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The magnetic nanoparticles are typically made from iron oxide, which is fully biodegradable, using methods such as coprecipitation or microemulsion.
The nanoparticles are then combined with gene vectors (DNA, siRNA, ODN, virus, etc.). One method involves linking viral particles to magnetic particles using an avidin-bio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to Tafts steric parameter E, other steric parameters that are independent of kinetic data have been defined. Charton has defined values v that are derived from van der Waals radii. Using molecular mechanics, Meyers has defined V' values that are derived from the volume of the portion of the substituent th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a high-temperature, classical paramagnet phase, the magnetic susceptibility is given by the Curie–Weiss law
Fitting experimental data to this equation determines a phenomenological Curie–Weiss temperature, . There is a second temperature, , where magnetic order in the material begins to develop, as evidenced by a n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AFM-IR (atomic force microscope-infrared spectroscopy) or infrared nanospectroscopy is one of a family of techniques that are derived from a combination of two parent instrumental techniques. AFM-IR combines the chemical analysis power of infrared spectroscopy and the high-spatial resolution of scanning probe microscop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A quasistatic process is an idealized or fictive model of a thermodynamic "process" considered in theoretical studies. It does not occur in physical reality. It may be imagined as happening infinitely slowly so that the system passes through a continuum of states that are infinitesimally close to equilibrium. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the Möbius–Hückel treatment is a methodology used to predict whether a reaction is allowed or forbidden. It is often used along with the Woodward–Hoffmann approach. The description in this article uses the plus-minus sign notation for parity as shorthand while proceeding around a cycle of orbitals in a mo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single-molecule RNA FISH, also known as Stellaris® RNA FISH or smFISH, is a method of detecting and quantifying mRNA and other long RNA molecules in a thin layer of tissue sample. Targets can be reliably imaged through the application of multiple short singly labeled oligonucleotide probes. The binding of up to 48 fluo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As for any other physical separation process, liberation is pre-requisite for possible separation. Liberation characteristics are well known and relatively easy to study for particulate lots in smaller size ranges, e.g. flotation feed and products. The analysis is essential for understanding the possible results of phy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Synthetic screen media is used where wear life is an issue. Large producers such as mines or huge quarries use them to reduce the frequency of having to stop the plant for screen deck maintenance. Rubber is also used as a very resistant high-impact screen media material used on the top deck of a scalper screen. To comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. Thus, all mining operations, the ore must usually be beneficiated (concentrated). The concentrate is typically sold to distant smelters, although ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
is a bis-nido edge-shared polyhedron. Here, m + n + o + p − q = 2 + 18 + 0 + 2 − 0 = 22; 16 BH units provide 16 pairs, 4 bridging hydrogen atoms provide 2 pairs, two shared boron atoms provide 3 pairs, along with the two negative charges which provide 1 pair. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sometimes a distinction is made between sequence coverage and physical coverage. Where sequence coverage is the average number of times a base is read, physical coverage is the average number of times a base is read or spanned by mate paired reads. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnesium is essential as part of the process that generates adenosine triphosphate.
Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses of the cell" because their primary role is generating energy for cellular processes. They achieve this by breaking down nutrients, primarily glucose, through a series of chemical r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LAGP belongs to phosphate-based solid electrolytes and, in spite of showing a moderate ionic conductivity compared to other families of solid ionic conductors, it possesses some intrinsic advantages with respect to sulfides and oxides:
* Extremely high chemical stability in humid air;
* Wide electrochemical stability ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The geometry and bonding of a Zintl ion cannot be easily described by classical two electron two center bonding theories; however the geometries Zintl ions can be well described by Wade’s rules of boranes. Wade’s rules offer an alternative model for the relationship between geometry and electron count in delocalized el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Fridge Gate method is a theoretical application of using a single logic gate to drive a refrigerator in the most energy efficient way possible without violating the laws of thermodynamics. It operates on the fact that there are two energy states in which a particle can exist: the ground state and the excited state.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
By the 1760s (or earlier) German artisans had invented a so-called "pulse hammer" (Pulshammer). In 1767 Benjamin Franklin visited Germany, saw a pulse hammer, and in 1768, improved it. Franklins pulse hammer consisted of two glass bulbs connected by a U-shaped tube; one of the bulbs was partially filled with water in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This is a list of instruments used in general in laboratories, including:
*Biochemistry
*Microbiology
*Pharmacology
__FORCETOC__ | 1 | Biochemistry |
ZMAb is a mixture of three mouse mAbs: m1H3, m2G4, and m4G7. A study published in November 2013 found that EBOV-infected macaque monkeys survived after being given a therapy with a combination of three EBOV surface glycoprotein (EBOV-GP)-specific monoclonal antibodies (ZMAb) within 24 hours of infection. The authors co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Damage to buildings, equipment and people can result from a large-scale, short-duration deflagration. The potential damage is primarily a function of the total amount of fuel burned in the event (total energy available), the maximum reaction velocity that is achieved, and the manner in which the expansion of the combu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This formulation for a 2 component reaction is equivalent to the selection rules for a [p + q]-cycloaddition reactions shown in the following table:
If the total number of electrons is 4n + 2, then one is in the bottom row of the table. The reaction is thermally allowed if it is suprafacial with respect to both compon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Growing understanding of small RNA gene-silencing mechanisms involving dsRNA-mediated sequence-specific mRNA degradation has directly impacted the fields of functional genomics, biomedicine, and experimental biology. The following section describes various applications involving the effects of RNA silencing. These incl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to determine the fate of natural carbon containing substances deep in the Earth, experiments have been conducted to see what happens when high pressure, and or temperatures are applied. Such substances include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, graphite, methane, and other hydrocarbons such as benzene, carbon di... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Optical properties are tested for optical sensing-related applications. This can include light attenuation, refractive index, transmission, etc. These optical properties are significantly influenced by the composition of the hydrogel. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This family of clusters includes the closo cages . This family of clusters are also lightly studied owing to synthetic difficulties. Also reflecting synthetic challenges, many of these compounds are best known as their alkyl derivatives. 1,5- is the only known isomer of the five-vertex cage. It is prepared from the rea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to simultaneously manipulate and image samples that exhibit fluorescence, optical tweezers can be built alongside a fluorescence microscope. Such instruments are particularly useful when it comes to studying single or small numbers of biological molecules that have been fluorescently labelled, or in applicatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Lowry protein assay is a biochemical assay for determining the total level of protein in a solution. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. It is named for the biochemist ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gamma TiAl has excellent mechanical properties and oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures (over 600°C), which makes it a possible replacement for traditional Ni based superalloy components in aircraft turbine engines.
TiAl-based alloys have potential to increase the thrust-to-weight ratio in aircra... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) is a potent proteasome inhibitor being studied as a potential anticancer agent. It entered phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma, only three years after its discovery in 2003. This marine natural product is produced by the obligate marine bacteria Salinispora... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organic radicals are inherently electron deficient thus the greater the electronegativity of the atom on which the unpaired electron resides the less stable the radical. Between carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, for example, carbon is the most stable and oxygen the least stable.
Electronegativity also factors into the stab... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The National Center for Functional Glycomics has developed GlycoPattern, a web-based bioinformatics resource to assist in analysis of glycan array data. The GlycoPattern website offers tools and algorithms to discover structural motifs, heatmap visualizations for multiple experiment comparisons, clustering of Glycan Bi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ECS Meeting Abstracts contain extended abstracts of the technical papers presented at the ECS biannual meetings and ECS-sponsored meetings. This publication offers a first look into current research in the field. ECS Meeting Abstracts are freely available to all visitors to the ECS Digital Library. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself. Indirect agonists work through varying mechanisms to achieve their effects, including transpo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many woody plants produce resins and antimicrobial chemicals to limit the spread of pathogens after an injury. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PEA, as an N-acylethanolamine, has physico-chemical properties comparable to anandamide, and, while it is not strictly an endocannabinoid, it is often studied in conjunction with anandamide because of their overlapping synthetic and metabolic pathways. N-acylethanolamines such as PEA often act as signaling molecules, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Interaction networks can be analyzed using the tools of graph theory. Network properties include the degree distribution, clustering coefficients, betweenness centrality, and many others. The distribution of properties among the proteins of an interactome has revealed that the interactome networks often have scale-free... | 1 | Biochemistry |
3β-Etiocholanediol, or epietiocholanediol, also known as 3β,5β-androstanediol or as etiocholane-3β,17β-diol, is a naturally occurring etiocholane (5β-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of testosterone. It is formed from 5β-dihydrotestosterone (after 5β-reduction of testosterone) and is transformed into ep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cryptands enjoy some commercial applications (e.g. in homogenous-time-resolved-fluorescence, HTRF, technologies using Eu3+ as central ion). More importantly, they are reagents for the synthesis of inorganic and organometallic salts. Although more expensive and more difficult to prepare than crown ethers, cryptands bind... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Thermal rearrangements of aromatic hydrocarbons are generally carried out through flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP). In a typical FVP apparatus, a sample is sublimed under high vacuum (0.1-1.0 mmHg), heated in the range of 500-1100 °C by an electric furnace as it passes through a horizontal quartz tube, and collected in a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Copper alloys which contain oxygen can be embrittled if exposed to hot hydrogen. The hydrogen diffuses through the copper and reacts with inclusions of , forming 2 metallic Cu atoms and (water), which then forms pressurized bubbles at the grain boundaries. This process can cause the grains to literally be forced away... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first stable carbenes to be isolated were based on an imidazole ring, with the hydrogen in carbon 2 of the ring (between the two nitrogen atoms) removed, and other hydrogens replaced by various groups. These imidazol-2-ylidenes are still the most stable and the most well studied and understood family of persistent ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There appear to be two main kinds of methodology used for the calculation of energy quality. These can be classed as either receiver or donor methods. One of the main differences that distinguishes these classes is the assumption of whether energy quality can be upgraded in an energy transformation process.
Receiver me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the use of Green's function, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation has counterparts in homogenization theory (e.g. mechanics, conductivity, permittivity). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NADH is oxidized into NAD, H ions, and electrons by an enzyme. FADH is also oxidized into H ions, electrons, and FAD. As those electrons travel farther through the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is gradually released and used to pump the hydrogen ions from the splitting of NADH and FADH into the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Blockages in repolarization can arise due to modifications of the voltage-gated K channels. This is demonstrated with selectively blocking voltage gated K channels with the antagonist tetraethylammonium (TEA). By blocking the channel, repolarization is effectively stopped. Dendrotoxins are another example of a selectiv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices. Space groups are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Cr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chiral purity is a measure of the purity of a chiral drug. Other synonyms employed include enantiomeric excess, enantiomer purity, enantiomeric purity, and optical purity. Optical purity is an obsolete term since today most of the chiral purity measurements are done using chromatographic techniques (not based on optica... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
NRTL binary interaction parameters have been published in the Dechema data series and are provided by NIST and DDBST. In 2023 the DDBST database of VLE-data in combination with the smiles notation for molecules has been used as input to generate via a machine learning algorithm a giant database of 100 million NRTL bina... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FCS almost always refers to the single point, single channel, temporal autocorrelation measurement, although the term "fluorescence correlation spectroscopy" out of its historical scientific context implies no such restriction. FCS has been extended in a number of variations by different researchers, with each extensio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scheme 3: The scheme illustrates the first displacement, the rate determining step and slowest step, where the starting material is converted to the iodo-intermediate. The intermediate is not detectable as it is rapidly converted to the unsaturated sugar. Experiments with azide instead of the iodide confirmed attack oc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
New mTOR-specific inhibitors came forth from screening and drug discovery efforts. These compounds block activity of both mTOR complexes and are called mTORC1/mTORC2 dual inhibitors. Compounds with this characteristics such as sapanisertib (codenamed INK128), AZD8055, and AZD2014 have entered clinical trials.
A series ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferrosilicon is produced by reduction of silica or sand with coke in the presence of iron. Typical sources of iron are scrap iron or millscale. Ferrosilicons with silicon content up to about 15% are made in blast furnaces lined with acid fire bricks.
Ferrosilicons with higher silicon content are made in electric arc f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When dealing with a heterogeneous surface, the Wenzel model is not sufficient. A more complex model is needed to measure how the apparent contact angle changes when various materials are involved. This heterogeneous surface, like that seen in Figure 8, is explained using the Cassie–Baxter equation (Cassie's law):
Here ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A15 phases are intermetallic alloys with an average coordination number (ACN) of 13.5 and eight AB stoichiometry atoms per unit cell where two B atoms are surrounded by CN12 polyhedral (icosahedra), and six A atoms are surrounded by CN14 polyhedral. NbGe is a superconductor with A15 structure. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Levetiracetam is effective for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. It has been approved in the United States as add-on treatment for myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. Levetiracetam has been approved in the European Union as a monotherapy treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an ad... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many stationary phases are porous to provide greater surface area. Small pores provide greater surface area while larger pore size has better kinetics, especially for larger analytes. For example, a protein which is only slightly smaller than a pore might enter the pore but does not easily leave once inside. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Early models to explain the origin of the index of refraction treated an electron in an atomic system classically according to the model of Paul Drude and Hendrik Lorentz. The theory was developed to attempt to provide an origin for the wavelength-dependent refractive index n of a material. In this model, incident elec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The early work of the scientists J. Arthur Harris and Francis G. Benedict showed that approximate values for BMR could be derived using body surface area (computed from height and weight), age, and sex, along with the oxygen and carbon dioxide measures taken from calorimetry. Studies also showed that by eliminating the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The next generation of SNP annotation webservers can take advantage of the growing amount of data in core bioinformatics resources and use intelligent agents to fetch data from different sources as needed. From a user’s point of view, it is more efficient to submit a set of SNPs and receive results in a single step, wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radioactive isotope labeling experiments provide a powerful tool for determining the structure of organic molecules. By systematically decomposing the 2-norbornyl cation and analyzing the amount of radioactive isotope in each decomposition product, researchers were able to show further evidence for the non-classical pi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Charles Roger Slack (22 April 1937 – 24 October 2016) was a British-born plant biologist and biochemist who lived and worked in Australia (1962–1970) and New Zealand (1970–2000). In 1966, jointly with Marshall Hatch, he discovered C4 photosynthesis (also known as the Hatch Slack Pathway). | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the following formulas G denotes a group contribution. G are counted for every single available group. If a group is present multiple times, each occurrence is counted separately. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An oxocarbenium ion (or oxacarbenium ion) is a chemical species characterized by a central sp-hybridized carbon, an oxygen substituent, and an overall positive charge that is delocalized between the central carbon and oxygen atoms. An oxocarbenium ion is represented by two limiting resonance structures, one in the for... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced through the dissociation of mo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Instruments accept small (mm range) and large samples (cm range), e.g. wafers. The limiting factor is the design of the sample holder, the sample transfer, and the size of the vacuum chamber. Large samples are laterally moved in x and y direction to analyze a larger area. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two distinctive features of ion channels that differentiate them from other types of ion transporter proteins:
#The rate of ion transport through the channel is very high (often 10 ions per second or greater).
#Ions pass through channels down their electrochemical gradient, which is a function of ion concentr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers has been heavily studied. The high oxophilicity of the early metals precluded their use in this application.
Efforts to copolymerize polar comonomers led to catalysts based upon nickel and palladium, inspired by the success of the Shell Higher Olefin Process. Typic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, hydrogen ions, bicarbonate and carbonate are all dissolved in water, and at chemical equilibrium, their equilibrium concentrations are often assumed to be given by:
where the subscript eq denotes that these are equilibrium concentrations, K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The convective heat transfer between a uniformly heated wall and the working fluid is described by Newton's law of cooling:
where represents the heat flux, represents the proportionally constant called the heat transfer coefficient, represents the wall temperature and represents the fluid temperature. If decrease... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concept of a transition state has been important in many theories of the rates at which chemical reactions occur. This started with the transition state theory (also referred to as the activated complex theory), which was first developed around 1935 by Eyring, Evans and Polanyi, and introduced basic concepts in che... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In his first scientific works carried out under the guidance of Chugaev, Pigulevsky studied the chemistry of terpenes. Subsequently, essential oils and resins of coniferous plants became the main subject of his research. In addition to studying their formation and reactions, Pigulevsky also studied the optical properti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Platinum Metal Review journal was established in 1957 and was published by Johnson Mattley and Co. From April 1998, it was published as open access and from the July 2004 issue in electronic format only. In 2014 the name of the journal was changed to Johnson Matthey Technology Review. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index (TTSI, also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI) was developed to enable fast screening for resistance to thyroid hormone. Somewhat similar to the TSH Index it is calculated from equilibrium values for TSH and FT4, however with a different equation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxygen has three stable isotopes, O, O, and O. Oxygen ratios are measured relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) or Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB). Variations in oxygen isotope ratios are used to track both water movement, paleoclimate, and atmospheric gases such as ozone and carbon dioxide. Typically... | 9 | Geochemistry |
FAS receptor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24.1) in humans and on chromosome 19 in mice. The gene lies on the plus (Watson strand) and is 25,255 bases in length organized into nine protein encoding exons. Similar sequences related by evolution (orthologs) are found in most mammals. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two mole of is split into 1 mole and 2 mole using light in the process shown below.
A photon with an energy greater than 1.23 eV is needed to generate an electron–hole pairs, which react with water on the surface of the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst must have a bandgap large enough to split water; in practice, lo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Intrastrand DNA crosslinks have strong effects on organisms because these lesions interfere with transcription and replication. These effects can be put to good use (addressing cancer) or they can be lethal to the host organism. The drug cisplatin functions by formation of intrastrand crosslinks in DNA. Other crosslin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, scientists place the reporter gene and the gene of interest in the same DNA construct to be inserted into the cell or organism. For bacteria or prokaryotic cells in culture, this is usually in the form of a circular DNA molecule called a plasmid. For viruses, this is known... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferredoxin can also be reduced by using NADH (-320 mV) or (-414 mV), but these processes are coupled to the consumption of the membrane potential to power the "boosting" of electrons to the higher energy state. The Rnf complex is a widespread membrane protein in bacteria that reversibly transfers electrons between NAD... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the early 1970s, the traditional blast furnace and sinter plant technology that was the mainstay of the lead smelting industry was coming under sustained pressure from more stringent environmental requirements, increased energy costs, decreasing metal prices and rising capital and operating costs.
Many smelting comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mayeda worked initially as a laboratory assistant to Harold Urey at the University of Chicago, where she was hired initially to wash glassware. They used mass spectrometry to measure oxygen isotopes in the shells of marine molluscs which gave information on the prehistoric temperatures of ocean waters and hence paleocl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Prior to 1925, the materials used in implant surgery were primarily relatively pure metals. The success of these materials was surprising considering the relatively primitive surgical techniques. The 1930s marked the beginning of the era of better surgical techniques as well as the first use of alloys such as vitallium... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroplasticity, describes the enhanced plastic behavior of a solid material under the application of an electric field. This electric field could be internal, resulting in current flow in conducting materials, or external. The effect of electric field on mechanical properties ranges from simply enhancing existing pl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are four main limiting factors leading to no initiation of replication in iterons:
*Transcriptional autorepression
*Initiator dimerization
*Initiator titration
*Handcuffing
Transcriptional auto-repression is thought to reduce initiator synthesis by repressing the formation of the Rep proteins. Since these prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rain can generally help clean PDRC surfaces that have been covered with dust, dirt, or other debris and improve their reflectivity. However, in humid areas, consistent rain can result in heavy water accumulation on PDRC surfaces which can hinder performance. In response, porous PDRCs have been developed. Another respon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
"Litigation science" describes analysis or data developed or produced expressly for use in a trial versus those produced in the course of independent research. This distinction was made by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals when evaluating the admissibility of experts.
This uses demonstrative evidence, which is evid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In geometry, a point group is a mathematical group of symmetry operations (isometries in a Euclidean space) that have a fixed point in common. The coordinate origin of the Euclidean space is conventionally taken to be a fixed point, and every point group in dimension d is then a subgroup of the orthogonal group O(d). P... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The strength and directionality of halogen bonds are a key tool in the discipline of crystal engineering, which attempts to shape crystal structures through close control of intermolecular interactions. Halogen bonds can stabilize copolymers or induce mesomorphism in otherwise isotropic liquids. Indeed, halogen bond-... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As SPR biosensors facilitate measurements at different temperatures, thermodynamic analysis can be performed
to obtain a better understanding of the studied interaction. By performing measurements at different temperatures,
typically between 4 and 40 °C, it is possible to relate association and dissociation rate consta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein crystallization is governed by the same physics that governs the formation of inorganic crystals. For crystallization to occur spontaneously, the crystal state must be favored thermodynamically. This is described by Gibb's free energy (∆G), defined as ∆G = ∆H- T∆S, which captures how the energetics of a process... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several methods exist to rank electrophiles in order of reactivity and one of them is devised by Robert Parr with the electrophilicity index ω given as:
with the electronegativity and chemical hardness. This equation is related to the classical equation for electrical power:
where is the resistance (Ohm or Ω) and i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material physics involving components, electronic devices such as lasers, laser diodes, LEDs, waveguides, etc. which operate by the propagation and interaction of light with various tailored materials. It is closely rel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conductometric titration is a type of titration in which the electrolytic conductivity of the reaction mixture is continuously monitored as one reactant is added. The equivalence point is the point at which the conductivity undergoes a sudden change. Marked increase or decrease in conductance are associated with the c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Jelly-falls are primarily made up of the decaying corpses of Cnidaria and Thaliacea (Pyrosomida, Doliolida, and Salpida). Several circumstances can trigger the death of gelatinous organisms which would cause them to sink. These include high levels of primary production that can clog the feeding apparatuses of the organ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
CDPs climate change program aims to reduce companies greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change risk. CDP requests information on climate risks and low carbon opportunities from the world's largest companies on behalf of over 800 institutional investor signatories with a combined US$100 trillion in assets. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 2015, 251 million tubes of toothpaste were sold in the United States. A single tube holds roughly 170 grams of toothpaste, so approximately 43 kilotonnes of toothpaste get washed into the water systems annually. Toothpaste contains silver nanoparticle<nowiki/>s, also known as nanosilver or AgNPs, among other compoun... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Vargulin is oxidized by the Vargula luciferase, a 62 kDa enzyme, to produce blue light at 462 nm (max emission, detected with a 425 to 525 nm filter).
The vargulin does not cross react with luciferases using coelenterazine or Firefly luciferin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanocar Race is an international scientific competition with the aim of testing the performance of getting a large molecule suspended over a solid surface to cover the largest distance with the use of a scanning tunneling microscope.
The first race consisted of overcoming a distance of 100 nanometer and was held for th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Butyric acid (; from , meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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