text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Clay minerals can be incorporated in lime-metakaolin mortars to improve mechanical properties. Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface area. These characte... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fluoroform is weakly acidic with a pK = 25–28 and quite inert. Attempted deprotonation results in defluorination to generate and difluorocarbene (). Some organocopper and organocadmium compounds have been developed as trifluoromethylation reagents.
Fluoroform is a precursor of the Ruppert-Prakash reagent Trifluorometh... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet. Measurable attributes of life include its complex physical or chemical structures, its use of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The lac operon of the model bacterium Escherichia coli was the first operon to be discovered and provides a typical example of operon function. It consists of three adjacent structural genes, a promoter, a terminator, and an operator. The lac operon is regulated by several factors including the availability of glucose ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be molecularly encapsulated in cyclodextrines, a sugar derivate. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrines can absorb an estimated 60 percent of... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In addition to Cori Cycle, the lactate shuttle hypothesis proposes complementary functions of lactate in multiple tissues. Contrary to the long-held belief that lactate is formed as a result of oxygen-limited metabolism, substantial evidence exists that suggests lactate is formed under both aerobic and anaerobic condit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endogenous gaseous mediators have shown anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties Combination nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs featuring both a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and gaseous mediator releasing component are being investigated as a safer alternative to current anti-inflammatory drugs due to their potent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Diels-Alder reaction, also known as cycloaddition, combines a conjugated diene and an alkene to form cycloalkene. This is a concerted process, with bonds forming and breaking simultaneously. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Normal sound waves are fluctuations in the displacement and density of molecules in a substance;
second sound waves are fluctuations in the density of quasiparticle thermal excitations (rotons and phonons). Second sound can be observed in any system in which most phonon-phonon collisions conserve momentum, like superfl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aromatic acids are a type of aromatic compound. Included in that class are substances containing an aromatic ring and an organic acid functional group.
There are several categories of aromatic acids including:
*Phenolic acids: substances containing an aromatic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleto... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most common side effects of enalapril include increased serum creatinine (20%), dizziness (2–8%), low blood pressure (1–7%), syncope (2%), and dry cough (1–2%). The most serious common adverse event is angioedema (swelling) (0.68%) which often affects the face and lips, endangering the patient's airway. Angioedema ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A grain boundary (GB) is the transition area or interface between adjacent crystallites (or grains) of the same chemical and lattice composition, not to be confused with a phase boundary. The adjacent grains do not have the same orientation of the lattice, thus giving the atoms in GB shifted positions relative to the l... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Coward was born on 2 July 1885 in Blackburn, Lancashire. She studied Botany and graduated M.Sc. from University of Manchester. After a few years, she joined University College London to study biochemistry and perform research under J. C. Drummond on Vitamin A, paving the way for her to be nominated to the Fellow of the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As ozone in the atmosphere prevents most energetic ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, astronomical data in these wavelengths have to be gathered from satellites orbiting above the atmosphere and ozone layer. Most of the light from young hot stars is in the ultraviolet and so study of these wavelen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The cycle comprises three enzyme-catalysed reactions. The first stage is the deamination of the purine nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to form inosine monophosphate (IMP), catalysed by the enzyme AMP deaminase:
:AMP + HO + H → IMP + NH
The second stage is the formation of adenylosuccinate from IMP and the amin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclamin can be extracted from cyclamen plants such as the species mirabile and trocopteranthum. Cyclamen are known houseplants; this raises concerns about the awareness of the toxicity of this flower. The compound cyclamin belongs to the family of triterpene saponins, which are derived from the saponin structure. Trit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The four most common methods of transition metal catalyzed methane activation are the Shilov system, sigma bond metathesis, oxidative addition, and 1,2 addition reactions.
The Shilov system involves platinum based complexes to produce metal alkyls. It was first discovered when a hydrogen-deuterium exchanged was observe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Robert Travis Kennedy is an American chemist specializing in bioanalytical chemistry including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidics. He is currently the Hobart H. Willard Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry and the chair of the department of chemistry at the University of Mich... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the solid state, racemic mixtures may have different physical properties from either of the pure enantiomers because of the differential intermolecular interactions (see Biological Significance section). The change from a pure enantiomer to a racemate can change its density, melting point, solubility, heat of fusio... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Laurie Ellen Locascio (born November 21, 1961) is an American biomedical engineer, analytical chemist, and former academic administrator serving as the under secretary of commerce for standards and technology and the director of National Institute of Standards and Technology. From 2017 to 2021, Locascio was vice presid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Residence time distributions are measured by introducing a non-reactive tracer into the system at the inlet. Its input concentration is changed according to a known function and the output concentration measured. The tracer should not modify the physical characteristics of the fluid (equal density, equal viscosity) or ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Takehara copper refinery of the Mitsui Mining & Smelting Company Limited of Japan commissioned a BBOC in its precious metals department in 1993.
Prior to the installation of the BBOC, the Takehara refinery refined a mixture of copper and lead anode slimes in a three reverberatory furnaces (two operating and one bei... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carbon-14 goes through radioactive beta decay:
: → + + + 156.5 keV
By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, one of the neutrons in the carbon-14 atom decays to a proton and the carbon-14 (half-life of 5,700 ± 30 years) decays into the stable (non-radioactive) isotope nitrogen-14.
As usual with beta deca... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Exposure assessment is the process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to an agent, along
with the number and characteristics of the population exposed. Ideally, it describes the sources, pathways, routes, and the uncertainties in the assessment. It is a necessary part of risk a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Hot baths of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nitrates such as sodium nitrate (), and/or nitrites such as sodium nitrite (NaNO) at are used to convert the surface of the material into magnetite (FeO). Water must be periodically added to the bath, with proper controls to prevent a steam explosion.
Hot blackening involves dipp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The technique has been well utilized in studying carbon nanotubes to determine thermodynamic binding interactions with biological molecules and graphene composite interactions. Another notable use of ITC with carbon nanotubes is optimization of preparation of carbon nanotubes from graphene composite and polyvinyl alcoh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first experimental evidence for the presence of 18 cm absorption lines of the hydroxyl (HO) radical in the radio absorption spectrum of Cassiopeia A was obtained by Weinreb et al. (Nature, Vol. 200, pp. 829, 1963) based on observations made during the period October 15–29, 1963. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This reagent is inexpensively available for laboratory use. It is a by-product from the production of ortho-toluenesulfonyl chloride (a precursor for the synthesis of the common food additive and catalyst saccharin), via the chlorosulfonation of toluene:
: CHCH + SOCl → CHCHSOCl + HCl | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermal treatment of milk by indirect heating (e.g. pasteurization) to reduce microbial load and increase shelf life is generally performed by a plate heat exchanger. Heat exchanger surfaces can become fouled by adsorbed milk protein deposits. Fouling is initiated by formation of a protein monolayer at room temperatu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Herman van Bekkum (26 September 1932 – 30 November 2020) was a Dutch organic chemist. He was professor of Catalysis in Organic Chemistry between 1971 and 1998 at Delft University of Technology. He served as rector magnificus of the university between 1975 and 1976. He was an expert in the field of carbohydrate chemistr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ion chromatography (or ion-exchange chromatography) is a form of chromatography that separates ions and ionizable polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any kind of charged molecule—including small inorganic anions, large proteins, small nucleotides, and amino acids. However, i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The oldest and most widely used expression systems are cell-based and may be defined as the "combination of an expression vector, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level". Overexpression is an abnormally ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Marion Katherine Blight was born in Watford in 1921. Her mother worked in domestic service while her father was a shop assistant. McQuillan attended Wycombe High School before getting a scholarship to Henrietta Barnett’s School. McQuillan went to University in 1939 where she graduated from Girton College, Cambridge wit... | 8 | Metallurgy |
To date, many studies have been conducted on the benefits of selenium intake in reducing the risk of cancer incidence at the nutritional level, indicating that likely selenium functions as an immunostimulator, i.e. reversing the immunosuppression in tumour microenvironment towards antitumour immunity by activating immu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Relative entropy can also be interpreted as the expected discrimination information for over : the mean information per sample for discriminating in favor of a hypothesis against a hypothesis , when hypothesis is true. Another name for this quantity, given to it by I. J. Good, is the expected weight of evidence for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. The etymology stems from Latin ligare, which means to bind. In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MTBE gives water an unpleasant taste at very low concentrations. MTBE often is introduced into water-supply aquifers by leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) at gasoline stations or by gasoline containing MTBE being spilled onto the ground. The higher water solubility and persistence of MTBE cause it to travel faste... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and temperature... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amine oxides are used as protecting group for amines and as chemical intermediates. Long-chain alkyl amine oxides are used as amphoteric surfactants and foam stabilizers.
Amine oxides are highly polar molecules and have a polarity close to that of quaternary ammonium salts. Small amine oxides are very hydrophilic and h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dominant industrial method for producing ammonia is the Haber process also known as the Haber-Bosch process. Fertilizer production is now the largest source of human-produced fixed nitrogen in the terrestrial ecosystem. Ammonia is a required precursor to fertilizers, explosives, and other products. The Haber proces... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organolithium reagents are sensitive to moisture and thus should be handled under inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions. Tetrahydrofuran is the most common solvent employed for lateral lithiation reactions. Measurement of the concentration of commercial or prepared alkyllithium solutions may be accomplished using we... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the presence of an appropriate transition metal (typically copper or rhodium), α-diazocarbonyl compounds are converted to transition metal carbenes, which undergo addition reactions in the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds to form cyclopropanes. Insertion into carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds is possible ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by the presence of white... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The evolution of interactome complexity is delineated in a study published in Nature. In this study it is first noted that the boundaries between prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes are accompanied by orders-of-magnitude reductions in effective population size, with concurrent amplification... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some cases, such as the decay of , the bremsstrahlung produced by shielding the beta radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead) is itself dangerous; in such cases, shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, such as Plexiglas (Lucite), plastic, wood, or water; as the atomic number i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Those rocks that contain the most silica, and on crystallizing yield free quartz, form a group generally designated the "felsic" rocks. Those again that contain the least silica and most magnesia and iron, so that quartz is absent while olivine is usually abundant, form the "mafic" group. The "intermediate" rocks inclu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Minerals produced through hydrothermal alteration and weathering of primary basaltic minerals are also present on Mars. Secondary minerals include hematite, phyllosilicates (clay minerals), goethite, jarosite, iron sulfate minerals, opaline silica, and gypsum. Many of these secondary minerals require liquid water to fo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hypersensitive sites are found on every active gene, and many of these genes often have more than one hypersensitive site. Most often, hypersensitive sites are found only in chromatin of cells in which the associated gene is being expressed, and do not occur when the gene is inactive.
In DNA being transcribed, 5'hyper... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typical type II restriction enzymes differ from type I restriction enzymes in several ways. They form homodimers, with recognition sites that are usually undivided and palindromic and 4–8 nucleotides in length. They recognize and cleave DNA at the same site, and they do not use ATP or AdoMet for their activity—they usu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenases are important in methylotrophic yeast and bacteria, being vital in the catabolism of C1 compounds such as methanol. The cytochrome-dependent enzymes are more important in anaerobic metabolism in prokaryotes. For example, in E. coli, the formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase is a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal-catalyzed cyclopropanations are chemical reactions that result in the formation of a cyclopropane ring from a metal carbenoid species and an alkene. In the Simmons–Smith reaction the metal involved is zinc. Metal carbenoid species can be generated through the reaction of a diazo compound with a transition metal).... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example due to photodissociation is triphenylsulfonium triflate. This colourless salt consists of a sulfonium cation and the triflate anion. Many related salts are known including those with other noncoordinating anions and those with diverse substituents on the phenyl rings.
The triphenylsulfonium salts absorb at ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Asymmetric Heck reactions establish quaternary or tertiary stereocenters. If migratory insertion generates a quaternary center adjacent to the palladium-carbon bond (as in reactions of trisubstituted or 1,1-disubstituted alkenes), β-hydride elimination toward that center is not possible and it is retained in the produc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amorphous brazing foils are typically used for brazing, a metallurgy process by which two pieces of metal are joined by melting and cooling a third "fill metal" at their joint. The use of preforms increases the capability of ABFs for use on an industrial scale, even being able to be assembled by machine. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The first lanthanum C complex called La@C was synthesized in 1985. The @ (at sign) in the name reflects the notion of a small molecule trapped inside a shell. Two types of... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In 1956 a heterogeneous catalyst made of palladium deposited on silk was shown to effect asymmetric hydrogenation. Later, in 1968, the groups of William Knowles and Leopold Horner independently published the examples of asymmetric hydrogenation using a homogeneous catalysts. While exhibiting only modest enantiomeric ex... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms. Most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay.
The earliest life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier physical evidences of life include graphite, a biogenic substance, in 3.7 billion-ye... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A column is prepared by packing a solid adsorbent into a cylindrical glass or plastic tube. The size will depend on the amount of compound being isolated. The base of the tube contains a filter, either a cotton or glass wool plug, or glass frit to hold the solid phase in place. A solvent reservoir may be attached at th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To begin HPTLC, a stationary phase has to be determined to separate different compounds within a mixture. Around 90% of all pharmaceutical separations are performed on normal phase silica gel; however, other stationary phases such as alumina can be used for samples with dissociating compounds and cellulose for ionic co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a parenchyma (ground tissue) or chlorenchyma tissue called the mesophyll (Greek for "middle leaf"). This assimilation tissue is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are called "assimilates"... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that integrates the separation of volatile compounds using a gas chromatograph with the detection of odour using an olfactometer (human assessor). It was first invented and applied in 1964 by Fuller and co-workers. While GC separates volatile compounds from an extra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
FRET in lanthanide probes is a widely used technique to measure the distance between two points separated by approximately 15–100 Angstrom. Measurements can be done under physiological conditions in vitro with genetically encoded dyes, and often in vivo as well. The technique relies on a distant- dependent transfer of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three distinct groups of Complex III inhibitors.
* Antimycin A binds to the Q site and inhibits the transfer of electrons in Complex III from heme b to oxidized Q (Qi site inhibitor).
* Myxothiazol and stigmatellin binds to the Q site and inhibits the transfer of electrons from reduced QH to the Rieske Iron s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A parallel relationship can easily be drawn between halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding. Both interactions revolve around an electron donor/electron acceptor relationship, between a halogen-like atom and an electron-dense one. But halogen bonding is both much stronger and more sensitive to direction than hydrogen bon... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The widespread application of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technologies that use the infrared window (8–13 µm) to dissipate heat through longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer with outer space, has been proposed as a method of reducing temperature increases caused by climate change. The in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermal mass is ideally placed within the building and situated where it still can be exposed to low-angle winter sunlight (via windows) but insulated from heat loss. In summer the same thermal mass should be obscured from higher-angle summer sunlight in order to prevent overheating of the structure.
The thermal mass i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The trifluoromethyl group occurs in certain pharmaceuticals, drugs, and abiotically synthesized natural fluorocarbon based compounds. The medicinal use of the trifloromethyl group dates from 1928, although research became more intense in the mid-1940s. The trifluoromethyl group is often used as a bioisostere to create ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photosynthesis is a process where light is absorbed or harvested by pigment protein complexes which are able to turn sunlight into energy. Absorption of a photon by a molecule takes place when pigment protein complexes harvest sunlight leading to electronic excitation delivered to the reaction centre where the process ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Moexipril is generally well tolerated in elderly patients with hypertension.
Hypotension, dizziness, increased cough, diarrhea, flu syndrome, fatigue, and flushing have been found to affect less than 6% of patients who were prescribed moexipril. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Chromium carbonyl
* Ferrocyanide
* Iron pentacarbonyl
* Nickel carbonyl
* Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
* Ferrocene
* Uranium hexafluoride
* tetraethyl lead
* tetramethyl lead
* tetrabutyl tin
* trimethylaluminium
* dimethylmercury
* Diethylzinc
* triethylborane
* Chromate
* Permanganate
* Ferroin
* bis(... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is indicated for intraocular pressure reduction in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
High-carbon steel has approximately 0.6 to 1.0% carbon content. It is very strong, used for springs, edged tools, and high-strength wires. | 8 | Metallurgy |
No applications have been identified for ferrocene-containing dendrimers. They exhibit multielectron redox indicating that the ferrocenyl moieties are essentially noninteracting redox centers. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
miRNAs, microRNA, are short RNA sequences that are complementary to regions of a transcribed gene and have regulatory functions. Current research indicates that circulating miRNA may be utilized as novel biomarkers, hence show promising evidence to be utilized in disease diagnostics. MiRNAs are formed from longer seque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Under the light microscope, eyespots appear as dark, orange-reddish spots or stigmata. They get their color from carotenoid pigments contained in bodies called pigment granules. The photoreceptors are found in the plasma membrane overlaying the pigmented bodies.
The eyespot apparatus of Euglena comprises the paraflage... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amoxicillin is effective for treatment of early cutaneous Lyme borreliosis; the effectiveness and safety of oral amoxicillin is neither better nor worse than common alternatively-used antibiotics. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Desmodium also enhances soil quality by increasing soil organic matter, nitrogen content, and soil biodiversity, as well as conserving moisture, moderating soil temperature and preventing erosion. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the late 1940s at the University of California, Berkeley, the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon-14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques. The pathway of CO fixation... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fats are broken down by conversion to acyl-CoA. This conversion is one response to high energy demands such as exercise.
The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. Fatty acids are converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboxypeptidases are usually classified into one of several families based on their active site mechanism.
* Enzymes that use a metal in the active site are called "metallo-carboxypeptidases" (EC number 3.4.17).
* Other carboxypeptidases that use active site serine residues are called "serine carboxypeptidases" (EC ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Norvaline and norleucine (one hydrocarbon group longer) both possess the nor- prefix for historical reason, despite current conventional usage of the prefix to denote a missing hydrocarbon group (under which they would theoretically be called "dihomoalanine" and "trihomoalanine"). The name is not systematic, and the IU... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the presence of very reactive dienes (for example 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran) butadienesulfone behaves as a dienophile and forms the corresponding Diels-Alder adduct.
As early as 1938, Kurt Alder and co-workers reported Diels-Alder adducts from the isomeric 2-sulfolene with 1,3-butadiene and 2-sulfolene with cyclopen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder rockets (Mysorean rockets) were developed by the Mysorean army of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore in the 1780s. The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the Presidency armies of the East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. | 8 | Metallurgy |
hMeRIP-seq is an immunoprecipitation method, in which RNA–protein complexes are crosslinked for stability, and antibodies specific to hm5C are added. Using this method, over 3,000 hm5C peaks have been called in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution is the organic reaction of carbonyl compounds with amines to imines. The reaction name is based on the IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations. The reaction is acid catalyzed and the reaction type is nucleophilic addition of the amine to the carbonyl compound follow... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two broad causes of nucleic acid lesions, endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors, or endogeny, refer to the resulting conditions that develop within an organism. This is in contrast with exogenous factors which originate from outside the organism. DNA and RNA lesions caused by endogenous factors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monophosphine-type ligands were among the first to appear in asymmetric hydrogenation, e.g., the ligand CAMP. Continued research into these types of ligands has explored both P-alkyl and P-heteroatom bonded ligands, with P-heteroatom ligands like the phosphites and phosphoramidites generally achieving more impressive ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When implanted on a surface, gold clusters catalyze oxidation of at ambient temperatures. Similarly gold clusters implanted on can oxidize at temperatures as low as 40K. Catalytic activity correlated with the structure of gold nanoclusters. A strong relationship between energetic and electronic properties with size... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway that results in the formation of urea using one ammonium molecule from degraded amino acids, another ammonium group from aspartate and one bicarbonate molecule. This route commonly occurs in hepatocytes. The reactions related to the urea cycle produce NADH, and NADH can be produced... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reagent testing is one of the processes used to identify substances contained within a pill, usually illicit substances.
With the increased prevalence of drugs being available in their pure forms, the terms "drug checking" or "pill testing" may also be used, although these terms usually refer to testing with a wider va... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Peroxisomes (microbodies) were first described by a Swedish doctoral student, J. Rhodin in 1954. They were identified as organelles by the Belgian cytologist Christian de Duve in 1967. De Duve and co-workers discovered that peroxisomes contain several oxidases involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide (HO) as wel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI) is another parameter for thyrotropic pituitary function. It was defined to be more robust to distorted data than JTI and TTSI. It is calculated with
from quantiles of FT4 and TSH concentration (as determined based on cumulative distribution functions). Per definition the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several monoclonal antibodies, such as bevacizumab and cetuximab, can cause different kinds of side effects. These side effects can be categorized into common and serious side effects.
Some common side effects include:
* Dizziness
* Headaches
* Allergies
* Diarrhea
* Cough
* Fever
* Itching
* Back pain
* General weakne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A bioindicator is an organism or biological response that reveals the presence of pollutants by the occurrence of typical symptoms or measurable responses and is, therefore, more qualitative.
These organisms (or communities of organisms) can be used to deliver information on alterations in the environment or the quanti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are fourteen naturally occurring enediynes. The other existing classes of enediynes have been synthesized in the lab.
Enediynes have been split into two sub-families: those with nine members in the core enediyne ring and those with ten-membered rings. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alain-Edgard Berton (1912–1979) was a French chemical engineer who specialized in toxicology and in the analysis of air components in industrial environments. In the late 1950s he invented the "Osmopile", a measuring device, dubbed "the first artificial nose," which initiated, through the use of highly sensitive galvan... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NURF was first purified from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster by Toshio Tsukiyama and Carl Wu in 1995. Tsukiyama and Wu described NURF’s chromatin remodeling activity on the hsp70 promoter. It was later discovered that NURF regulates transcription in this manner for hundreds of genes. A human ortholog of NURF... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to Beer–Lambert law, the intensity of an electromagnetic wave inside a material falls off exponentially from the surface as
If denotes the penetration depth, we have
Penetration depth is one term that describes the decay of electromagnetic waves inside of a material. The above definition refers to the depth... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The amplification reaction initiates when multiple primer hexamers anneal to the template. When DNA synthesis proceeds to the next starting site, the polymerase displaces the newly produced DNA strand and continues its strand elongation. The strand displacement generates a newly synthesized single-stranded DNA template... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following result, due to Donsker and Varadhan, is known as Donsker and Varadhan's variational formula.
For alternative proof using measure theory, see. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.