence of the superconducting phase of SU(2) color quark matter at high densities
This physical picture is confirmed in the Pol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Energy homeostasis is the homeostatic control of energy balance – the difference between energy obtained through food consumption and energy expenditure – in living systems. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method developed by Bjerrum is still the main method in use today, though the precision of the measurements has greatly increased. Most commonly, a solution containing the metal ion and the ligand in a medium of high ionic strength is first acidified to the point where the ligand is fully protonated. This solution ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stray light is unwanted wavelength radiation reaching the incorrect detector element. It generates erroneous electronic counts not related to designed spectral signal for the pixel or element of the detector array. It can come from light scatter and reflection of imperfect optical elements as well as higher order diffr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Persistent carbenes tend to exist in the singlet, dimerizing when forced into triplet states. Nevertheless, Hideo Tomioka and associates used electron delocalization to produce a comparatively stable triplet carbene (bis(9-anthryl)carbene) in 2001. It has an unusually long half-life of 19 minutes.
Although the figure... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The purpose of single cell transcriptomics is to determine what genes are being expressed in each cell. The transcriptome is often used to quantify the gene expression instead of the proteome because of the difficulty currently associated with amplifying protein levels.
There are three major reasons gene expression has... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phosphaethynolate anion, also referred to as PCO, is the phosphorus-containing analogue of the cyanate anion with the chemical formula or . The anion has a linear geometry and is commonly isolated as a salt. When used as a ligand, the phosphaethynolate anion is ambidentate in nature meaning it forms complexes by c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions starts with water adsorption and dissociation in the Volmer step and either hydrogen desorption in the Tafel step or Heyrovsky step. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A vacuum Rabi oscillation is a damped oscillation of an initially excited atom coupled to an electromagnetic resonator or cavity in which the atom alternately emits photon(s) into a single-mode electromagnetic cavity and reabsorbs them. The atom interacts with a single-mode field confined to a limited volume V in an op... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects on the ozone layer; fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. However, HFCs and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are greenhouse gases, which cause global warming. Two groups of haloalkanes, hydrofluo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Intravenous magnesium sulphate is used in treating pre-eclampsia. For other than pregnancy-related hypertension, a meta-analysis of 22 clinical trials with dose ranges of 120 to 973 mg/day and a mean dose of 410 mg, concluded that magnesium supplementation had a small but statistically significant effect, lowering syst... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to read a compressibility chart, the reduced pressure and temperature must be known. If either the reduced pressure or temperature is unknown, the reduced specific volume must be found. Unlike the reduced pressure and temperature, the reduced specific volume is not found by using the critical volume. The reduc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earths more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substances introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern troposphere reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Cholesteryl ester, a dietary lipid, is an ester of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH (hydrox... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pseudoenzymes are variants of enzymes (usually proteins) that are catalytically-deficient (usually inactive), meaning that they perform little or no enzyme catalysis. They are believed to be represented in all major enzyme families in the kingdoms of life, where they have important signaling and metabolic functions, m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The third edition of the Green Book () was first published by IUPAC in 2007. A second printing of the third edition was released in 2008; this printing made several minor revisions to the 2007 text. A third printing of the third edition was released in 2011. The text of the third printing is identical to that of the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Only small amount of SNPs in the human genome may have impact on human diseases. Large scale GWAS has been done for the most important human diseases, including heart diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Most of the SNPs with relatively large effects on the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first and most important of the complementary organizations to link with Fulmer was Yarsley, whose expertise was particularly strong in plastics and polymers and their applications. The Yarsley organization was founded by Dr Victor Yarsley a pioneer expert in plastics and an entrepreneur. Before the Second World W... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dendrimers have been prepared via click chemistry, employing Diels-Alder reactions, thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions and azide-alkyne reactions.
There are ample avenues that can be opened by exploring this chemistry in dendrimer synthesis. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are particularly common carbene ligands. They are popular because they are more readily prepared than Schrock and Fischer carbenes. In fact, many NHCs are isolated as the free ligand, since they are persistent carbenes. Being strongly stabilized by π-donating substituents, NHCs are powerf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
On September 3, 1992, Man died of lung cancer in her home in West Hartford, Connecticut. Man was 87 years old at the time of her death. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Brand names of flutamide include or have included Cebatrol, Cytomid, Drogenil, Etaconil, Eulexin, Flucinom, Flumid, Flutacan, Flutamid, Flutamida, Flutamin, Flutan, Flutaplex, Flutasin, Fugerel, Profamid, and Sebatrol, among others. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
RNA interference(RNAi) is a process that occurs naturally within the cytoplasm inhibiting gene expression at specific sequences. Regulation of gene expression through RNAi is possible by introducing small interfering RNAs(siRNAs), which effectively silence expression of a targeted gene. RNAi activates the RNA-induced... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1987 Canada witnessed a crisis in the seafood industry. Shellfish toxins present in PEI mussels caused amnesic shellfish poisoning taking several lives. In response, shellfish toxin research was initiated at NRC Canada. Today, NRC remains the premier producer of biotoxin CRMs in the world and is recognized for its e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discovery of this type of mechanism to control the expression of genes in a biosynthetic operon lead to its identification in a wide variety of such operons for which repressors had never been discovered. For example: | 1 | Biochemistry |
The words "paracrystallinity" and "paracrystal" were coined by the late Friedrich Rinne in the year 1933. Their German equivalents, e.g. "Parakristall", appeared in print one year earlier.
A general theory of paracrystals has been formulated in a basic textbook, and then further developed/refined by various authors.
Ro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold. Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it. This property leads to daily anoxic cycles on small geographic scales and seasonal cycles of anoxia on larger scales. Thus, bodies of wate... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The touchdown polymerase chain reaction or touchdown style polymerase chain reaction is a method of polymerase chain reaction by which primers avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. The annealing temperature during a polymerase chain reaction determines the specificity of primer annealing. The melting point of the pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Established in 1972, the focus of the research is on cryoinjury, cryosurgery, cryopreservation, lyophilization and hypothermia. Since 1985 the Institute has published the open access peer-reviewed scientific journal Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells.
The regulation of transcription has been studied extensively, and yet there is still much that is unknown. Transcription ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fougèrite is a relatively recently described naturally occurring green rust mineral. It is the archetype of the fougèrite group in the larger hydrotalcite supergroup of naturally occurring layered double hydroxides. The structure is based on brucite-like layers containing Fe and Fe cations, O and OH anions, with loosel... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Direct application of mirror-chiral organisms can be mass production of enantiomers (mirror-image) of molecules produced by normal life.
*Enantiopure drugs - some pharmaceuticals have known different activity depending on enantiomeric form,
*Aptamers (-ribonucleic acid aptamers): "That makes mirror-image biochemistry a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The main role of potassium in plants is to provide the ionic environment for metabolic processes in the cytosol, and as such functions as a regulator of various processes including growth regulation. Plants require potassium ions (K) for protein synthesis and for the opening and closing of stomata, which is regulated b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Orbifold notation for wallpaper groups, advocated by John Horton Conway (Conway, 1992) (Conway 2008), is based not on crystallography, but on topology. One can fold the infinite periodic tiling of the plane into its essence, an orbifold, then describe that with a few symbols.
*A digit, n, indicates a centre of n-fold r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states that the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of certain chemical elements is constant for temperatures far from the absolute zero.
In modern terms, Dulong and Petit found ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*In the United States, the CDC first tested samples from the general population for lead and a few pesticides in 1976. In the late 1990s, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program had a major expansion.
*National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
The CDCs Division of Labora... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
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