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Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) is a spectroscopic technique that examines the interactions of fluorescent particles of different colours as they randomly diffuse through a microscopic detection volume over time, under steady conditions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ultracold atoms have a variety of applications owing to their unique quantum properties and the great experimental control available in such systems. For instance, ultracold atoms have been proposed as a platform for quantum computation and quantum simulation, accompanied by very active experimental research to achieve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermodynamic adiabatic processes have no entropy change. Typically, an external control modifies
the state. A quantum version of an adiabatic process can be modeled by an externally controlled time dependent
Hamiltonian . If the system is isolated, the dynamics are unitary, and therefore, is
a constant. A quantum adi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Galvanic cells are extensions of spontaneous redox reactions, but have been merely designed to harness the energy produced from said reaction. For example, when one immerses a strip of zinc metal (Zn) in an aqueous solution of copper sulfate (CuSO), dark-colored solid deposits will collect on the surface of the zinc me... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Several different structural and compositional motifs can be prepared using the Stöber process by the addition of chemical compounds to the reaction mixture. These additives can interact with the silica through chemical and/or physical means either during or after the reaction, leading to substantial changes in morphol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The source of adhesive forces, according to the dispersive adhesion mechanism, is the weak interactions that occur between molecules close together. These interactions include London dispersion forces, Keesom forces, Debye forces and hydrogen bonds. Individually, these attractions are not very strong, but when summed o... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In addition to distinct physical mechanisms by which lichens break down raw stone, studies indicate lichens attack stone chemically, entering newly chelated minerals into the ecology. The substances exuded by lichens, known for their strong ability to bind and sequester metals, along with the common formation of new mi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Josette Garnier is a French biogeochemist. She is research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). She won the 2016 Ruth Patrick Award. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reductions with diimide are a chemical reactions that convert unsaturated organic compounds to reduced alkane products. In the process, diimide () is oxidized to dinitrogen. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Denigés' reagent is a reagent used for qualitative analysis. It was developed in 1898 by Georges Denigés (December 25, 1859–February 20, 1951), a French biochemist. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Boulet Asphyxiant was a rumoured Russian chemical weapon during the Crimean War. The rumour was first found in the French newspaper Atlas before spreading to English-language publications.
According to the rumour, the Asphyxiant was developed by a French chemical researcher, M. Fortier, in 1839. He approached the M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the field of molecular biology, transrepression is a process whereby one protein represses (i.e., inhibits) the activity of a second protein through a protein-protein interaction. Since this repression occurs between two different protein molecules (intermolecular), it is referred to as a trans-acting process.
The p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TFB is a single polypeptide, around 280 to 300 amino acids in length and 34 kDa in mass, that is required for the recruitment of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to begin transcription, and it may also affect the transcription complexs structure during changes that occur before transcription, though specific mechanisms are unknow... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF), packing efficiency, or packing fraction is the fraction of volume in a crystal structure that is occupied by constituent particles. It is a dimensionless quantity and always less than unity. In atomic systems, by convention, the APF is determined by assuming that atoms a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Measuring nonlinear optical interactions requires a high level of instantaneous power and very precise timing. In order to achieve the high number of photons needed to generate these interactions while avoiding damage of delicate specimens, these microscopes require a modelocked laser. These lasers can achieve very hig... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anodizing can be performed in combination with chromate conversion coating. Each process provides corrosion resistance, with anodizing offering a significant advantage when it comes to ruggedness or physical wear resistance. The reason for combining the processes can vary, however, the significant difference between an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others, Paraffin wax, derived from petroleum oil.
* Sulfur and its derivative sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of sulfur removal from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid.
* Bulk tar and Asphalt
* Petroleum coke,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In acute toxicity, people have primarily gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, which may result in volume depletion. During acute toxicity, lithium distributes later into the central nervous system causing dizziness and other mild neurological symptoms. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Energy carriers are energy forms which have been transformed from primary energy sources. Electricity is one of the most common energy carriers, being transformed from various primary energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and wind. Electricity is particularly useful since it has low entropy (is highly ordered)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Frost diagram or Frost–Ebsworth diagram is a type of graph used by inorganic chemists in electrochemistry to illustrate the relative stability of a number of different oxidation states of a particular substance. The graph illustrates the free energy vs oxidation state of a chemical species. This effect is dependent o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In medicine, oxygen saturation refers to oxygenation, or when oxygen molecules () enter the tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air into the blood. Oxygen saturation (() sats) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream oc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In order to associate with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, many G proteins and small GTPases are lipidated, that is, covalently modified with lipid extensions. They may be myristoylated, palmitoylated or prenylated. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, two molecules are valence isomers when they are constitutional isomers that can interconvert through pericyclic reactions. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Genomic editing takes place by transfecting cells with the pegRNA and the fusion protein. Transfection is often accomplished by introducing vectors into a cell. Once internalized, the fusion protein nicks the target DNA sequence, exposing a 3’-hydroxyl group that can be used to initiate (prime) the reverse transcriptio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
APCI generally suffers less ion suppression than ESI, as discussed previously. Where possible, if ion suppression is unavoidable it may be advisable to switch from ESI to APCI. If this is not possible, it may be useful to switch the ESI ionisation mode from positive to negative. Since fewer compounds are ionisable in n... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
From a practical view, low-melting alloys can be divided into the following categories:
*Mercury-containing alloys
*Only alkali metal-containing alloys
*Gallium-containing alloys (but neither alkali metal nor mercury)
*Only bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, zinc, indium, and sometimes thallium-containing alloys
*Other alloy... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Application of BNAs include small RNA research; design and synthesis of RNA aptamers; siRNA; antisense probes; diagnostics; isolation; microarray analysis; Northern blotting; real-time PCR; in situ hybridization; functional analysis; SNP detection and use as antigens and many others nucleotide base applications. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most recent and most clear cut example of enzyme evolution is the rise of bioremediating enzymes in the past 60 years. Due to the very low number of amino acid changes, these provide an excellent model to investigate enzyme evolution in nature. However, using extant enzymes to determine how the family of enzymes ev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melted fusible alloys can be used as coolants as they are stable under heating and can give much higher thermal conductivity than most other coolants; particularly with alloys made with a high thermal conductivity metal such as indium or sodium. Metals with low neutron cross-section are used for cooling nuclear reactor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The result of a T-RFLP profiling is a graph called electropherogram which is an intensity plot representation of an electrophoresis experiment (gel or capillary). In an electropherogram the X-axis marks the sizes of the fragments while the Y-axis marks the fluorescence intensity of each fragment. Thus, what appears on ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Singer and songwriter Tom Wisner recorded several albums, often about the Chesapeake Bay. The Boston Globe wrote that Wisner "always tried to capture the voice of the water and the sky, of the rocks and the trees, of the fish and the birds, of the gods of nature he believed still watched over it all." He was known as... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Pharmacokinetic data of enalapril:
* Onset of action: about 1 hour
* Peak effect: 4–6 hours
* Duration: 12–24 hours
* Absorption: ~60%
* Metabolism: prodrug, undergoes biotransformation to enalaprilat | 4 | Stereochemistry |
High photon intensity experiments can involve multiphoton processes with the absorption of integer multiples of the photon energy. In experiments that involve a multiphoton resonance, the intermediate is often a Rydberg state, and the final state is often an ion. The initial state of the system, photon energy, angular ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was first identified in 1973 as the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) before discovery that p75NTR bound other neurotrophins equally well as nerve growth factor. p75NTR is a neurotrophic factor receptor. Neurotrophic factor receptors bind Neurotrophins including Ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Switzerland: Swiss Nano Dragster, University of Basel
* France: Toulouse nanomobile club, Paul Sabatier University
* Austria/United States: NanoPrix Team University of Graz / Rice University
* Germany: Nano-windmill Company Technical University of Dresden (TU Dresden)
* Japan: Nano-Vehicle NIMS-MANA National Institut... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (). Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well. According to some aut... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Corby toxic waste case was a court case decided by The Hon. Mr. Justice Akenhead at the High Court of Justice, London, on 29 July 2009 in the case of Corby Group Litigation v. Corby Borough Council [2009] EWHC 1944 (TCC). The judge found Corby Borough Council liable in negligence, public nuisance and a breach of st... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diffusion hardening can be done in many different ways to achieve different hardnesses and different surface finishes on metal parts. Some of the different diffusion hardening operations include: Carburizing, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Nitrocarburizing, Boriding, Titanium-carbon diffusion, and Toyota diffusion. While... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Müllerian mimicry was discovered and has mainly been researched in insects. However, there is no reason why the mechanisms evolutionary advantages should not be exploited in other groups. There is some evidence that birds in the New Guinea genus Pitohui are Müllerian mimics. Pitohui dichrous and Pitohui kirhocephalus' ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The x-ray beam used for topography is generated by an x-ray source, typically either a laboratory x-ray tube (fixed or rotating) or a synchrotron source. The latter offers advantages due to its higher beam intensity, lower divergence, and its continuous wavelength spectrum. X-ray tubes are still useful, however, due to... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the defining features of polymer surfaces and coatings is the chemical regularity of the surface. While many materials can be irregular mixtures of different components, polymer surfaces tend to be chemically uniform, with the same distribution of different functional groups across all areas of the surface. Beca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since the discovery of Ste5 in yeast, scientists were on the hunt to discover similar non-enzymatic scaffolding pathway elements in mammals. There are indeed a number of proteins involved in ERK signaling, that can bind to multiple elements of the pathway: MP1 binds both MKK1/2 and ERK1/2, KSR1 and KSR2 can bind B-Raf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other much more complex types of phase diagrams can be constructed, particularly when more than one pure component is present. In that case, concentration becomes an important variable. Phase diagrams with more than two dimensions can be constructed that show the effect of more than two variables on the phase of a sub... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying Hesss Law, which states that the sum' of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy chan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The simplest kind of magnetic phase is a paramagnet, where each individual spin behaves independently of the rest, just like atoms in an ideal gas. This highly disordered phase is the generic state of magnets at high temperatures, where thermal fluctuations dominate. Upon cooling, the spins will often enter a ferromag... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chromosome walking can be used for the purpose of cloning a gene. It does this by using the known gene’s markers that are closest and can therefore be used in techniques like isolating DNA sequences and aiding in the sequencing and cloning of the DNA of organisms. Chromosome walking is also useful when it comes to fill... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MAD1L1 is a component of the mitotic spindle-assembly checkpoint that prevents the onset of anaphase until all chromosome are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. MAD1L1 functions as a homodimer and interacts with MAD2L1. MAD1L1 may play a role in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Some studies indicate asso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Anti-apoptotic Ras signaling cascade is an intracellular signal transduction cascade
that involves the Ras protein and inhibits apoptosis. It is the target of the cancer drug gefitinib.
It may refer to the PI3K/AKT pathway.
It may refer to the MAPK/ERK pathway which involves ras and can affect apoptosis.
The anti-a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal contact conductance is a complicated phenomenon, influenced by many factors. Experience shows that the most important ones are as follows: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Topologically close pack (TCP) phases, also known as Frank-Kasper (FK) phases, are one of the largest groups of intermetallic compounds, known for their complex crystallographic structure and physical properties. Owing to their combination of periodic and aperiodic structure, some TCP phases belong to the class of quas... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Progesterone is the most important progestogen in the body. As a potent agonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor (nPR) (with an affinity of K = 1 nM) the resulting effects on ribosomal transcription plays a major role in regulation of female reproduction. In addition, progesterone is an agonist of the more recently... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A longitudinal facial crack is a specialized type of defect that only occurs in continuous casting processes. This defect is caused by uneven cooling, both primary cooling and secondary cooling, and includes molten steel qualities, such as the chemical composition being out of specification, cleanliness of the material... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Interleukin-15 stimulates fat oxidation, glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis and myogenesis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In humans, basal concentrations of IL-15 and its alpha receptor (IL-15Rα) in blood have been inversely associated with physical inactivity and fat mass, particularly trunk fat mass. Mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most stability studies, real-time or accelerated, a few units of the reference material are tested at intervals. If the measurement system used for testing the materials is not perfectly stable, this can generate imprecise data or can be mistaken for instability of the material. To overcome these difficulties, it is... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It has been found that the F number linearly correlates with the log k' value (logarithm of the retention factor) in aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. This relationship can be used to understand the significance of different aspects of molecular architecture on their separation using different stationary ph... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In this technique the cells are lysed in alkaline conditions. The DNA in the mixture is denatured (strands separated) by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. The large genomic DNA is subject to tangling and staying denatured when the pH is lowered during the neutralization. In other words, the strands... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) is a property in which the energy of the excited electron of one fluorphore, called the donor, is passed on to a nearby acceptor dye, either a dark quencher or another fluorophore, which has an excitation spectrum which overlaps with the emission spectrum of the donor dye result... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1949, Saul Winstein observed that 2-exo-norbornyl brosylate (p-bromobenzenesulfonate) and 2-endo-norbornyl tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate) gave a racemic mixture of the same product, 2-exo-norbornyl acetate, upon acetolysis (see Figure 6). Since tosylates and brosylates work equally well as leaving groups, he conclude... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prairie restoration is a conservation effort to restore prairie lands that were destroyed due to industrial, agricultural, commercial, or residential development. The primary aim is to return areas and ecosystems to their previous state before their depletion. The mass of SOC able to be stored in these restored plots i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone, which allows it to act as a reducing agent, for example in Benedict's reagent. In such a reaction, the sugar becomes a carboxylic acid.
All monosaccharides are reducing s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tetramethyl­ammonium fluoride is the quaternary ammonium salt with the formula (CH)NF. This hygroscopic white solid is a source of “naked fluoride": fluoride ions not complexed with a metal atom. Most other soluble salts of fluoride are in fact bifluorides, HF. Historically, there have been two main approaches to p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The society recognizes members for outstanding technical achievement in electrochemical and solid-state science and technology at various career levels, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society, through the ECS Honors & Awards Program—the international awards, medals, and prizes administered by the Society.
S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Manufacturing processes have five main variables: the workpiece, the tool, the machine tool, the environment, and process variables. All of these variables can affect the surface integrity of the workpiece by producing:
*High temperatures involved in various machining processes
*Plastic deformation in the workpiece (re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Silyl enol ethers of esters () or carboxylic acids () are called silyl ketene acetals and have the general structure . These compounds are more nucleophilic than the silyl enol ethers of ketones (). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main advantages of using nanoelectrodes and arrays of nanoelectrodes include enhanced mass transport, lower capacitance, ability to work in smaller volumes and smaller overall device footprints.
The electrical current generated at an electrode is proportional to the electrode's geometric area. A disadvantage of usi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heat is not to be confused with internal energy or synonymously thermal energy. While intimately connected to heat, they are distinct physical quantities.
As a heating technology, Joule heating has a coefficient of performance of 1.0, meaning that every joule of electrical energy supplied produces one joule of heat. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The amount of alcohol on the breath can be measured, without requiring drawing blood, by blowing into a breathalyzer, resulting in a breath alcohol content (BrAC). The BrAC specifically correlates with the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood, satisfying the equation . Its correlation with the standard BAC found ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are various methods of adequately identifying and monitoring hydrogen damage, including ultrasonic echo attenuation method, amplitude-based backscatter, velocity ratio, creeping waves/time-of-flight measurement, pitch-catch mode shear wave velocity, advanced ultrasonic backscatter techniques (AUBT), time of fligh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A carbazone is a partially oxidized carbazide with the general formula R=NNH(C=O)NH-NHR. The sulfur analog is called a thiocarbazone, of which dithizone is an example. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Phosphorous acid (or phosphonic acid), (or ), a diprotic acid (with only two acidic hydrogens). Its salts and esters are called phosphites or phosphonates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sumner has presented lectures to public and school groups, and she has participated in videos and films on exploring Mars. These have included presentations at Sierra College, a Northern California Rotary Club, and Sacramento State University's Science in the River City. She appeared in several videos on Mars explorat... | 9 | Geochemistry |
FG-7142 (ZK-31906) is a drug which acts as a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site of the GABA receptor. It has anorectic, anxiogenic and pro-convulsant effects. It also increases release of acetylcholine and noradrenaline, and improves memory retention in animal studies. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself. However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids, or bunched up into round vesicles called intr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
He has published over 222 papers (200 indexed publications) coedited four books, 9 book chapters and 3 patents. H impact factor= 41 (Web of Science), H= 42 Scopus and H= 48 (Google Scholar) with more 7460 citations in Google. He has created three patents with the Chilean Navy on electrode materials for energy conversio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When there is no equilibrium between phases or chemical compounds, kinetic fractionation can occur. For example, at interfaces between liquid water and air, the forward reaction is enhanced if the humidity of the air is less than 100% or the water vapor is moved by a wind. Kinetic fractionation generally is enhanced co... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Epoxidation of a substituted cyclohexene affords a product where the R group resides in the pseudo-equatorial position. Nucleophilic ring-opening of this class of epoxides can occur by an attack at either the C1 or C2-position. It is well known that nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of these substrates can proceed wi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Rif is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rho family of GTPases. It is primarily active in the brain and plays a physiological role in the formation of neuronal dendritic spine. This process is regulated by FARP1, a type of activator for RhoA GTPases. Alternativel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The loss on ignition is reported as part of an elemental or oxide analysis of a mineral. The volatile materials lost usually consist of combined water (hydrates and labile hydroxy-compounds) and carbon dioxide from carbonates. It may be used as a quality test, commonly carried out for minerals such as iron ore. For ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys is a vital part of mammalian metabolism. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the countercurrent exchange system of the nephrons, that allows for reabsorption of water and critical ions from the excreted urine. Urea is reabsorbed in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first commercial primary-lead ISASMELT furnace was installed at the Yunnan Chihong Zinc and Germanium Company Limited (YCZG) greenfield zinc and lead smelting complex at Qujing in Yunnan Province in China. This furnace was part of a plant consisting of the ISASMELT furnace and a blast furnace specially designed to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Viel received a PhD in molecular and cellular biology of development in 1990 from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, France (Paris VI) for a thesis "Les particules ribonucleoproteiques dans le oocytes de xenopus laevis. mise en place du systeme de synthese proteique" and did postdoctoral work at Harvard Unive... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The S−H bond in thiols is weak compared to the O−H bond in alcohols. For CHX−H, the bond enthalpies are for X = S and for X = O. Hydrogen-atom abstraction from a thiol gives a thiyl radical with the formula RS, where R = alkyl or aryl. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A reducing atmosphere is an atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by absence of oxygen and other oxidizing gases or vapours, and which may contain actively reductant gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide that would be readily oxidized to remove any free oxygen. Although E... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phosphine ligands, such as triphenylphosphine or the Trost ligand, have been used to greatly expand the scope of the Tsuji–Trost reaction. These ligands can modulate the properties of the palladium catalyst such as steric bulk as well as the electronic properties. Importantly, these ligands can also instill chirality t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the Maxwell Garnett approximation, the effective medium consists of a matrix medium with and inclusions with . Maxwell Garnett was the son of physicist William Garnett, and was named after Garnett's friend, James Clerk Maxwell. He proposed his formula to explain colored pictures that are observed in glasses doped w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclization reactions, or intramolecular addition reactions, can be used to form cycloalkenes. These reactions primarily form cyclopentenones, a cycloalkene that contains two functional groups: the cyclopentene and a ketone group. However, other cycloalkenes, such as Cyclooctatetraene, can be formed as a result of this... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British biophysicists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley as part of their Nobel Prize-winning research on the action potential, published in 1952. They built on the work of other physiologists, such as Cole and Bakers research into voltage... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA primers are used by living organisms in the initiation of synthesizing a strand of DNA. A class of enzymes called primases add a complementary RNA primer to the reading template de novo on both the leading and lagging strands. Starting from the free 3’-OH of the primer, known as the primer terminus, a DNA polymeras... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the stimuli have reached the cell body, the nerve must integrate the various stimuli before the nerve can respond. The stimuli that have traveled down the dendrites converge at the axon hillock, where they are summed to determine the neuronal response. If the sum of the stimuli reaches a certain voltage, known as ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rivers can also transport organic carbon to the ocean through weathering or erosion of aluminosilicate (equation 7) and carbonate rocks (equation 8) on land,
or by the decomposition of life (equation 5, e.g. plant and soil material). Rivers contribute roughly equal amounts (~0.4 GtC/yr) of DIC and DOC to the oceans. I... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For an open system, the first law of thermodynamics admits three forms of energy transfer, as work, as heat, and as energy associated with matter that is transferred. The latter cannot be split uniquely into heat and work components.
One-way convection of internal energy is a form a transport of energy but is not, as s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DHA can be converted non-enzymatically by free radical-mediated peroxidation to 8 different neurofuran regioisomers termed neuroprostanes and neurofuranes including 4-, 7-, 10-, 11-, 13-, 14-, 17-, and 20-series neurofurans/neuroporstanes for a total of 128 different racemic compounds. The most studied DHA-derived of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging. Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. F... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When we have a set of possible events, coming from the distribution , we can encode them (with a lossless data compression) using entropy encoding. This compresses the data by replacing each fixed-length input symbol with a corresponding unique, variable-length, prefix-free code (e.g.: the events (A, B, C) with probabi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The unique interaction between the oligosaccharide chains have different applications. First, it aids in quality control by identifying misfolded proteins. The oligosaccharide chains also change the solubility and polarity of the proteins that they are bonded to. For example, if the oligosaccharide chains are negativel... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant, advanced the cheap and efficient mass production of steel rails for railroad lines, by adopting the Bessemer process. After an early career in railroads, Carnegie foresaw the potential for steel to amass vast profits. He asked his cousin, George Lauder to join him in America fro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The following are synthetic gemstones that were developed by Tairus scientists; they are alternately referred to as Tairus stones (e.g. "Tairus Ruby").
*Floating zone ruby, synthesized in 1991 (no longer in production)
*Hydrothermal ruby, synthesized in 1992 by Alexander Dokukin.
*Hydrothermal aquamarine, synthesized i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In biology, quorum sensing or quorum signaling (QS) is the ability to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation. Quorum sensing is a type of cellular signaling, and more specifically can be considered a type of paracrine signaling. However, it also contains traits of both autocrine signaling: a c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cycloalkenes follow a similar nomenclature system to alkenes, but the carbons are numbered starting at a carbon on the double bond and then through the double bond and around the ring. This method is used to keep the index numbers small. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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