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Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both. It is named after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who worked on butterflies in the rainforests of Brazil.
Batesian mimicry is the most commonly ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* CRC atlas of spectral data and physical constants for organic compounds, Volume 3 (1975)
* Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Part 1 (1976)
* Chemical applications of Raman spectroscopy (1981)
* The Analytical approach (1983)
* 1985 International Conference on Fourier and Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy (1985)
* Han... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Often it is the colour of freshwater or how clear or hazy the water is that is the most obvious visual characteristic. Unfortunately neither colour nor turbidity are strong indicators of the overall chemical composition of water. However both colour and turbidity reduce the amount of light penetrating the water and can... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Within the field of biochemistry, 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) also known as toxopyrimidine together with its mono phosphate (HMP-P) and pyrophosphate (HMP-PP) esters are biogenetic precursors to the important biochemical cofactor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B). ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), founded in 2010, is a (DOE) Energy Innovation Hub whose primary mission is to find a cost-effective method to produce fuels using only sunlight, water, and carbon-dioxide. The program has a budget of $122M over five years, subject to Congressional appropriation.
Th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Mössbauer isomeric shift is the shift seen in gamma-ray spectroscopy when one compares two different nuclear isomeric states in two different physical, chemical or biological environments, and is due to the combined effect of the recoil-free Mössbauer transition between the two nuclear isomeric states and the trans... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by the reaction of 4-chlorobutyronitrile with a strong base, such as sodium amide in liquid ammonia. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
By targeting proteins, heavy metals have been known to disrupt the function and activity carried out by proteins. It is important to note that heavy metals fall into categories consisting of transition metals as well as a select amount of metalloid. These metals, when interacting with native, folded proteins, tend to p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most popular methods rely on adsorbing floral VOCs on an adsorbent material such as SPME fibers or cartridges by pumping air sampled around inflorescences through the adsorbent material.
It is also possible to extract chemicals stocked in petals by immersing them in a solvent and then analyze the liquid residue. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Among the superconducting graphite intercalation compounds, exhibits the highest critical temperature T = 11.5 K, which further increases under applied pressure (15.1 K at 8 GPa). Superconductivity in these compounds is thought to be related to the role of an interlayer state, a free electron like band lying roughly ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Recent work has demonstrated that the scope of "soft" nucleophiles can be expanded to include some pronucleophiles that have much higher than ~ 25. Some of these "soft" nucleophiles have ranging all the way to 32, and even more basic pronucleophiles (~44) have been shown to act as soft nucleophiles with the addition ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Melainabacteria can be found in a range of environments, including soil, water, and animal habitats. They can be often be found in the gut of humans and in the respiratory tract, oral environments, and skin surface, though rarely. Melainabacteria is often found in natural environments such as groundwater aquifers and l... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*1989 – Fellow, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
*2009 – Honorary doctor, Monash University, Melbourne
*2012 – Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Prize Lecture, International Union of Physiological Sciences
*2013 – Honorary doctor, Royal Veterinary College, London
*2013 – European Lipid Research Award, EuroFedLipid
*2014 – Hon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent advances in the understanding of biomolecules enabled their application to numerous fields like medicine, diagnostics, biocatalysis and materials. Synthetically modified biomolecules can have diverse functionalities, such as tracking cellular events, revealing enzyme function, determining protein biodistribution... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isothiocyanates occur widely in nature and are of interest in food science and medical research. Vegetable foods with characteristic flavors due to isothiocyanates include bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, wasabi, horseradish, mustard, radish, Brussels sprouts, watercress, papaya seeds, nasturtiums, and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The basic principle of displacement chromatography is: there are only a finite number of binding sites for solutes on the matrix (the stationary phase), and if a site is occupied by one molecule, it is unavailable to others. As in any chromatography, equilibrium is established between molecules of a given kind bound to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For equibiaxial extension in the and directions, the principal stretches are . From incompressibility . Hence .
Therefore,
The left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor can then be expressed as
If the directions of the principal stretches are oriented with the coordinate basis vectors, we have
The engineering strain is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In West Africa, copper was used as medium of exchange, symbols of status and kingship, jewelry, and ritual purposes; this was a part of Bantu tradition prior to their expansion into Central Africa. The use of copper in the Iron Age of Central Africa was produced because of indigenous or internal demand rather than thos... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Shortwave UV lamps are made using a fluorescent lamp tube with no phosphor coating, composed of fused quartz or vycor, since ordinary glass absorbs UV‑C. These lamps emit ultraviolet light with two peaks in the UV‑C band at 253.7 nm and 185 nm due to the mercury within the lamp, as well as some visible light. From 85% ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1903, Eichengrün co-developed the first soluble form of cellulose acetate with Theodore Becker. He developed processes for the manufacture of cellulose acetate materials and devoted the rest of his life to the technical and economic development of plastics, lacquers, enamels, and artificial fibers based on cellulose... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Primary treatment for wastewater or drinking water includes settling in a sedimentation chamber to remove as much of the solid matter as possible before applying additional treatments. The amount removed is controlled by the hydraulic residence time (HRT). When water flows through a volume at a slower rate, less energy... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Steric effects of the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl reactant have been shown to affect both the rates and yields of Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction. Table 1 shows the percent yield of the ketone and epoxide products as well as the relative rates of reaction for the reactions between several methyl alkyl ke... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An article investigating the structural basis of interactions between clinically relevant antibiotics and the 50S ribosome appeared in Nature in October 2001. High-resolution X-ray crystallography established that these antibiotics associate only with the 23S rRNA of a ribosomal subunit, and no interactions are formed ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MPSS is a method for determining expression levels of mRNA by counting the number of individual mRNA molecules produced by each gene. It is "open ended" in the sense that the identity of the RNAs to be measured are not pre-determined as they are with gene expression microarrays.
A sample of mRNA are first converted to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The temperature jump method is a technique used in chemical kinetics for the measurement of very rapid reaction rates. It is one of a class of chemical relaxation methods pioneered by the German physical chemist Manfred Eigen in the 1950s. In these methods, a reacting system initially at equilibrium is perturbed rapidl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The simplest methods of chemical analysis are those measuring chemical elements without respect to their form. Elemental analysis for oxygen, as an example, would indicate a concentration of 890 g/L (grams per litre) of water sample because oxygen (O) has 89% mass of the water molecule (HO). The method selected to meas... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are activated by extracellular ligands, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Binding of EGF to the EGFR activates the tyrosine kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. The EGFR becomes phosphorylated on tyrosi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the weights have been correctly derived from estimates of experimental error, the expectation value of is 1. It is therefore very useful to estimate experimental errors and derive some reasonable weights from them as this is an absolute indicator of the goodness of fit.
When unit weights are used, it is implied t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kubista began his academic career in 1991 as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology. From 1993 to 1997, he served as an Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the same institution. Following this, he held the position of Professor in the Dep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most well discussed, and detrimental, embrittlement is hydrogen embrittlement in metals. There are multiple ways that hydrogen atoms can diffuse into metals, including from environment or during processing (eg. electroplating). The exact mechanism that causes hydrogen embrittlement is still not determined, b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The type III partition system is the most recently discovered partition system. It is composed of tubulin-like GTPase termed TubZ, and the CBP is termed TubR.
Amino-acid sequence identity can go down to 21% for TubZ proteins.
The mechanism is similar to a treadmill mechanism:
# Multiple TubR dimer binds to the centrome... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The general mathematical concept embodied in a Wigner–Seitz cell is more commonly called a Voronoi cell, and the partition of the plane into these cells for a given set of point sites is known as a Voronoi diagram.
The cell may be chosen by first picking a lattice point. After a point is chosen, lines are drawn to all ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA), also known as a chiral resolving reagent, is a derivatization reagent that is a chiral auxiliary used to convert a mixture of enantiomers into diastereomers in order to analyze the quantities of each enantiomer present and determine the optical purity of a sam... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When the receptor is inactive, the GEF domain may be bound to an also inactive α-subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein. These "G-proteins" are a trimer of α, β, and γ subunits (known as Gα, Gβ, and Gγ, respectively) that is rendered inactive when reversibly bound to Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) (or, alternatively, no gu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phenomenon of electromigration has been known for over 100 years, having been discovered by the French scientist Gerardin. The topic first became of practical interest during the late 1960s when packaged ICs first appeared. The earliest commercially available ICs failed in a mere three weeks of use from runaway ele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After finishing school, Hammond began working at Howe & Leeds Wholesale West India Goods Store on Boston's Long Wharf. The same year, he became a clerk with J. W. Blodgett & Co.
Hammond attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a special student on the chemistry of paper manufacturing.
After moving to Maine... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The TET proteins also have activities that are independent of DNA demethylation. These include, for instance, TET2 interaction with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase to promote histone O-GlcN acylation to affect transcription of target genes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The spectral shape and intensity of the optical signals from the NV centers are sensitive to external perturbation, such as temperature, strain, electric and magnetic field. However, the use of spectral shape for sensing those perturbation is impractical, as the diamond would have to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tramadol induces analgesic effects through a variety of different targets on the noradrenergic system, serotoninergic system, and opioid receptors system. Tramadol exists as a racemic mixture, the positive enantiomer inhibits serotonin reuptake while the negative enantiomer inhibits noradrenaline re-uptake, by binding ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*The wallpaper group of a pattern is invariant under isometries and uniform scaling (similarity transformations).
*Translational symmetry is preserved under arbitrary bijective affine transformations.
*Rotational symmetry of order two ditto; this means also that 4- and 6-fold rotation centres at least keep 2-fold rotat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Direct enantiomer separation involves the formation of a transient rather than covalent diastereomeric complexation between the chiral selector/discriminator and the analyte (drug enantiomer). In this approach, the subtle energy differences between the reversibly formed noncovalent diastereomeric complexes are exploite... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Martha Austin Phelps was an American chemist who conducted research in measuring metal concentrations and developed several analytical protocols to do so. She also worked on the early development of ester synthesis. In between conducting research, she worked as school teacher teaching chemistry and physics. She finishe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In physics, the super Tonks–Girardeau gas represents an excited quantum gas phase with strong attractive interactions in a one-dimensional spatial geometry.
Usually, strongly attractive quantum gases are expected to form dense particle clusters and lose all gas-like properties. But in 2005, it was proposed by Stefano G... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chloroplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens, the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh1 interacts with the recombinational repair proteins RecA and RecG to maintain chloroplast genome stability. In chloroplasts of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana the RecA protein maintains the integrity of the chloroplast's DNA by a proc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Butadiene, cyclooctadiene, and norbornadiene are well-studied chelating agents. Trienes and even some tetraenes can bind to metals through several adjacent carbon centers. Common examples of such ligands are cycloheptatriene and cyclooctatetraene. The bonding is often denoted using the hapticity formalism. Keto-alkenes... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Adhesive materials fill the voids or pores of the surfaces and hold surfaces together by interlocking. Other interlocking phenomena are observed on different length scales. Sewing is an example of two materials forming a large scale mechanical bond, velcro forms one on a medium scale, and some textile adhesives (glue) ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Emerging technologies are aiming to combine pooled CRISPR screens with the detailed resolution of massively parallel single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Studies utilising “CRISP-seq”, “CROP-seq”, and “PERTURB-seq” have demonstrated rich genomic readouts, accurately identifying gene expression signatures for individua... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It remains a challenge to develop good single-phase multiferroics with large magnetization and polarization and strong coupling between them at room temperature. Therefore, composites combining magnetic materials, such as FeRh, with ferroelectric materials, such as PMN-PT, are an attractive and established route to ach... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Lemieux–Johnson or Malaprade–Lemieux–Johnson oxidation is a chemical reaction in which an olefin undergoes oxidative cleavage to form two aldehyde or ketone units. The reaction is named after its inventors, Raymond Urgel Lemieux and William Summer Johnson, who published it in 1956.
The reaction proceeds in a two st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike DNA editing, which is permanent, the effects of RNA editing − including potential off-target mutations in RNA − are transient and are not inherited. RNA editing is therefore considered to be less risky. Furthermore, it may only require a guide RNA by using the ADAR protein already found in humans and many other ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,3 Diaxial interactions occur when the non-hydrogen substituent on a cyclohexane occupies the axial position. This axial substituent is in the eclipsed position with the axial substituents on the 3-carbons relative to itself (there will be two such carbons and thus two 1,3 diaxial interactions). This eclipsed position... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Riboses 2 hydroxy group reacts with the phosphate linked 3 hydroxy group, making RNA too unstable to be used or synthesized reliably. To overcome this, a ribose analogue can be used. The most common RNA analogues are 2-O-methyl-substituted RNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA) or bridged nucleic acid (BNA), morpholino, and pe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reductive elimination is sensitive to a variety of factors including: 1) metal identity and electron density; 2) sterics; 3) participating ligands; 4) coordination number; 5) geometry; and 6) photolysis/oxidation. Additionally, because reductive elimination and oxidative addition are reverse reactions, any sterics or e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
miRBase is considered to be the gold-standard miRNA database—it stores miRNA sequences detected by thousand of experiments. In this database each miRNA is associated with a miRNA precursor and with one or two mature miRNA (-5p and -3p). In the past it had always been said that the same miRNA precursor generates the sam... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The normal coordinates, denoted as Q, refer to the positions of atoms away from their equilibrium positions, with respect to a normal mode of vibration. Each normal mode is assigned a single normal coordinate, and so the normal coordinate refers to the "progress" along that normal mode at any given time. Formally, no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While it was known that the different enantiomers of a drug could have different activities, with significant early work being done by Arthur Robertson Cushny, this was not accounted for in early drug design and testing. However, following the thalidomide disaster the development and licensing of drugs changed dramatic... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as well as many other synchrotron facilities as the three major synchrotron user facilities in the United States all have beamlines equipped with laser heating systems. The respective beamlines with laser heating systems are at the ESRF ID27, ID18, and ID24; at the Adv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyethers are generally polymers containing ether linkages in their main chain. The term polyol generally refers to polyether polyols with one or more functional end-groups such as a hydroxyl group. The term "oxide" or other terms are used for high molar mass polymer when end-groups no longer affect polymer properties... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Differentiating healthy versus cancerous bladder cells with metabolic footprinting.
Footprinting, in combination with other techniques, for early recognition of outbreak and strain characterization.
Studying aging with C. elegans exometabolomics.
Extracellular metabolite analysis to evaluate pathogenic mechanism of int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Joback method (often named Joback/Reid method) predicts eleven important and commonly used pure component thermodynamic properties from molecular structure only. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While cerium anomalies in coal are usually negative, they can rarely be positive as well. This can occur during volcanic eruptions when volcanic ash is weathered into mafic tuffs with positive Ce-anomalies. The Pavlovka deposit in Far East Russia has large positive Ce-anomalies in its Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide ores. Because c... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Avogadros hypothesis (as it was known originally) was formulated in the same spirit of earlier empirical gas laws like Boyles law (1662), Charless law (1787) and Gay-Lussacs law (1808). The hypothesis was first published by Amadeo Avogadro in 1811, and it reconciled Dalton atomic theory with the "incompatible" idea o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tendril perversion is a geometric phenomenon sometimes observed in helical structures in which the direction of the helix transitions between left-handed and right-handed. Such a reversal of chirality is commonly seen in helical plant tendrils and telephone handset cords.
The phenomenon was known to Charles Darwin, wh... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the absence of hypoxic conditions (i.e. physiological levels of oxygen), cancer cells preferentially convert glucose to lactate, according to Otto H. Warburg, who believed that aerobic glycolysis was the key metabolic change in cancer cell malignancy. The "Warburg effect" was later coined to describe this metabolic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Analytical light scattering (ALS), also loosely referred to as SEC-MALS, is the implementation of static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques in an online or flow mode. A typical ALS instrument consists of an HPLC/FPLC chromatography system coupled in-line with appropriate light scatteri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Floral scent, or flower scent, is composed of all the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or aroma compounds, emitted by floral tissue (e.g. flower petals). Other names for floral scent include, aroma, fragrance, floral odour or perfume. Flower scent of most flowering plant species encompasses a diversity of VOCs, somet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many PDRC thin films have been developed which have demonstrated very high solar reflectance and heat emittance. However, films with precise patterns or structures are not scalable "due to the cost and technical difficulties inherent in large-scale precise lithography," as per Khan et al., or "due to complex nanoscale ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Termination of elongation depends on eukaryotic release factors. The process is similar to that of bacterial termination, but unlike bacterial termination, there is a universal release factor, eRF1, that recognizes all three stop codons. Upon termination, the ribosome is disassembled and the completed polypeptide is re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Translation initiation is the process by which the ribosome and its associated factors bind to an mRNA and are assembled at the start codon. This process is defined as either cap-dependent, in which the ribosome binds initially at the 5 cap and then travels to the stop codon, or as cap-independent, where the ribosome d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is possible to modify Tebbe's reagent through the use of different ligands. This can alter the reactivity of the complex, allowing for a broader range of reactions. For example, cyclopropanation can be achieved using a chlorinated analogue. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a pale yellow powder that is used in the mining industry for the separation of ores. It is a potassium salt of ethyl xanthic acid. | 8 | Metallurgy |
When using different types of microspheres, SAT is capable of simultaneously testing multiple variables, such as DNA and proteins, in a given sample. This allows SAT to analyze variety of molecular targets during a single reaction. The common nucleic acid detection method includes direct DNA hybridization. The direct D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The idea for anti-Stokes cooling was first advanced by Pringsheim in 1929. While Doppler cooling lowers the translational temperature of a sample, anti-Stokes cooling decreases the vibrational or phonon excitation of a medium. This is accomplished by pumping a substance with a laser beam from a low-lying energy state... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a long time, cyanobacteria were considered incapable of performing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) as a photoprotective mechanism, relying instead on a mechanism of energy redistribution between the two photosynthetic reaction centers, PSII and PSI, known as "state transitions".
OCP is found in a majority of cyan... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Rare but severe diseases such as mitochondrial myopathies are associated with dysfunctional human ADP/ATP translocase. Mitochondrial myopathies (MM) refer to a group of clinically and biochemically heterogeneous disorders that share common features of major mitochondrial structural abnormalities in skeletal muscle. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The translational invariance of a crystal lattice is described by a set of unit cell, direct lattice basis vectors (contravariant or polar) called a, b, and c, or equivalently by the lattice parameters, i.e. the magnitudes of the vectors, called a, b and c, and the angles between them, called α (between b and c),... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
m + n + o + p − q = 2 + 20 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 22 SEPs are required; 16 BH units provide 16 pairs; four shared boron atoms provide 6 pairs, which describes why is stable as a neutral species. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The production of trichloroacetonitrile by dehydration of trichloroacetamide was first described in 1873 by L. Bisschopinck at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Trichloroacetonitrile can be obtained by chlorination of acetonitrile on a zinc, copper and alkaline earth metal halide-impregnated activated carbon catalyst... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Selecting an internal standard in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy can be difficult, because signals from the sample matrix can overlap with those belonging to the analyte. Yttrium is a common internal standard that is naturally absent in most samples. It has both a mid-range mass and emission lines that don't i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Learning and memory have levels of permanence, differing from other mental processes such as thought, language, and consciousness, which are temporary in nature. Learning and memory can be either accumulated slowly (multiplication tables) or rapidly (touching a hot stove), but once attained, can be recalled into consci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wu Yundong () is a Chinese chemist. He is a theoretical organic chemist based in the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and holds a concurrent position in Peking University. He was born 10 May 1957 in Liyang, Jiangsu, China. He graduated with a BS from Lanzhou University in 1982 and received his PhD in 1986... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, pr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The ndhF fragment has been a very useful tool in phylogenetic reconstruction at a number of taxonomic levels. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The rhodium-catalyzed hydroboration reaction is thought to be initiated with the dissociation of a triphenylphosphine from the Rh(I) centre. Oxidative addition of the B-H bond of the borane reagent to this 14 e species is then followed by coordination of the alkene to the 16e Rh(III) hydride complex. Subsequent migrato... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Resistance, , is proportional to the distance, , between the electrodes and is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the sample, (noted on the Figure above). Writing (rho) for the specific resistance, or resistivity.
In practice the conductivity cell is calibrated by using solutions of known specific... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prigogine's theorem is a theorem of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, originally formulated by Ilya Prigogine.
The formulation of Prigogine's theorem is:
According to this theorem, the stationary state of a linear non-equilibrium system (under conditions that prevent the achievement of an equilibrium state) corresponds t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
pH is defined in terms of the activity of the hydrogen ion
:pH = −log {H}
In the approximation of ideal behaviour, activity is replaced by concentration. pH is measured by means of a glass electrode, a mixed equilibrium constant, also known as a Brønsted constant, may result.
:HL L + H;
It all depends on whether the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An E1 elimination occurs when a proton adjacent to a positive charge leaves and generates a double bond.
Because initial formation of a cation is necessary for E1 reactions to occur, E1 reactions are often observed as side reactions to S1 mechanisms.
E1 eliminations proceed with the Elimination of a leaving group leadi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Threading bases structural modeling on fold similarities rather than sequence identity. This method may help identify distantly related proteins and can be used to infer molecular functions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), formerly referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome, presents as craniofacial malformations, neurobehavioral disorders and mental disabilities, all attributed to exposing human embryos to alcohol during fetal development. The risk of FASD depends on the amount consumed, the frequency ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO) and "yttria" (YO), hence the name. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A variety of mechanical adaptations, such as tip geometry and surface roughness, to aid in neural implant design have been investigated and implemented in recent years. The geometry of an electrode affects the shape of the electric field emitted. The electric field shape, in turn, affects the current density produced b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
His group has also been involved in the development of a novel technique: Laser Vaporization Controlled Condensation (LVCC) for the synthesis of a variety of semiconductor, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. His research lab is currently focused on the applications of graphene in heterogeneous catalysis and energy co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Leukocytes or white blood cells destroy abnormal cells and also provide protection against bacteria and other foreign matter. These interactions are transitory in nature but are crucial as an immediate immune response. To fight infection, leukocytes must move from the blood into the affected tissues. This movement in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Human genes encoding KRAB-ZFPs include KOX1/ZNF10, KOX8/ZNF708, ZNF43, ZNF184, ZNF91, HPF4, HTF10 and HTF34. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquefaction processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules (i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an early example of the use of a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric synthesis, E. J. Corey and coworkers conducted an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction between (−)-8-phenylmenthol acrylate ester and 5-benzyloxymethylcyclopentadiene. The cycloaddition product was carried forward to the iodolactone shown below, an intermedi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This proof of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem requires that the wave function be an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian under consideration; however, it is also possible to prove more generally that the theorem holds for non-eigenfunction wave functions which are stationary (partial derivative is zero) for all relevant varia... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Many agrochemicals are toxic, and agrichemicals in bulk storage may pose significant environmental and/or health risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills. In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly regulated. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. S... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Dna2 endonuclease does not have a specific structure and their properties are not well characterized, but could be referred as single-stranded DNA with free ends (ssDNA). Dna2 endonuclease is essential to cleave long DNA flaps that leave FEN1 during the Okazaki Process. Dna2 endonuclease is responsible for the removal ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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