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Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectroelectrochemistry is a technique that studies the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the UV-Vis regions of the spectrum, providing molecular information related to the electronic levels of molecules. It provides qualitative as well as quantitative information. UV-Vis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stereographic projection is also applied to the visualization of polytopes. In a Schlegel diagram, an -dimensional polytope in is projected onto an -dimensional sphere, which is then stereographically projected onto . The reduction from to can make the polytope easier to visualize and understand. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In spectroscopy, the Dicke effect, also known as Dicke narrowing or sometimes collisional narrowing, named after Robert H. Dicke, refers to narrowing of the Doppler broadening of a spectral line due to collisions the emitting species (usually an atom or a molecule) experiences with other particles. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mechanistically, oxidative addition is the step that determines which enantiomer is formed. Chiral ligands on the metal center along with low temperatures are the general tactics employed to produce an enantiopure product. In particular, the careful pairing of ligand classes with the type of nucleophile has proven to b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The non-recombinants are separated from recombinants; i.e., a r-DNA is introduced in bacteria, some bacteria are successfully transformed some remain non-transformed. When grown on medium containing ampicillin, bacteria die due to lack of ampicillin resistance. The position is later noted on nitrocellulose paper and se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be manufactured to emit radiation in the ultraviolet range. In 2019, following significant advances over the preceding five years, UV‑A LEDs of 365 nm and longer wavelength were available, with efficiencies of 50% at 1.0 W output. Currently, the most common types of UV LEDs are in 395 n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A fluorophore's environment can impact quantum yield, usually resulting from changes in the rates of non-radiative decay. Many fluorophores used to label macromolecules are sensitive to solvent polarity. The class of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) probe molecules are essentially non-fluorescent when in aqu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LAGP is one of the most studied solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The use of a solid-state electrolyte improves the battery safety eliminating liquid-based electrolytes, which are flammable and usually unstable above 4.3 V. In addition, it physically separates the anode from the cathode, reducing the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylglyoxal is involved in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In this process, methylglyoxal reacts with free amino groups of lysine and arginine and with thiol groups of cysteine forming AGEs. Histones are also heavily susceptible to modification by methylglyoxal and these modifications are ele... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcriptomics is the quantitative science that encompasses the assignment of a list of strings ("reads") to the object ("transcripts" in the genome). To calculate the expression strength, the density of reads corresponding to each object is counted. Initially, transcriptomes were analyzed and studied using expressed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rabi resonance method is a technique developed by Isidor Isaac Rabi for measuring the nuclear spin. The atom is placed in a static magnetic field and a perpendicular rotating magnetic field.
We present a classical treatment in here. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single-wavelength ellipsometry employs a monochromatic light source. This is usually a laser in the visible spectral region, for instance, a HeNe laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. Therefore, single-wavelength ellipsometry is also called laser ellipsometry. The advantage of laser ellipsometry is that laser beams can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Within set concrete there remains some free "calcium hydroxide" (Ca(OH)), which can further dissociate to form Ca and hydroxide (OH) ions". Any water which finds a seepage path through micro cracks and air voids present in concrete, will readily carry the (Ca(OH)) and Ca (depending on solution pH and chemical reaction ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Prof. Blum began her independent research career in 2006 at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). Blum’s research focuses on the development and mechanistic study of reactions in organic, organometallic, catalytic, and materials chemistry, and on monitoring reaction intermediates by a combination of traditional s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Smith continued his academic career as an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota in 1980, later becoming associate professor in 1986 and Professor in 2004. In 2011 he served as Distinguished Engineering Education Innovation (EI) Fellow at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He retired from t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For an alternative proof, consider matrix properties. The sum of the diagonal elements of a matrix is called the trace of the matrix. In 2D and 3D every rotation is a planar rotation, and the trace is a function of the angle alone. For a 2D rotation, the trace is 2 cos θ; for a 3D rotation, 1 + 2 cos θ.
Examples
*Consi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Consider the simpler case where there are two binding sites. See the scheme shown below. Each site is assumed to bind either molecule of substrate S or product P. The catalytic reaction is shown by the two reactions at the base of the scheme triangle, that is S to P and P to S. The model assumes the binding steps are a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The second strategy attempts to deploy multiple NLR genes simultaneously, a breeding strategy known as stacking. Cultivars generated by either DNA-assisted molecular breeding or gene transfer will likely display more durable resistance, because pathogens would have to mutate multiple effector genes. DNA sequencing allo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since it is not possible to measure K for all substances, various models have been developed to allow for their prediction, e.g. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) or linear free energy relationships (LFER) such as the Hammett equation.
A variant of the UNIFAC system can also be used to estimate octan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Ames process was used on August 3, 1942, by a group of chemists led by Frank Spedding and Harley Wilhelm at the Ames Laboratory as part of the Manhattan Project. It is a type of thermite-based purification, which was patented in 1895 by German chemist Hans Goldschmidt. Development of the Ames process came at a time... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In general, electric (charge) radiation or magnetic (current, magnetic moment) radiation can be classified into multipoles E (electric) or M (magnetic) of order 2, e.g., E1 for electric dipole, E2 for quadrupole, or E3 for octupole. In transitions where the change in angular momentum between the initial and final state... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103135037/http://www.organicgardeninfo.com/feather-meal.html Organic gardening information] | 9 | Geochemistry |
Failure in the regulation of glyceroneogenesis may lead to type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder that results in high levels of blood glucose and blood lipid. Type 2 diabetes, in addition to a decreased sensitivity to insulin, is associated with the overproduction of triglycerides in the liver, due to excessively activ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Rüchardt experiment, invented by Eduard Rüchardt, is a famous experiment in thermodynamics, which determines the ratio of the molar heat capacities of a gas, i.e. the ratio of (heat capacity at constant pressure) and (heat capacity at constant volume) and is denoted by (gamma, for ideal gas) or (kappa, isentro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the United States and in most European countries creatinine is usually reported in mg/dL, whereas in Canada, Australia, and a few European countries, μmol/L is the usual unit. One mg/dL of creatinine is 88.4 μmol/L.
The typical human reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0.5 mg/dL to 1.0 mg/dL (about 45 μmol/L t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Asymmetric induction (also enantioinduction) describes the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer or diastereoisomer over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate, reagent, catalyst or environment. Asymmetric induction is a key element in asymmetric s... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter. Most neurons secrete with glutamate or GABA. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an action potential. (Note: Glutamate is chemically identical to the MSG commonly used to flavor food.)
*GABA is a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider a hydrogel made of polyelectrolytes decorated with weak acid groups that can ionize according to the reaction
is immersed in a salt solution of physiological concentration. The degree of ionization of the polyelectrolytes is then controlled by the and due to the charged nature of and , electrostatic interact... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein carbaminohemoglobin plays an important role in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood, and its biologically important in many functions:
# Transport of Carbon Dioxide: This process allows for the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. It is essential for maintaining the balance of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These multiple forms (isoforms or subtypes) of phosphodiesterase were isolated from rat brain using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the early 1970s by Weiss and coworkers, and were soon afterward shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues, also by Weiss and coworkers.
The p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept and use of the power spectrum of a signal is fundamental in electrical engineering, especially in electronic communication systems, including radio communications, radars, and related systems, plus passive remote sensing technology. Electronic instruments called spectrum analyzers are used to observe and me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* NDSC observations. The [http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/ Network for the Detection for Stratospheric Change] (NDSC) is a set of high-quality remote-sounding research stations for observing and understanding the physical and chemical state of the stratosphere. Ozone and key ozone-related chemical compounds and parameter... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Due to the high potency and clinical need for cancer treatments, epothilones have been the target of many total syntheses. The first group to publish the total synthesis of epothilones was S. J. Danishefsky et al. in 1996. This total synthesis of epothilone A was achieved via an intramolecular ester enolate-aldehyde ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Before a PSD can be determined, it is vital that a representative sample is obtained. In the case where the material to be analysed is flowing, the sample must be withdrawn from the stream in such a way that the sample has the same proportions of particle sizes as the stream. The best way to do this is to take many sam... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organic acid anhydrides are prepared in industry by diverse means. Acetic anhydride is mainly produced by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of benzene or butane. Laboratory routes emphasize the dehydration of the corresponding acids. The conditions vary from acid to acid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the 19th century, a number of people had employed an electric arc to melt iron. Sir Humphry Davy conducted an experimental demonstration in 1810; welding was investigated by Pepys in 1815; Pinchon attempted to create an electrothermic furnace in 1853; and, in 1878–79, Sir William Siemens took out patents for electr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Silica gel particles are commonly used as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for several reasons, including:
# High surface area: Silica gel particles have a high surface area, allowing direct interactions with solutes or after bonding of variety of ligands for versatile interactions wi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) comprise a significant part of the human genome, with approximately 98,000 ERV elements and fragments making up 5–8%. According to a study published in 2005, no HERVs capable of replication had been identified; all appeared to be defective, containing major deletions or nonsense mut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A number of examples of molecular mimicry by pathogens, emulating natural endogenous ligands of paired receptors for immune evasion, have been described in the literature. Such interactions are particularly common with the inhibitory members of receptor pairs, bolstering the hypothesis that activating partners are a la... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gaps often remain after initial BAC contig construction. These gaps occur if the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library screened has low complexity, meaning it does not contain a high number of STS or restriction sites, or if certain regions were less stable in cloning hosts and thus underrepresented in the lib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several national and international bioanalytical organisations active throughout the world. Often they are part of a bigger organisation, e.g. Bioanalytical Focus Group and Ligand Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group, which are both within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) and FA... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some of Naim's recent publications include (but are not limited to):
* Maalouf K, Jia J, Rizk S, Brogden G, Keiser M, Das A, Naim HY A modified lipid composition in Fabry disease leads to an intracellular block of the detergent-resistant membrane-associated dipeptidyl peptidase IV
* Sim L, Willemsma C, Mohan S, Naim HY... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The steric factor, usually denoted ρ, is a quantity used in collision theory.
Also called the probability factor, the steric factor is defined as the ratio between the experimental value of the rate constant and the one predicted by collision theory. It can also be defined as the ratio between the pre-exponential fac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, the ligand cone angle (θ) is a measure of the steric bulk of a ligand in a transition metal coordination complex. It is defined as the solid angle formed with the metal at the vertex of a cone and the outermost edge of the van der Waals spheres of the ligand atoms at the perimeter of the base... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Unlike denitrification, which removes reactive nitrogen from the system under gaseous form (as N or NO), dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium conserves nitrogen as dissolved species within the system. Since DNRA takes nitrate and converts it into ammonium, it does not produce N or NO gases. Consequently, DNRA re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When α chains of laminin-111 bind to cell surface receptors integrins α1β1, α3β1, α4β1, α6β1 and Cdc42 GTPase are activated. The activated GTPase then activates Cdc42 which further activates c-Jun kinases and phosphorylation of Jun. Activation of c-Jun kinases leads to high levels of c-Jun expression which results in n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bawendi received both an A.B. in 1982 and an A.M. in 1983 from Harvard University. He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1988 from the University of Chicago, under the supervision of Karl Freed and Takeshi Oka.
With Freed, Bawendi worked on theoretical polymer physics, and with Oka, Bawendi worked on experiments on hot-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The corrosion resistance of a stainless steel is dependent on the presence of an ultra-thin protective oxide film (passive film) on its surface, but it is possible under certain conditions for this oxide film to break down, for example in halide solutions or reducing acids. Areas where the oxide film can break down can... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Compounds containing fluorine-18, a radioactive isotope that emits positrons, are often used in positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, because the isotopes half-life of about 110 minutes is usefully long by positron-emitter standards. One such radiopharmaceutical is 2-deoxy-2-(F)fluoro-D-glucose (generically refe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The surface deformation of hydrogels is important because it can result in self-induced cracking. Each hydrogel has a characteristic wavelength of instability (λ) that depends on elastocapillary length. This length is calculated by dividing the surface tension (γ) by the elasticity (μ) of the hydrogel. The greater the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sedimentation in potable water treatment generally follows a step of chemical coagulation and flocculation, which allows grouping particles together into flocs of a bigger size. This increases the settling speed of suspended solids and allows settling colloids. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Depending on the quality of the result produced, assays may be classified into:
# Qualitative assays, i.e. assays which generally give just a pass or fail, or positive or negative or some such sort of only small number of qualitative gradation rather than an exact quantity.
#Semi-quantitative assays, i.e. assays that g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pneumatic fracturing is a method that has become very popular in the last ten years used to remediate contaminated sites. The method consists of injecting gas into a contaminated subsurface at a pressure higher than that of the gases that are present. By doing this fractures "spider-web" throughout the subsurface so th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Permutation re-sampling requires a computationally demanding number of permutations to get reliable estimates of the p-values for the most differentially expressed genes, if n is large. Eisinga, Breitling and Heskes (2013) provide the exact probability mass distribution of the rank product statistic. Calculation of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2009, the Zimmerman group discovered a compound to target the trinucleotide repeat expanded RNA and DNA that cause DM1. Through rational design, they utilized a triaminotriazine recognition unit to target TT or UU mismatches through a Janus Wedge type binding mode, creating a base triplet with the mismatch. The comb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A detailed mechanism for the Murai reaction has not been elucidated. Experimental and computational studies give evidence for at least two different mechanisms, depending on the catalyst. For catalysts such as [Ru(H)(CO)(PR)] which are active as Ru, a combination of computational density functional studies and experime... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zintl phases are intermetallic compounds that have a pronounced ionic bonding character. They are made up of a polyanionic substructure and group 1 or 2 counter ions, and their structure can be understood by a formal electron transfer from the electropositive element to the more electronegative element in their composi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon-14, C-14, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Alkaline phosphatase from E. coli can be purified using a DEAE-Cellulose matrix. A. phosphatase has a slight negative charge, allowing it to weakly bind to the positively charged amine groups in the matrix. The enzyme can then be eluted out by adding buffer with higher salt concentrations. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Phillips was born 3 December 1939 in Kendal, lived in South Shields and attended the Grammar School. He studied at the University of Birmingham attaining a BSc and PhD. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The usage of SABIO-RK is free of charge. Commercial users need a license.
SABIO-RK offers several ways for data access:
* a browser-based interface
* RESTful-based web services for programmatic access
Result data sets can be exported in different formats including SBML, BioPAX/SBPAX, and table format. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chloride inclusions (MgCl, NaCl, CaCl, …) are a special type of inclusion as they are liquid in liquid metal. When aluminium solidifies, they form spherical voids similar to hydrogen gas porosity but the void contains a chloride crystal formed when aluminium became colder. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chemical potential was first described by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. He defined it as follows:
Gibbs later noted also that for the purposes of this definition, any chemical element or combination of elements in given proportions may be considered a substance, whether... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, steady state refers to the maintenance of constant internal concentrations of molecules and ions in the cells and organs of living systems. Living organisms remain at a dynamic steady state where their internal composition at both cellular and gross levels are relatively constant, but different from e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Gran plot (also known as Gran titration or the Gran method) is a common means of standardizing a titrate or titrant by estimating the equivalence volume or end point in a strong acid-strong base titration or in a potentiometric titration. Such plots have been also used to calibrate glass electrodes, to estimate the c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The cyano group in HCN can add to the carbonyl group to form cyanohydrins, . In this reaction the ion is the nucleophile that attacks the partially positive carbon atom of the carbonyl group. The mechanism involves a pair of electrons from the carbonyl-group double bond transferring to the oxygen atom, leaving it sing... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The GLODAPv1.1 climatology contains analysed fields of "present day" (1990s) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, carbon-14 (C), CFC-11 and CFC-12. The fields consist of three-dimensional, objectively-analysed global grids at 1° horizontal resolution, interpolated onto 33 standardised vertical intervals from ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The shikimate pathway is a seven-step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending on the purpose of the analysis, RNA-seq can be performed using different approaches:
* Ion Torrent sequencing: NGS technology based on the use of a semiconductor chip where the sample is loaded integrated with an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor able to sensitively detect reductions of the pH value due t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sacrificial metals are widely used to prevent other metals from corroding: for example in galvanised steel. Many steel objects are coated with a layer of zinc, which is more electronegative than iron, and thus oxidises in preference to the iron, preventing the iron from rusting. Similarly, sacrificial bars of a metal s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are by definition covalently bonded to carbohydrates. They are very abundant on the surface of the cell, and their interactions contribute to the overall stability of the cell. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of its potent biological activities, kendomycin has attracted interest as a target of total synthesis. The first total synthesis of kendomycin was accomplished by Lee and Yuan in 2004. The total number of syntheses stands at 6. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Criegee intermediates are formed by the gas-phase reactions of alkenes and ozone in the Earths atmosphere. Ozone adds across the carbon–carbon double bond of the alkene to form a molozonide, which then decomposes to produce a carbonyl (RRCO) and a carbonyl oxide. The latter is known as the Criegee intermediate.
The al... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In some snails, the protein component of the egg yolk is primarily ferritin. This is a different ferritin, with a different genetic sequence, from the somatic ferritin. It is produced in the midgut glands and secreted into the haemolymph, whence it is transported to the eggs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds. Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compounds of unlike composition. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ribozymes have been proposed and developed for the treatment of disease through gene therapy. One major challenge of using RNA-based enzymes as a therapeutic is the short half-life of the catalytic RNA molecules in the body. To combat this, the 2’ position on the ribose is modified to improve RNA stability. One area of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is theorized that the process of making testosterone from cholesterol, needs magnesium to function properly.
Studies have shown that significant gains in testosterone occur after taking 8-10 mg magnesium/kg body weight/day. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In gamma spectrometry, the Compton edge is a feature of a detector output spectrum that results from Compton scattering in such as a scintillation detector or Photodiode detector. It occurs when a gamma-ray scatters within the detector and some of the interaction energy escapes so that only a fraction is detected. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
White adipose tissue, also known as white fat, is one two types of adipose tissue in mammals. White adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides, which can be broken down to free fatty acids on demand. Its normal function is to store free fatty acids as triglycerides within the tissue. When glucose is defi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supermicelle is a hierarchical micelle structure (supramolecular assembly) where individual components are also micelles. Supermicelles are formed via bottom-up chemical approaches, such as self-assembly of long cylindrical micelles into radial cross-, star- or dandelion-like patterns in a specially selected solvent; s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The reaction has the following mechanism:
The rate of each species are:
These equations cannot be solved, because each one has values that change with time. For example, the first equation contains the concentrations of [Br], and , which depend on time, as can be seen in their respective equations.
To solve the rate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by an atom or molecule, the energy of the radiation changes the state of the atom or molecule from an initial state to a final state. The number of states in a specific energy range is discrete for gaseous or diluted systems, with discrete energy levels. Condensed systems, lik... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grant McDonald Wilson (May 24, 1931 – September 10, 2012) was a notable American thermodynamicist. He is widely known to the fields of chemical engineering and physical chemistry for having developed the Wilson equation, one of the first attempts of practical importance to model nonideal behavior in liquid mixtures as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Winkler bottle is a piece of laboratory glassware specifically made for carrying out the Winkler test. These bottles have conical tops and a close fitting stopper to aid in the exclusion of air bubbles when the top is sealed. This is important because oxygen in trapped air would be included in the measurement and w... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bacterial initiation factor-2 is a bacterial initiation factor.
IF2 binds to an initiator tRNA and controls the entry of tRNA onto the ribosome. IF2, bound to GTP, binds to the 30S P site. After associating with the 30S subunit, fMet-tRNA binds to the IF2 then IF2 transfers the tRNA into the partial P site. When the 5... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These materials are prepared by treating graphite with a strong oxidant or a strong reducing agent:
The reaction is reversible.
The host (graphite) and the guest X interact by charge transfer. An analogous process is the basis of commercial lithium-ion batteries.
In a graphite intercalation compound not every layer is ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In 1989 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its Total Coliform Rule (TCR) which imposed major monitoring changes for public water systems nationwide. The testing requirements under the 1989 TCR were more thorough than the previous requirements. The required number of routine coliform tests was incr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hemolithin is the name given to a protein molecule isolated from two CV3 meteorites, Allende and Acfer-086. Its deuterium to hydrogen ratio is 26 times terrestrial which is consistent with it having formed in an interstellar molecular cloud, or later in the protoplanetary disk at the start of the Solar System 4.567 bil... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Baculovirus-infected insect cells (Sf9, Sf21, High Five strains) or mammalian cells (HeLa, HEK 293) allow production of glycosylated or membrane proteins that cannot be produced using fungal or bacterial systems. It is useful for production of proteins in high quantity. Genes are not expressed continuously because infe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA circularization depends on both the axial (bending) stiffness and torsional (rotational) stiffness of the molecule. For a DNA molecule to successfully circularize it must be long enough to easily bend into the full circle and must have the correct number of bases so the ends are in the correct rotation to allow bon... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermal transport in non-metal solids was usually considered to be governed by the three-phonon scattering process, and the role of four-phonon and higher-order scattering processes was believed to be negligible. Recent studies have shown that the four-phonon scattering can be important for nearly all materials at high... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* James, Rachael and Open University (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jiQ6Gjdn_7oC&q=%22marine+biogeochemical+cycles%22 Marine Biogeochemical Cycles] Butterworth-Heinemann. . | 9 | Geochemistry |
The 2nd analytical group of cations consists of ions which form acid-insoluble sulfides. Cations in the 2nd group include: Cd, Bi, Cu, As, As, Sb, Sb, Sn, Sn and Hg. Pb is usually also included here in addition to the first group. Although these methods refer to solutions that contain sulfide (S), these solutions actua... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While it is a common and wide-ranging species throughout eastern North America, insular populations on the eastern periphery of the species' range are at risk from invasive species, with the extinction of the Gull Island vole being a notable example of this. In addition, due to its dependence on mesic habitats, populat... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Fischer–Tropsch process (FT) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons. These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The Fisc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Johnson et al. describe two isoforms of succinyl-CoA synthetase in amniotes, one that specifies synthesis of ATP, and one that synthesises GTP.
* - ATP-forming - SUCLA2
* - GTP-forming - SUCLG2
In amniotes, the enzyme is a heterodimer of an α- and a β-subunit. The specificity for either adenosine or guanosine phospha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given that there is no need for restriction enzymes other than for generating the linearized vector, the procedure is much simpler and faster than traditional subcloning. There is also no need to add restriction sites when designing primers and thus shorter primers can be used saving time and money. In addition, in ins... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermodynamically, a smooth surface is the lowest ever configuration, which has the smallest surface area. However, it requires a kinetic process such as surface and bulk diffusion to create a perfectly flat surface.
Conclusion: enhancing surface and bulk diffusion will help create a smoother surface. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Even though the sequencing accuracy for each individual nucleotide is very high, the very large number of nucleotides in the genome means that if an individual genome is only sequenced once, there will be a significant number of sequencing errors. Furthermore, many positions in a genome contain rare single-nucleotide p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
V̇O may also be calculated by the Fick equation:
, when these values are obtained during exertion at a maximal effort. Here Q is the cardiac output of the heart, CO is the arterial oxygen content, and CO is the venous oxygen content. (CO – CO) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.
The Fick equation may ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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