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Neurons from several brain regions, such as the neocortex, substantia nigra, and hippocampus have been found to contain autapses.
Autapses have been observed to be relatively more abundant in GABAergic basket and dendrite-targeting cells of the cat visual cortex compared to spiny stellate, double bouquet, and pyramidal... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is a measurement of the reaction rate of isotope-labeled reactants against the more common natural substrate. Kinetic isotope effect values are a ratio of the turnover number and include all steps of the reaction. Intrinsic kinetic isotope values stem from the difference in the bond vibrat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A generic reaction under Curtin–Hammett can be described by the following parameters:
In order for rapid equilibration to be a good assumption, the rate of conversion from the less stable of A or B to the product C or D must be at least 10 times slower than the rate of equilibration between A and B.
The rate of formati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perovskites can be deposited as epitaxial thin films on top of other perovskites, using techniques such as pulsed laser deposition and molecular-beam epitaxy. These films can be a couple of nanometres thick or as small as a single unit cell. The well-defined and unique structures at the interfaces between the film and ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Surround optical-fiber immunoassay (SOFIA) is an ultrasensitive, in vitro diagnostic platform incorporating a surround optical-fiber assembly that captures fluorescence emissions from an entire sample. The technologys defining characteristics are its extremely high limit of detection, sensitivity, and dynamic range. SO... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphaalkynes possess diverse reactivity profiles, and can be utilized in the synthesis of various phosphorus-containing saturated of unsaturated heterocyclic compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Counterfeit THC oil has been detected to contain synthetic cannabinoids. Several school kids in Greater Manchester collapsed after vaping Spice mis-sold as natural cannabis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Variant genetic codes used by an organism can be inferred by identifying highly conserved genes encoded in that genome, and comparing its codon usage to the amino acids in homologous proteins of other organisms. For example, the program FACIL infers a genetic code by searching which amino acids in homologous protein do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycogen branching enzyme belongs to the α-amylase family of enzymes, which include α-amylases, pullulanas/isoamylase, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGT), and branching enzyme. Shown by x-ray crystallography, glycogen branching enzyme has four marginally asymmetric units each that are organized into three domains: ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rigid rotor is a good starting point from which to construct a model of a rotating molecule. It is assumed that component atoms are point masses connected by rigid bonds. A linear molecule lies on a single axis and each atom moves on the surface of a sphere around the centre of mass. The two degrees of rotational f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The method has been used in life sciences, material sciences and biosensor development.
In life sciences, the main applications focus on pharmaceutical development including small-molecule, antibody or nanoparticle interactions with target with a biomembrane or with a living cell monolayer. As first in the world, MP-SP... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The range and degree of human health effects seems to vary annually and temporally in coastal regions, depending on the red tide density as well as variation in toxicity differences among dinoflagellate strains and their subsequent consumers. The Gulf of Mexico, and in particular the west coast of Florida, is the most ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The photodegradation of pharmaceuticals is of interest because they are found in many water supplies. They have deleterious effects on aquatic organisms including toxicity, endocrine disruption, genetic damage. But also in the primary packaging material the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals has to be prevented. For t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Gain of function mutation was first discovered in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). This disease is characteristic with its symptoms as persistent infections of the skin, mucosae - oral or genital and nails infections caused by Candida, mostly Candida albicans. CMC may very often result from primar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The spacing d between adjacent (hkℓ) lattice planes is given by:
*Cubic:
*Tetragonal:
*Hexagonal:
*Rhombohedral (primitive setting):
*Orthorhombic:
*Monoclinic:
*Triclinic: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Climate change contributes to warmer waters which makes conditions more favorable for algae growth in more regions and farther north. In general, still, warm, shallow water, combined with high-nutrient conditions in lakes or rivers, increases the risk of harmful algal blooms. Warming of summer surface temperatures of l... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A branch of the field of multiomics is the analysis of multilevel single-cell data, called single-cell multiomics. This approach gives us an unprecedent resolution to look at multilevel transitions in health and disease at the single cell level. An advantage in relation to bulk analysis is to mitigate confounding fact... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkynols (hydroxyalkynes) are organic compounds that contain both alkyne and alcohol functional groups. Thus, as structural features, they have a C≡C triple bond and a hydroxyl group. Some alkynols play a role as intermediates in the chemical industry.
The shortened term ynol typically refers to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The three main side reactions that produce impurities have in common that they decompose urea.
Urea hydrolyzes back to ammonium carbamate in the hottest stages of the synthesis plant, especially in the stripper, so residence times in these stages are designed to be short.
Biuret is formed when two molecules of urea com... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain constituents of volcanic gases may show very early signs of changing conditions at depth, making them a powerful tool to predict imminent unrest. Used in conjunction with monitoring data on seismicity and deformation, correlative monitoring gains great efficiency. Volcanic gas monitoring is a standard tool of a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Force tuning has recently proven its efficiency with a maximum error of 5% in comparison with standard finite element solvers in mechanics. Accurate validation of results can also be a tedious task since these methods are very different, common issues are:
* Meshes or lattice discretization
* Location of computed field... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sorrento Therapeutics has been developing RTX as a means to provide pain relief for forms of advanced cancer.
The nerve desensitizing properties of RTX were once thought to be useful to treat overactive bladder (OAB) by preventing the bladder from transmitting "sensations of urgency" to the brain, similar to how they c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Antanas was born in Tatkonys, Kupiškis, Lithuania (then Empire of Russia). After completing Liepaja gymnasium, he was studying in Tartu in 1902–1904 and in Saint Petersburg from which he graduated in 1912. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GC–MS is increasingly used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually supplant drug-sniffing dogs. A simple and selective GC–MS method for detecting marijuana usage was recently developed by the Robert Koch Institute in Germany. It involves identifying an acid metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion.
As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.
The ionic potential gives an indication of how st... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glyoxalase I, which is part of the glyoxalase system present in the cytosol, catalyzes the conversion of α-oxoaldehyde (RC(O)CHO) and the thiol glutathione (abbreviated GSH) to S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione derivatives [RCH(OH)CO-SG]. The catalytic mechanism involves an intermediate hemithioacetal adduct [RCOCH(OH)-SG]. T... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In physics, thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. The inverse of this property is termed t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perfluorinated oxaziridines are known to hydroxylate unactivated hydrocarbons with remarkable regio- and diastereospecificity. This is a highly coveted transformation, and similar reactivity and specificity is seldom rivaled, especially considering the nonmetallic nature of the oxidant. Perfluorinated oxaziridines show... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An O-acylpseudotropine is any derivative of pseudotropine in which the alcohol group is substituted with an acyl group.
Acylpseudotropines are formed by the action of the enzyme pseudotropine acyltransferase on pseudotropine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetrathionate's structure can be visualized by following three edges of a rectangular cuboid, as in the diagram below. The structure shown is the configuration of in BaSO·2HO and NaSO·2HO. Dihedral S–S–S–S angles approaching 90° are common in polysulfides. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mining is among the first steps of producing metal and as such is one of the foci of experimental archaeometallurgy. However, experimental research on mining is mostly limited to firesetting and the reproduction and use of mining tools. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy. Thermalisation, thermal equil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding the same protein. This gene and the gene that encodes ribonuclease, RNase A family, 4 share promoters and 5' exons. Each gene splices to a unique downstream exon that contains its complete coding region. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The aerodynamic diameter of an irregular particle is defined as the diameter of the spherical particle with a density of 1000 kg/m and the same settling velocity as the irregular particle.
Neglecting the slip correction, the particle settles at the terminal velocity proportional to the square of the aerodynamic diamete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tellurols are analogues of alcohols and phenols where tellurium replaces oxygen. Tellurols, selenols, and thiols have similar properties, but tellurols are the least stable. Although they are fundamental representatives of organotellurium compounds, tellurols are lightly studied because of their instability. Tellurol d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For batch cross-couplings which use immobilized Pd, the concentration of solution-phase Pd increases dramatically when the reaction commences (as Pd is transferred out of the solid phase), and has decreased dramatically by the time full conversion has been achieved (by readsorption or precipitation onto the solid suppo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In order to maintain the solution electroneutrality inside the pit populated by cations released by oxidation in the anodic zone (e.g., in case of steel), anions need to migrate inside the narrow pit. It is worth to notice that the electromobilities of thiosulfate () and chloride () anions are the highest after these ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Examples of well-studied vdW molecules are Ar, H-Ar, HO-Ar, benzene-Ar, (HO), and (HF).
Others include the largest diatomic molecule He, and LiHe. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Total soil alkalinity increases with:
* Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals containing , , and ;
* Addition of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals to soils; this may happen by deposition of material eroded elsewhere by wind or water, or by mixing of the soil with less weathered ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In contrast to old H3 and H4, the old H2A and H2B histone proteins are released and degraded; therefore, newly assembled H2A and H2B proteins are incorporated into new nucleosomes. H2A and H2B are assembled into dimers which are then loaded onto nucleosomes by the nucleosome assembly protein-1 (NAP-1) which also assist... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development of UVGI traces back to 1878 when Arthur Downes and Thomas Blunt found that sunlight, particularly its shorter wavelengths, hindered microbial growth. Expanding upon this work, Émile Duclaux, in 1885, identified variations in sunlight sensitivity among different bacterial species. A few years later, in 1... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Previous analysis focused only on diffraction from a perfectly flat surface of a crystal surface. However, non-flat surfaces add additional diffraction conditions to RHEED analysis.
Streaked or elongated spots are common to RHEED patterns. As Fig 3 shows, the reciprocal lattice rods with the lowest orders intersect the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Upon heating, DAST converts to the highly explosive (NEt)SF with expulsion of sulfur tetrafluoride. To minimize accidents, samples are maintained below 50 °C. Bis-(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (trade name: Deoxo-Fluor) and difluoro(morpholino)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (trade name: XtalFluor-M) are reagents... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the early 1900s, chemical messengers were crudely extracted from whole animal brains and tissues and studied for their physiological effects. In 1931, von Euler and Gaddum, used a similar method to try and isolate acetylcholine but instead discovered a peptide substance that induced physiological changes including m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Foldit attempts to apply the human brain's three-dimensional pattern matching and spatial reasoning abilities to help solve the problem of protein structure prediction. 2016 puzzles are based on well-understood proteins. By analysing how humans intuitively approach these puzzles, researchers hope to improve the algorit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrons leave the cathode with an energy of about 1 eV, which is not enough to ionize or excite atoms, leaving a thin dark layer next to the cathode. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sinter plants agglomerate iron ore fines (dust) with other fine materials at high temperature, to create a product that can be used in a blast furnace. The final product, a sinter, is a small, irregular nodule of iron mixed with small amounts of other minerals. The process, called sintering, causes the constituent mate... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although there is a large number of simple known ABX perovskites, this number can be greatly expanded if the A and B sites are increasingly doubled / complex AA’BB’X. Ordered double perovskites are usually denoted as ABB’O where disordered are denoted as A(BB’)O. In ordered perovskites, three different types of orderin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The coffee ring effect is utilized in convective deposition by researchers wanting to order particles on a substrate using capillary-driven assembly, replacing a stationary droplet with an advancing meniscus drawn across the substrate. This process differs from dip-coating in that evaporation drives flow along the sub... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TADs have been reported to be relatively constant between different cell types (in stem cells and blood cells, for example), and even between species in specific cases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lysergic acid, also known as -lysergic acid and (+)-lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and found in the seeds of Turbina corymbosa (ololiuhqui), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose), and Ipomoea tricolor (morning glories, tlitliltzin).
Amides ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phosphopantetheine, also known as 4'-phosphopantetheine, is a prosthetic group of several acyl carrier proteins including the acyl carrier proteins (ACP) of fatty acid synthases, ACPs of polyketide synthases, the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP), as well as aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) of nonribosomal peptide synthetase... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a gas is compressed adiabatically, i.e. without outflow of heat from the system, the temperature rises (due to the pressure increase) at a higher rate with respect to isothermal compression, where the performed work is dissipated as heat. The exponent, , with which the expansion of the gas can be calculated by the a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During its formation, the Earth likely suffered a series of magma oceans resulting from giant impacts, the final one being the Moon-forming impact. The best chemical evidence for the existence of magma oceans on Earth is the abundance of certain siderophile elements in the mantle that record magma ocean depths of appro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The antitubercular agent Ethambutol contains two constitutionally symmetrical stereogenic centers in its structure and exists in three stereoisomeric forms. An enantiomeric pair (S,S)- and (R,R)-ethambutol, along with the achiral stereoisomer called meso-form, it holds a diastereomeric relationship with the optically a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Coulter Counter was created by Wallace H. Coulter in 1949. The Coulter counter consists of two electrolyte reservoirs that are connected by a small channel, through which a current of ions flow. Each particle drawn through the channel causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid. The change in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a staggered conformation is a chemical conformation of an ethane-like moiety abcX–Ydef in which the substituents a, b, and c are at the maximum distance from d, e, and f; this requires the torsion angles to be 60°. It is the opposite of an eclipsed conformation, in which those substituents are as ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Karl Norris pioneered the field of near-infrared spectroscopy. He began by using log(1/R) as a metric of absorption. While often the samples examined were “infinitely thick”, partially transparent samples were analyzed (especially later) in cells that had a rear reflecting surface (reflector) in a mode called "transfl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Christy F. Landes is an American physical chemist who is the Jerry A. Walker Endowed Chair in chemistry at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She previously was the Kenneth S. Pitzer-Schlumberger Chair at Rice University. She seeks to understand the structure-function relationships in biological processes and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An illustrative example: There are two types of Zintl ions in KSi; 2x (pseudo P,
or according to Wades rules, 12 = 2n + 4 skeletal-electrons corresponding to a nido'-form of a trigonal-bipyramid) and 1x
(according to Wades rules, 22 = 2n + 4 skeletal-electrons corresponding to a nido'-form of a bicapped square antipr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ecdysteroids are arthropod steroid hormones that are mainly responsible for molting, development and, to a lesser extent, reproduction; examples of ecdysteroids include ecdysone, ecdysterone, turkesterone and 2-deoxyecdysone. These compounds are synthesized in arthropods from dietary cholesterol upon metabolism by the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) is a protein complex — including Chaf1a (p150), Chaf1b (p60), and p48 subunits in humans, or Cac1, Cac2, and Cac3, respectively, in yeast— that assembles histone tetramers onto replicating DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modafinil and/or its major metabolite, modafinil acid, may be quantified in plasma, serum, or urine to monitor dosage in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in the forensic investigation of a vehicular traffic violation. Instrumental techn... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Like LTR retrotransposons, non-LTR retrotransposons contain genes for reverse transcriptase, RNA-binding protein, nuclease, and sometimes ribonuclease H domain but they lack the long terminal repeats. RNA-binding proteins bind the RNA-transposition intermediate and nucleases are enzymes that break phosphodiester bond... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A metal salen complex is a coordination compound between a metal cation and a ligand derived from N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine, commonly called salen. The classical example is salcomine, the complex with divalent cobalt , usually denoted as Co(salen). These complexes are widely investigated as catalysts and en... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The parent hydride compound is the hypothetical molecule PH.
Pentaphenylphosphorane (PhP) is stable.
Pentaalkoxyphosphoranes are more common with electronegative substituents. Examples of P(OR) (R = alkyl), have however been prepared by reaction of phosphites with benzene alkyl sulfenates: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transcriptomics allows identification of genes and pathways that respond to and counteract biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. The non-targeted nature of transcriptomics allows the identification of novel transcriptional networks in complex systems. For example, comparative analysis of a range of chickpea lines ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before TFH identified it, it had several names. It was isolated in 1989 isolated from rat liver, known by factor transcription delta. When identified from cancer cells it was known that time as Basic transcription factor 2. Also, when isolated from yeast it was termed transcription factor B. Finally, in 1992 known as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In particular to building materials, moisture sorption has significant implications for cements, woods, insulation materials, and fibers. Moisture damage is a significant factor limiting a buildings lifespan. As well, moisture infusion through a buildings outer structure can have a significant effect on indoor air qu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The critical heat flux is an important point on the boiling curve and it may be desirable to operate a boiling process near this point. However, one could become cautious of dissipating heat in excess of this amount. Zuber, through a hydrodynamic stability analysis of the problem has developed an expression to approxim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfate transported through the roots and SO diffusing into leaves becomes the pool for plants to assimilate sulfur throughout their tissues. Though there is minimal fractionation from the source sulfur of the total plant organic matter, in wheat, roots and stems are depleted from soil by 2‰ and leaves and grain are 2‰... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This process was developed by the National Smelting Company at Avonmouth Docks, England, in order to increase production, increase efficiency, and decrease labour and maintenance costs. L. J. Derham proposed using a spray of molten lead droplets to rapidly cool and absorb the zinc vapour, despite the high concentratio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In addition to the NUTM1 fusion genes in the above cited carcinomas, recent studies have found NUTM1 fusion genes in malignancies with undifferentiated spindle cell, round cell, and epithelioid cell-like features which are regarded as sarcomas. Sarcomas with NUTM1 fusion genes typically a) occur in some sites were sa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface (Direct-EI LC-MS interface) is a technique for coupling liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the direct introduction of the liquid effluent into an electron ionization (EI) source. Library searchable mass spectra are ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The increase in use of Terfenol-D in transducers required new production techniques that increased production rates and quality because the original methods were unreliable and small scale. There are four methods that are used to produce Terfenol-D, which are free stand zone melting, modified Bridgman, sintered powder ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrowinning and electrorefining respectively involve the recovery and purification of metals using electrodeposition of metals at the cathode, and either metal dissolution or a competing oxidation reaction at the anode. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The majority of sperm donors who donate their sperm through a sperm bank receive some kind of payment, although this is rarely a significant amount. A review including 29 studies from nine countries came to the result that the amount of money actual donors received for their donation varied from $10 to €70 per donation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Whole genome sequencing studies enable the assessment of associations between complex traits and both coding and noncoding rare variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%) across the genome. Single-variant analyses typically have low power to identify associations with rare variants, and variant set tests have been pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biotin PEG2 amine (biotine PEG2 amine) is a water-soluble pegylated biotin derivative used as linker in biotechnology and molecular biology applications. | 1 | Biochemistry |
ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyses the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotes. ER Oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is a conserved, luminal, glycoprotein that is tightly associated with the ER membrane, and is essential for the oxid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An aromatic (or aryl) compound contains a set of covalently bound atoms with specific characteristics:
# A delocalized conjugated π system, most commonly an arrangement of alternating single and double bonds
# Coplanar structure, with all the contributing atoms in the same plane
# Contributing atoms arranged in one or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In cyclohexane, the two chair conformations have the same energy. The situation becomes more complex with substituted derivatives. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Flux in geochemical cycles is the movement of material between the deep Earth and the surface reservoirs. This occurs through two different processes: volcanism and subduction of tectonic plates.
Subduction is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Carotenoids () are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, canaries, flamingos, salmon, lobster, shrimp, and daffodils. Over 1,100 identified... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The earliest measurements combining AFM with infrared spectroscopy were performed in 1999 by Hammiche et al. at the University of Lancaster in the United Kingdom, in an EPSRC-funded project led by M Reading and H M Pollock. Separately, Anderson at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the United States made a related measur... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Glaciers are large bodies of ice and snow formed in cold climates by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, the long path lengths of internal reflected light causes glaciers to appear a deep blue when viewed up close and when shielded from direct ambient li... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*Johnson thermoelectric energy converter
*Thermoelectric (Peltier–Seebeck effect)
*Thermogalvanic cell
*Thermionic emission
*Thermotunnel cooling | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, Campbell was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to science. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* The reduction of nitrate to nitrogen in the presence of an acid (denitrification):
* The combustion of hydrocarbons, such as in an internal combustion engine, produces water, carbon dioxide, some partially oxidized forms such as carbon monoxide, and heat energy. Complete oxidation of materials containing carbon produ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bisson (2000) thought that because of coppers redness, luminosity and sound, it was valued by Africans. For many African cultures, the redness could be with life giving powers. Bisson (2000) also noted that the redness is a symbol of transition and it association with transition could explain why the wide use of copper... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Within computational biology, an MA plot is an application of a Bland–Altman plot for visual representation of genomic data. The plot visualizes the differences between measurements taken in two samples, by transforming the data onto M (log ratio) and A (mean average) scales, then plotting these values. Though original... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The amplitude of an action potential is often thought to be independent of the amount of current that produced it. In other words, larger currents do not create larger action potentials. Therefore, action potentials are said to be all-or-none signals, since either they occur fully or they do not occur at all. This is i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While all the metals of antiquity but tin and lead occur natively, only gold and silver are commonly found as the native metal.
* Gold and silver occur frequently in their native form
* Mercury compounds are reduced to elemental mercury simply by low-temperature heating (500 °C).
* Tin and iron occur as oxides and can ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry, the Myers deoxygenation reaction is an organic redox reaction that reduces an alcohol into an alkyl position by way of an arenesulfonylhydrazine as a key intermediate. This name reaction is one of four discovered by Andrew Myers that are named after him; this reaction and the Myers allene synthesi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Herges compound (6 in the image below) was synthesized in several photochemical cycloaddition reactions from tetradehydrodianthracene 1 and the ladderane syn-tricyclooctadiene 2 as a substitute for cyclooctatetraene.
Intermediate 5 was a mixture of 2 isomers and the final product 6 a mixture of 5 isomers with diff... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are defined via other quantities like length, mass and time. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards referred to as working standards. See ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
If an electrical potential is applied to an electrolytic solution, a positive ion will move towards the negative electrode and drag along an entourage of negative ions with it. The more concentrated the solution, the closer these negative ions are to the positive ion and thus the greater the resistance experienced by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Noting that digitisers and related electronics technology had significantly progressed since the inception of FTMW spectroscopy, B.H. Pate at the University of Virginia designed a spectrometer which retains many advantages of the Balle-Flygare FT-MW spectrometer while innovating in (i) the use of a high speed (>4 GS/s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sundström studied chemistry at Umeå University, obtaining his PhD in 1977. During his study, he visited Bell Labs and worked under Peter Rentzepis. Upon his return to Sweden, he started building the first ultrafast spectroscopy laboratory in Scandinavia at Umeå University and later at Lund University in Sweden. In 1994... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Marschalk reaction in chemistry is the sodium dithionite promoted reaction of a phenolic anthraquinone with an aldehyde to yield a substituted phenolic anthraquinone after the addition of acid.
The mechanism can be found in the book Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry, and its more intuitive version is provided be... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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