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1966-1979: University of Vienna<br />
Starting in 1966 Falk was an assistant at the [http://www.univie.ac.at/orgchem/ Institute of Organic Chemistry] at the University of Vienna. In 1975 he was promoted to associate professor of physical organic chemistry at the University of Vienna. In the summer of 1978 Falk was inv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrosoarenes typically participate in a monomer–dimer equilibrium. The azobenzene N,N-dioxide (Ar(O)N=N(O)Ar) dimers, which are often pale yellow, are generally favored in the solid state, whereas the deep-green monomers are favored in dilute solution or at higher temperatures. They exist as cis and trans' isomers.
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The system can be adapted for situations where environmental or clinical pathogens require monitoring. For example, APDS could test for mold or fungal spores in buildings or for the airborne spread of contagious materials in hospitals. It also could identify disease outbreaks in livestock transport centers or feedlots.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Flow cytometry is most frequently used to detect apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Analysis of DNA content by flow cytometry can identify apoptotic cells with fragmented DNA as the cells with fractional DNA content, often called the sub-G cells. The flow-cytometric assay utilizing the fluorochrome acridine orange shows that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic LPB tool is a ball, wheel or other similar tip that is supported in a spherical hydrostatic bearing. The tool can be held in any CNC machine or by industrial robots, depending on the application. The machine tool coolant is used to pressurize the bearing with a continuous flow of fluid to support the ball. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
APP undergoes extensive post-translational modification including glycosylation, phosphorylation, sialylation, and tyrosine sulfation, as well as many types of proteolytic processing to generate peptide fragments. It is commonly cleaved by proteases in the secretase family; alpha secretase and beta secretase both remov... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Philippa Marion Wiggins (nee Glasgow) (16 July 1925 – 16 March 2017) was a New Zealand academic, who made significant contributions to the understanding of the structure of water in living cells. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In petroleum geology, the maturity of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemical and basin modelling techniques.
Rocks with high total organic carbon, (termed source rocks), will alter under increasing temperature such that the organic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the case of bacteria, transposition mutagenesis is usually accomplished by way of a plasmid from which a transposon is extracted and inserted into the host chromosome. This usually requires a set of enzymes including transposase to be translated. The transposase can be expressed either on a separate plasmid, or on t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient (Q or just Q) is a dimensionless quantity that provides a measurement of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry at a particular point in time. Mathematically, it is defined as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initiation in archaea is governed by TATA-binding protein (TBP), Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB), and Archaeal transcription factor E (TFE) that are homologous to eukaryotic TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIE respectively. These factors recognize the promoter core sequence (TATA box, B recognition element) upstream of the cod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nesslers reagent, named after Julius Neßler (Nessler), is a 0.09 mol/L solution of potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) in 2.5 mol/L potassium hydroxide. This pale solution becomes deeper yellow in the presence of ammonia (). At higher concentrations, a brown precipitate derivative of Millons base () may form. The sensitiv... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The name "gentian violet" (or Gentianaviolett in German) is thought to have been introduced by the German pharmacist Georg Grübler, who in 1880 started a company in Leipzig that specialized in the sale of staining reagents for histology. The gentian violet stain marketed by Grübler probably contained a mixture of methy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Folin–Wu and the Somogyi–Nelson methods are both based on the same principles. In the first step, glucose (or a reducing sugar) is oxidised using a solution of Cu(II) ion, which is reduced to Cu(I) by the process. In the second step, the Cu(I) ions are then oxidised back to Cu(II) using a colourless hetero-polymoly... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main finding of Haber and Weiss was that hydrogen peroxide (HO) is decomposed by a chain reaction.
The Haber–Weiss reaction chain proceeds by successive steps: (i) initiation, (ii) propagation and (iii) termination.
The chain is initiated by the Fenton reaction:
:Fe + HO → Fe + HO + HO (step 1: initiation)
Then... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The regulation of transcription by enhancers has been studied since the 1980s. Large or multi-component transcription regulators with a range of mechanistic properties, including locus control regions, clustered open regulatory elements, and transcription initiation platforms, were observed shortly thereafter. More rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One last area that has been actively studied is the synergy of different materials in promoting superior electroactive performance. Whether through various charge transport material, electrochemical species, or morphologies, exploiting the synergetic relationship between different materials has paved the way for even n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Different biocatalytic approaches have been developed toward the synthesis of glycosides in the past decades, which using "glycosyltransferases" and "glycoside hydrolases" are among the most common catalysis. The former often needs expensive materials and the later often shows low yields, De Winter et al.
investigated ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inputs to the marine carbon cycle are numerous, but the primary contributions, on a net basis, come from the atmosphere and rivers. Hydrothermal vents generally supply carbon equal to the amount they consume. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The model permits a maximum of 240 internal and 120 external polygons with a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 6 sides each. The subdivision of the area into polygons, based on nodal points with known coordinates, should be governed by the characteristics of the distribution of the cropping, irrigation, drainage and ground... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This period was one of rapid growth for the Jameson Cells in the existing applications. Seventy-seven Cells were installed in concentrators around the world, mainly in coal and base metal operations. However, during this time, the Cell also moved into the Canadian oil sands industry for the flotation of bitumen. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There have been some reports of algae operating a biochemical CCM: shuttling metabolites within single cells to concentrate in one area. This process is not fully understood. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Even though enamines are more nucleophilic than their enol counterparts, they can still react selectively, rendering them useful for alkylation reactions. The enamine nucleophile can attack haloalkanes to form the alkylated iminium salt intermediate which then hydrolyzes to regenerate a ketone (a starting material in e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As in other areas of chemistry, electron counting is useful for organizing organometallic chemistry. The 18-electron rule is helpful in predicting the stabilities of organometallic complexes, for example metal carbonyls and metal hydrides. The 18e rule has two representative electron counting models, ionic and neutral ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The master regulator concept has been criticized for being a "simplified paradigm" that fails to account for the multifactorial influences on some cell fates. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biologically synthesized organofluorines are few in number, although some are widely produced. The most common example is fluoroacetate, with an active poison molecule identical to commercial "1080". It is used as a defense against herbivores by at least 40 green plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa; other biologica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases, such as lung cancer. One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the bo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
We may make a more elaborate calculation by treating the atmosphere as compounded of many thin layers. For each such layer, at height y and thickness dy, the weight of this layer in determining the radiation temperaure seen from outer space is a generalization of the expression arrived at earlier for the troposphere. I... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The proteins in these excitable domains of neuron when injured may result in cognitive disorders and various neuropathic ailments. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The traditional way to analyze the ascorbic acid content is the process of titration with an oxidizing agent, and several procedures have been developed.
The popular iodometry approach uses iodine in the presence of a starch indicator. Iodine is reduced by ascorbic acid, and, when all the ascorbic acid has reacted, the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mesoionic carbenes (MICs) are similar to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) except that canonical resonance structures with the carbene depicted cannot be drawn without adding additional charges. Mesoionic carbenes are also referred to as abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes (aNHC) or remote N-heterocyclic carbenes (rNHC). A v... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In most instances, baseline data for biotic conditions within a pre-determined reference site are collected. Reference sites must be characterized by little to no outside disturbance (e.g. anthropogenic disturbances, land use change, invasive species). The biotic conditions of a specific indicator species are measured ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A black light may also be formed by simply using a UV filter coating such as Wood's glass on the envelope of a common incandescent bulb. This was the method that was used to create the very first black light sources. Although incandescent black light bulbs are a cheaper alternative to fluorescent tubes, they are except... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Temperature affects the elasticity of elastomers in an unusual way. When the elastomer is assumed to be in a stretched state, heating causes them to contract. Vice versa, cooling can cause expansion.
This can be observed with an ordinary rubber band. Stretching a rubber band will cause it to release heat (press it agai... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, Baird's rule estimates whether the lowest triplet state of planar, cyclic structures will have aromatic properties or not. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist N. Colin Baird at the University of Western Ontario in 1972.
The lowest triplet state... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Hunter–Sanders model has been criticized by numerous research groups offering contradictory experimental and computational evidence of pi stacking interactions that are not governed primarily by electrostatic effects.
The clearest experimental evidence against electrostatic substituent effects was reported by Rashk... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Zero-valent metals are the main reductants used in ISCR. The most common metal used is iron, in the form of ZVI (zero valent iron), and it is also the metal longest in use. However, some studies show that zero valent zinc (ZVZ) could be up to ten times more effective at eradicating the contaminants than ZVI. Some appli... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Radiation pressure is the force that electromagnetic radiation exerts on matter. In 1873 Maxwell published his treatise on electromagnetism in which he predicted radiation pressure. The force was experimentally demonstrated for the first time by Lebedev and reported at a conference in Paris in 1900, and later publish... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymer morphology generally describes the arrangement and microscale ordering of polymer chains in space. The macroscopic physical properties of a polymer are related to the interactions between the polymer chains.
* Disordered polymers: In the solid state, atactic polymers, polymers with a high degree of branching an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Equilibrium, in general, is a state in which opposing forces are balanced, and hence a system does not change in time. Radiative equilibrium is the specific case of thermal equilibrium, for the case in which the exchange of heat is done by radiative heat transfer.
There are several types of radiative equilibrium. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microencapsulated pheromones (MECs) are small droplets of pheromone enclosed within polymer capsules. The capsules control the release rate of the pheromone into the surrounding environment. The capsules are small enough to be applied in the same method as used to spray insecticides. The effective field longevity of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Change in physical interactions can be utilized for the solidification process, and the fibrous state is usually achieved outside of the extrusion nozzle. Due to the reversibility of those physical interactions, subsequent crosslinking is traditionally required. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The discovery of an animal cell AMPylase, followed by the discovery of its ER localisation and that BiP is a prominent substrate for its activity were important breakthroughs. BiP (also known as Grp78) had long been known to undergo an inactivating post-translational modification, but it nature remain elusive. Widely a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors are, as their name indicates, transcription factors containing both Basic helix-loop-helix and leucine zipper motifs.
Examples include Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Zerewitinoff determination or Zerevitinov determination is a quantitative chemical test for the determination of active hydrogens in a chemical substance. A sample is treated with the Grignard reagent, methylmagnesium iodide, which reacts with any acidic hydrogen atom to form methane. This gas can be determined qua... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (often abbreviated as the CIP system) were first published in 1966; allowing enantiomers to be more easily and accurately described.
The same year saw first successful enantiomeric separation by gas chromatography an important development as the technology was in common use at the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Martha was born in Georgia, Vermont on February 13, 1870. She grew up in Easthampton, Massachusetts where she graduated high school. She earned her B.S. degree from Smith College in 1892. Prior to enrolling in graduate school at Yale University, she taught as a science teacher in New York and Massachusetts. She started... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hordein is a prolamin glycoprotein, present in barley and some other cereals, together with gliadin and other glycoproteins (such as glutelins) coming under the general name of gluten. Hordeins are found in the endosperm where one of their functions is to act as a storage unit.
In comparison to other proteins, hordein... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some turbofans have an intermediate pressure (IP) compressor located between the fan and the high pressure (HP) compressor to increase overall pressure ratio. US civil engines tend to mount the IP compressor on the LP shaft, directly behind the fan, whereas Rolls-Royce normally mount the IP compressor on a separate (i.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conductivity measurement is a versatile tool in process control. The measurement is simple and fast, and most advanced sensors require only a little maintenance. The measured conductivity reading can be used to make various assumptions on what is happening in the process. In some cases it is possible to develop a model... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The majority of rivers on the planet and many lakes have received or are receiving inputs from human-kind's activities. In the industrialised world, many rivers have been very seriously polluted, at least during the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Although in general there has been much improvement in th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
HNF4 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4) is a nuclear receptor protein mostly expressed in the liver, gut, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells that is critical for liver development. In humans, there are two paralogs of HNF4, HNF4α and HNF4γ, encoded by two separate genes and respectively. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hormone research he became involved with in 1940 was initiated by the RAF who then believed German fighter pilots were given cortical hormones He remained a research Fellow at Oxford until 1948 working under Sir Robert Robinson, when he became the Smithson Fellow at the University of Cambridge where he remained unt... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle is a principle in chemical kinetics proposed by David Yarrow Curtin and Louis Plack Hammett. It states that, for a reaction that has a pair of reactive intermediates or reactants that interconvert rapidly (as is usually the case for conformational isomers), each going irreversibly to a dif... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Russia, starting from May 18, 2012, modafinil is Schedule II controlled substance. Being classified as a schedule II controlled substance in Russia means that it is seen as a drug with a high potential for abuse and dependence. This classification imposes strict regulations on the production, distribution, and use o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This originates from permanent and induced dipoles aligning to an electric field. Their orientation polarisation is disturbed by thermal noise (which mis-aligns the dipole vectors from the direction of the field), and the time needed for dipoles to relax is determined by the local viscosity. These two facts make dipole... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a host–guest complex. Often, the definition of which species is the "host" and which is the "guest" is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions. Key applications of ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Different sigma factors are utilized under different environmental conditions. These specialized sigma factors bind the promoters of genes appropriate to the environmental conditions, increasing the transcription of those genes.
Sigma factors in E. coli:
*σ(RpoD) – σ – the "housekeeping" sigma factor or also called as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoinhibition can be measured from isolated thylakoid membranes or their subfractions, or from intact cyanobacterial cells by measuring the light-saturated rate of oxygen evolution in the presence of an artificial electron acceptor (quinones and dichlorophenol-indophenol have been used).
The degree of photoinhibition... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Thionyl chloride reacts exothermically with water to form sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid:
By a similar process it also reacts with alcohols to form alkyl chlorides. If the alcohol is chiral the reaction generally proceeds via an Si mechanism with retention of stereochemistry; however, depending on the exact condi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Emulsions are used to manufacture polymer dispersions – polymer production in an emulsion phase has a number of process advantages, including prevention of coagulation of product. Products produced by such polymerisations may be used as the emulsions – products including primary components for glues and paints. Synthet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Side effects of the tablet form in conjunction with levodopa include, in decreasing order of frequency, nausea, hallucinations, confusion, depression, loss of balance, insomnia, increased involuntary movements, agitation, slow or irregular heart rate, delusions, hypertension, new or increased angina pectoris, and synco... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Aluminium chloride is manufactured on a large scale by the exothermic reaction of aluminium metal with chlorine or hydrogen chloride at temperatures between .
Aluminium chloride may be formed via a single displacement reaction between copper(II) chloride and aluminium.
In the US in 1993, approximately 21,000 tons were ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mauveine is a mixture of four related aromatic compounds differing in number and placement of methyl groups. Its organic synthesis involves dissolving aniline, p-toluidine, and o-toluidine in sulfuric acid and water in a roughly 1:1:2 ratio, then adding potassium dichromate.
Mauveine A () incorporates 2 molecules of a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Addition reaction
**Aldol addition
**Electrophilic addition
**Michael addition
**Mukaiyama aldol addition
**Nucleophilic addition
*Cyclization
**Bergman cyclization
**Nazarov cyclization reaction
*Elimination reaction
**Beta elimination
**Cope elimination
**E1cB elimination reaction
**Hofmann elimination
*Organic redo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A supramolecular host could bind to a guest molecule in such a way that the guests labile group is positioned close to the reactive group of another reactive species. The proximity of the two groups enhances the probability that the reaction could occur and thus the reaction rate is increased. This concept is similar t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Silicon carbide can host point defects in the crystal lattice which are known as color centers. These defects can produce single photons on demand and thus serve as a platform for single-photon source. Such a device is a fundamental resource for many emerging applications of quantum information science. If one pumps a ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
His academic teaching experience spans in both undergraduate level at the University of Massachusetts and postgraduate level at the University of Connecticut and the University of Patras.
His published work as co-author includes three books, six chapters in other authors' books, 92 scientific papers and 146 research p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electron-counting rules are used to predict the preferred electron count for molecules. The octet rule, the 18-electron rule, and Hückels 4n + 2 pi-electron rule are proven to be useful in predicting the molecular stability. Wades rules were formulated to explain the electronic requirement of monopolyhedral borane clus... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The insert is created by PCR using Taq polymerase. This polymerase lacks 3 to 5 proofreading activity and, with a high probability, adds a single, 3-adenine overhang to each end of the PCR product. It is best if the PCR primers have guanines at the 5 end as this maximizes probability of Taq DNA polymerase adding the te... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermometric titrimetry is particularly suited to the determination of a range of analytes where a precipitate is formed by reaction with the titrant. In some cases, an alternative to traditional potentiometric titration practice can be offered. In other cases, reaction chemistries may be employed for which there is no... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv1.1. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-day" is approximately the 1990s.
The following panels show sea surface concentrations of fields prepared by GLODAPv2. The "pre-industrial" is the 18th century, while "present-d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There is a hypothesis that states that TEs might provide a ready source of DNA that could be co-opted by the cell to help regulate gene expression. Research showed that many diverse modes of TEs co-evolution along with some transcription factors targeting TE-associated genomic elements and chromatin are evolving from T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In terms of applications, a popular allyl complex is allyl palladium chloride.
The reactivity of allyl ligands depends on the overall complex, although the influence of the metal center can be roughly summarized as
:(more reactive) Fe ≫ Pd > Mo > W (less reactive)
Such complexes are usually electrophilic (i.e., react... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Research has shown that applying 5 to 15 volts of electricity for 50 ms to the segmental nerve that innervates the light organ leads to a glow 1.5 seconds after that lasts for five to ten seconds. Stimulation of the segmental nerve has been found to lead to several different nerve impulses, and frequency of nervous imp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flash photolysis is an alternative to pulse radiolysis that uses high-power light pulses (e.g. from an excimer laser) rather than beams of electrons to initiate chemical reactions. Typically ultraviolet light is used which requires less radiation shielding than required for the X-rays emitted in pulse radiolysis. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In July 2016 Florida declared a state of emergency for four counties as a result of blooms. They were said to be "destroying" a number of businesses and affecting local economies, with many needing to shut down entirely. Some beaches were closed, and hotels and restaurants suffered a drop in business. Tourist sporting ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Size of sea salt aerosols ranges widely from ~0.05 to 10 μm in diameter, with most of masses concentrated in super-micron range (coarse mode), and highest number concentration in sub-micron range. Correspondingly, sea salt aerosols have a wide range of atmospheric lifetimes. As the sea salt aerosols are hygroscopic, th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The signs and symptoms of acute beryllium pneumonitis usually resolve over several weeks to months, but may be fatal in 10 percent of cases, and about 15–20% of cases may progress to chronic beryllium disease.
Acute beryllium poisoning approximately doubles the risk of lung cancer. The mechanism by which beryllium is c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
IRsweep was founded in 2014 as a spin-off from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich). The company commercialized its first product after having developed its prototypes for academic research projects. The first derived product is the IRcell, a cylindrical multipass cell combining a long optical path in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Influenza neuraminidase is a mushroom-shaped projection on the surface of the influenza virus. It has a head consisting of four co-planar and roughly spherical subunits, and a hydrophobic region that is embedded within the interior of the virus' membrane. It comprises a single polypeptide chain that is oriented in the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Schlögl received numerous scientific awards for his work, including the Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1985, the prize for natural sciences of the city of Vienna in 1989, and the Wilhelm Exner Medal of the Austrian Economic Association in 1991. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For his work, Woodward received many awards, honors and honorary doctorates, including election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948, the National Academy of Sciences in 1953, the American Philosophical Society in 1962, and membership in academies around the world. He was also a consultant to many compa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The marine carbon cycle is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor. The carbon cycle is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon around the planet, ensuri... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Weak links play a very important role in modern superconductivity. In most cases weak links are oxide barriers between two superconducting thin films, but it can also be a crystal boundary (in the case of high-Tc superconductors). A schematic representation is given in Fig. 4. Now consider the ring which is thick every... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Temporins are a family of peptides isolated originally from the skin secretion of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. Peptides belonging to the temporin family have been isolated also from closely related North American frogs, such as Rana sphenocephala. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of P680 consists of a heterodimer of two distinct chlorophyll molecules,
referred to as P and P. This “special pair” forms an excitonic dimer that functions as a single unit, excited by light energy as if they were a single molecule. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In medical testing applications and industrial samples with high concentrations or interfering material, there is often a dialyzer module in the instrument in which the analyte permeates through a dialysis membrane into a separate flow path going on to further analysis. The purpose of a dialyzer is to separate the ana... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The reaction of a strong acid with a strong base is essentially a quantitative reaction. For example,
In this reaction both the sodium and chloride ions are spectators as the neutralization reaction,
does not involve them. With weak bases addition of acid is not quantitative because a solution of a weak base is a buffe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liquids with low vapor pressures are preferred for the working fluids to minimize evaporation loss due to flash evaporation.
Liquids have been found that in the range of 300 to 900 K have a vapor pressure so low that the evaporation loss during the normal lifetime of a space system
(possibly as long as 30 years) will b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) is an academic society founded in 1955. Originally named Australian Biochemical Society, it was renamed to its current title in 1990. Its main activities include hosting scientific conferences, supporting ancillary symposia, workshops and publishing ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kerr frequency combs (also known as microresonator frequency combs) are optical frequency combs which are generated from a continuous wave pump laser by the Kerr nonlinearity. This coherent conversion of the pump laser to a frequency comb takes place inside an optical resonator which is typically of micrometer to milli... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amylases are used in breadmaking and to break down complex sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of ethanol and carbon dioxide. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While amylases are found naturally in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiomics currently holds a promise to fill gaps in the understanding of human health and disease, and many researchers are working on ways to generate and analyze disease-related data. The applications range from understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases, cancer, to understanding better chronic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Free fatty acids cannot penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge. Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins, such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein. Once in the cytosol, the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following is a list of common functional groups. In the formulas, the symbols R and R' usually denote an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sex pheromones have found applications in pest monitoring and pest control. For monitoring, pheromone traps are used to attract and catch a sample of pest insects to determine whether control measures are needed. For control, much larger quantities of a sex pheromone are released to disrupt the mating of a pest species... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this method, plant nuclei are isolated by physically grinding tissues and reconstituting the intact nuclei in a unique Nuclear Isolation Buffer (NIB). The plastid DNAs are released from organelles and eliminated with an osmotic buffer by washing and centrifugation. The purified nuclei are then lysed and further clea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# During the afterhyperpolarization period after an action potential, the membrane potential is more negative than when the cell is at the resting potential. In the figure to the right, this undershoot occurs at approximately 3 to 4 milliseconds (ms) on the time scale. The afterhyperpolarization is the time when the me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Akkermansia is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobiota (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed by Derrien et al. (2004), with the type species Akkermansia muciniphila (gen. nov., sp. nov).
Until 2016 the genus contained a single known species, namely A. muciniphila. In 2016, Akkermansia glycaniphila was isolated in th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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