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Due to the similarity in mass and nuclear properties between the proton and neutron, they are sometimes considered as two symmetric types of the same object, a nucleon. While only the proton has an electric charge, this is often negligible due to the weakness of the electromagnetic interaction relative to the strong nu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Of the known types of bronze or brass, not distinguished in classical antiquity and interchangeably known in Latin as aes and in Greek as χαλκός, Corinthian bronze was the most valuable. Statues, vases and vessels, or other objects formed of this metal were priceless, of greater value than if they had been made of silv... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cell proliferation is often regulated by not only external mitogens but also by anti-mitogens, which inhibit cell cycle progression past G1. In normal cells, anti-mitogenic signaling as a result of DNA damage, preventing the cells from replicating and dividing. Tumor cells that are resistant to anti-mitogens allow the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, ferroics is the generic name given to the study of ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and ferroelastics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because the motor events are stochastic, molecular motors are often modeled with the Fokker–Planck equation or with Monte Carlo methods. These theoretical models are especially useful when treating the molecular motor as a Brownian motor. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For many non-coding RNAs, including tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA, polyadenylation is a way of marking the RNA for degradation, at least in yeast. This polyadenylation is done in the nucleus by the TRAMP complex, which maintains a tail that is around 4 nucleotides long to the 3′ end. The RNA is then degraded by the ex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest diffraction technique in TEM is selected area electron diffraction (SAED) where the incident beam is wide and close to parallel. An aperture is used to select a particular region of interest from which the diffraction is collected. These apertures are part of a thin foil of a heavy metal such as tungsten w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Push-pull agriculture leads to beneficial economic outcomes on the level of individual smallholder and subsistence farmers through larger income streams coming from the sale of surplus grain, desmodium seeds, fodder, and milk. Economic study has calculated the return on investment of push-pull methods for farmers to b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Luminol (CHNO) is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water.
Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ability of enhancers to activate imprinted genes is dependent on the presence of an insulator on the unmethylated allele between the two genes. An example of this is the Igf2-H19 imprinted locus. In this locus the CTCF protein regulates imprinted expression by binding to the unmethylated maternal imprinted control ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Buccianti was the 2003 winner of the Felix Chayes Prize of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences. | 9 | Geochemistry |
* KEGG Pathway database is a popular pathway search database highly used by biologists.
* WikiPathways is a community curated pathway database using the "wiki" concept. All pathways have an open license and can be freely used.
* Reactome is a free and manually curated online database of biological pathways.
* NCI-Natu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Gaia theorem states that the Earth's atmospheric composition is kept at a dynamically steady state by the presence of life. The atmospheric composition provides the conditions that contemporary life has adapted to. All the atmospheric gases other than noble gases present in the atmosphere are either made by organis... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an organotin anion (e.g.see an alternative name for such a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like all other soluble aerosols, increasing normal-sized sea salts suppresses the precipitation process in warm clouds by increasing cloud droplet number concentration and reducing the cloud droplet size. Also, they invigorate precipitation in mix-phase clouds because once the suppressed smaller cloud droplets are lift... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the original work, Cornforth used 5-ethoxy-2-phenyloxazole-4-carboxamide (R = phenyl, R = ethoxy, R = amino).
The reaction also works, however, with a large number of other carbonyl-substituted 1,3-oxazoles.
In the early 1970s, the reaction was further researched by Michael Dewar. It was shown that the reaction gave... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Arginase is a binuclear manganese metalloprotein that catalyses the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. It is also regarded as a drug target for the treatment of asthma. The mechanism of hydrolysis of L-arginine is carried out via nucleophilic attack on the guanidino group by water, forming a tetrahedral... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction is used in a chemical test for the detection of aldehydes in combination with ferric chloride. In this test a few drops of aldehyde containing specimen is dissolved in ethanol, the sulfonamide is added together with some sodium hydroxide solution and then the solution is acidified to Congo red. An added dr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Toxicants that at low concentrations modify or inhibit some biological process by binding at a specific site or molecule have a specific acting mode of toxic action. However, at high enough concentrations, toxicants with specific acting modes of toxic actions can produce narcosis that may or may not be reversible. Neve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Let be primitive translation vectors (shortly called primitive vectors) of a crystal lattice , where atoms are located at lattice points described by with , , and as any integers. (So indicating each lattice point is an integer linear combination of the primitive vectors.)
Let be the wave vector of an incoming (in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In geometry and crystallography, the Laves graph is an infinite and highly symmetric system of points and line segments in three-dimensional Euclidean space, forming a periodic graph. Three equal-length segments meet at 120° angles at each point, and all cycles use ten or more segments. It is the shortest possible trip... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the saturation vapor curve is the curve separating the two-phase state and the superheated vapor state in the T–s diagram (temperature–entropy diagram).
The saturated liquid curve is the curve separating the subcooled liquid state and the two-phase state in the T–s diagram.
When used in a power cycl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rpoB gene encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and the homologous plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). It codes for 1342 amino acids in E. coli, making it the second-largest polypeptide in the bacterial cell. It is targeted by the rifamycin family of antibacterials, such as rifampin. Mutations in rpo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cefroxadine can be prepared by several routes, including one in which the enol is methylated with diazomethane as a key step. A rather more involved route starts with comparatively readily available phenoxymethylpenicillin sulfoxide benzhydryl ester (1).
This undergoes fragmentation when treated with benzothiazole-2-th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When comparing relative stability, 6- and 7-atom interactions can be used to approximate differences in enthalpy between conformations. Each 6-atom interaction is worth and each 7-atom interaction is worth . | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This system is also used by most bacteria for chromosome segregation.
Type I partition systems are composed of an ATPase which contains Walker motifs and a CBP which is structurally distinct in type Ia and Ib. ATPases and CBP from type Ia are longer than the ones from type Ib, but both CBPs contain an arginine finger ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanogenesis in microbes is a form of anaerobic respiration. Methanogens do not use oxygen to respire; in fact, oxygen inhibits the growth of methanogens. The terminal electron acceptor in methanogenesis is not oxygen, but carbon. The two best described pathways involve the use of acetic acid or inorganic carbon dio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After successful formation of a stable nucleus, a growth stage ensues in which free particles (atoms or molecules) adsorb onto the nucleus and propagate its crystalline structure outwards from the nucleating site. This process is significantly faster than nucleation. The reason for such rapid growth is that real crysta... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This phenomenon describes damage to the metal (nearly always iron or steel) at low temperature by diffusible hydrogen.
Hydrogen can embrittle a number of metals and steel is one of them. It tends to happen to harder and higher tensile steels. Hydrogen cam also embrittle aluminum at high temperatures.). Titanium metal a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Post-doctorate fellowship senior scholar Fulbright Fellowship (1985), where he was a visiting Fulbright fellow.
* Post-doctorate fellow Association of Commonwealth Universities (1984-1985), where he was a visiting Commonwealth fellow | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is a suitable discharge option for cakes that are thin and have the tendency to stick with one another. Filter cakes on the drum and discharged roll are pressed against one another to ensure that the thin filter cake is peeled or pulled from the drum. Removal of solids from the discharge roll is done via a knife bla... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cryobiology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cryobiology. It was established in 1964 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Society for Cryobiology, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is D.M. Rawson (University of Bedfordshire). According to the Journal Citation Repo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The low-flow-rate method is based on the fact that the extraction efficiency is dependent on the flow-rate. At high flow-rates, the amount of drug diffusing from the sampling site into the dialysate per unit time is smaller (low extraction efficiency) than at lower flow-rates (high extraction efficiency). At a flow-rat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methods for performing protein sequencing
include:
*Edman degradation
*Peptide mass fingerprinting
*Mass spectrometry
*Protease digests
If the gene encoding the protein is known, it is currently much easier to sequence the DNA and infer the protein sequence. Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence (often on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The SECIS element is found in a wide variety of organisms from all three domains of life (including their viruses). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gestonorone caproate, also known as gestronol hexanoate or norhydroxyprogesterone caproate and sold under the brand names Depostat and Primostat, is a progestin medication which is used in the treatment of enlarged prostate and cancer of the endometrium. It is given by injection into muscle typically once a week.
Side ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
If the flow is steady and conservative, the mean residence time equals the ratio between the amount of fluid contained in the control volume and the flow rate through it:
This ratio is commonly known as the turnover time or flushing time. When applied to liquids, it is also known as the hydraulic retention time (HRT), ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
With such table top laboratory equipment it is now also possible to produce films, fibers and test samples (rods, rings, tablets) from mixtures as small as 5 ml in less than 10 min. By the small footprint less lab space is needed than for a parallel twin screw extruder. Because of these benefits screening of optimum fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer. It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains, where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Most mononuclear carbonyl complexes are colorless or pale yellow volatile liquids or solids that are flammable and toxic. Vanadium hexacarbonyl, a uniquely stable 17-electron metal carbonyl, is a blue-black solid. Dimetallic and polymetallic carbonyls tend to be more deeply colored. Triiron dodecacarbonyl (Fe(CO)) form... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most convenient way of expressing the composition of a generic mixture is by using the mole fractions (written in the gas phase) of the different components (or chemical species: atoms or molecules) present in the system, where
: with , the number of moles of the component i, and , the total number of moles of al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With aqueous pK values of around 16–19, they are, in general, slightly weaker acids than water. With strong bases such as sodium hydride or sodium they form salts called alkoxides, with the general formula (where R is an alkyl and M is a metal).
The acidity of alcohols is strongly affected by solvation. In the gas pha... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Defects due to both external and intrinsic factors may appear. External factors include the cleanliness of the substrate, method of preparation, and purity of the adsorbates. SAMs intrinsically form defects due to the thermodynamics of formation, e.g. thiol SAMs on gold typically exhibit etch pits (monatomic vacancy is... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula ; one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. Liquid water has weak absorption bands at wavelengths of around 750 nm which cause it to appear to ha... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold, and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Agricultures role in developed countries has drastically changed in the last century due to many factors, including refrigeration. Statistics from the 2007 census gives information on the large concentration of agricultural sales coming from a small portion of the existing farms in the United States today. This is a pa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids have been found to stimulate levels of frameshifting. For example, the mechanism of a negative feedback loop in the polyamine synthesis pathway is based on polyamine levels stimulating an increase in +1 frameshifts, which results in production of an inhibitory enzyme. Certai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin.
Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring inorganic toxins, such as arsenic. Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins, and may or may not embrace natur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These dosage forms are commonly used to deliver drugs to the eye and nasal cavity. They often include mucoadhesive polymers to improve retention on dynamic mucosal surfaces. Some advanced eye drop formulations may also turn from a liquid to a gel (so called in situ gelling systems) upon drug administration. For example... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, bond stretch isomerism is a concept of isomerism based on variations of bond length. The concept was proposed in the 1970s but was refuted in the 1990s.
The phenomenon was first invoked to explain the observation of blue and green isomers of , where is dimethylphenylphosphine. These isomers were shown,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In experiments in animals favipiravir has shown activity against West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus as well as other flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and alphaviruses. Activity against enteroviruses and Rift Valley fever virus has also been demonstrated. Favipiravir has showed lim... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
On heating a haloalkane and concentrated ammonia in a sealed tube with ethanol, a series of amines are formed along with their salts. The tertiary amine is usually the major product.
This is known as Hoffmann's ammonolysis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Alkylation
*Methoxy
*Titanium–zinc methylenation
*Petasis reagent
*Nysted reagent
*Wittig reaction
*Tebbe's reagent | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the compound were first described in 2006 by Antonio Togni and his coworkers at ETH Zurich. The article also contains information on Togni reagent I (1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-benziodoxole). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alogliptin, sold under the brand names Nesina and Vipidia, is an oral anti-diabetic drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor (gliptin) class. Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of hypoglycemia, and has relatively modest glucose-lowering activity. Alogliptin a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air. It involves substrate-level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain. The equation for the reaction of glucose to form lactic acid is:
: + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 + 2 ATP + 2
Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Chaikin P. M. and Lubensky T. C. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 1995, sect.9.
* Feynman R. P. Progress in Low Temperature Physics Vol.1, edited by C. Gorter (North Holland, Amsterdam) 1955. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, sulfamoyl fluoride is an organic compound having the chemical formula F−SO−N(−R)−R. Its derivatives are called sulfamoyl fluorides.
Examples of sulfamoyl fluorides include:
Sulfamoyl fluorides are contrasted with the sulfonimidoyl fluorides with structure R-S(O)(F)=N-R. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A linear biochemical pathway is a chain of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction. The molecules progress through the pathway sequentially from the starting substrate to the final product. Each step in the pathway is usually facilitated by a differe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specific uses for phenoxymethylpenicillin include:
* Infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
** Tonsillitis
** Pharyngitis
** Skin infections
* Anthrax (mild uncomplicated infections)
* Lyme disease (early stage in pregnant women or young children)
* Rheumatic fever (primary and secondary prophylaxis)
* Streptococc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH or DNPH) is the organic compound CH(NO)NHNH. DNPH is a red to orange solid. It is a substituted hydrazine. The solid is relatively sensitive to shock and friction. For this reason DNPH is usually handled as a wet powder. DNPH is a precursor to the drug Sivifene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Norvaline is a non-proteinogenic unbranched-chain amino acid. It has previously been reported to be a natural component of an antifungal peptide of Bacillus subtilis. Norvaline and other modified unbranched chain amino acids have received attention because they appear to be incorporated in some recombinant proteins fou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically it was assumed that the nucleation rate of new recrystallized grains would be determined by the thermal fluctuation model successfully used for solidification and precipitation phenomena. In this theory it is assumed that as a result of the natural movement of atoms (which increases with temperature) small... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Another example of the apparent molar volume of the second component is less than its molar volume as a pure substance is the case of ethanol in water. For example, at 20 mass percents ethanol, the solution has a volume of 1.0326 liters per kg at 20 °C, while pure water is 1.0018 L/kg (1.0018 cc/g). The apparent volume... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) and Exposition is an American organization that sponsors a Symposium and Exposition generally held in Princeton, New Jersey, every November. The Symposium is attended by over 2000 scientists and typically contains several hundred papers by the world's leading authorities on analyt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipomannan is a mycobacterium immune agonist. In addition, it is a major constituent of the mycobacterium cell wall. This glycoconjugate is a virulence factor that plays a key role in the human immune system via interaction with various immune cells. It is also considered to be a precursor of lipoarabinomannans.
It is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1969, two separate labs simultaneously identified antigens in the sera of SLE and SS patients. Clark et al. referred to the antigen as Ro – named after the patient from which the antibodies were extracted, while Alspaugh & Tanand used the term SSA. It was later found that the labs described the same antigen, hence t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heat can flow into or out of a closed system by way of thermal conduction or of thermal radiation to or from a thermal reservoir, and when this process is effecting net transfer of heat, the system is not in thermal equilibrium. While the transfer of energy as heat continues, the system's temperature can be changing. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Detailed sample preparation depends on the type of material. Pure standards are most likely to be prepared by chemical synthesis and purification and characterized by determination of remaining impurities. This is often done by commercial producers. Natural matrix CRMs (often shortened to matrix CRMs) contain an analyt... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Norşuntepe was occupied from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. The excavators have recognized 40 different occupation levels ranging in date from the fifth millennium BC to ca. 600 BC. Its occupation levels overlap to a large degree with those excavated at nearby Arslantepe. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The MNR2 gene encodes a protein closely related to the Alr proteins, but includes conserved features that define a distinct subgroup of CorA proteins in fungal genomes, suggesting a distinct role in Mg homeostasis. Like an alr1 mutant, growth of an mnr2 mutant was sensitive to Mg-deficient conditions, but the mnr2 muta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An equation of state (for gases) is a mathematical model used to roughly describe or predict the state properties of a gas. At present, there is no single equation of state that accurately predicts the properties of all gases under all conditions. Therefore, a number of much more accurate equations of state have been d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reactivity of chloroformates and acyl chlorides are similar. Representative reactions are:
* Reaction with amines to form carbamates:
:ROC(O)Cl + HNR → ROC(O)-N(H)R + HCl
* Reaction with alcohols to form carbonate esters:
:ROC(O)Cl + HOR → ROC(O)-OR + HCl
* Reaction with carboxylic acids to form mixed anhydrides:
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Angus Lamond, a Wellcome Principal Research Fellow, studies the composition and function of organelles and multiprotein complexes found within the nucleus. This work is helping to explain how a cell's nucleus is organised, an area that has particular importance to human diseases such as inherited genetic conditions wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ambient-temperature molten salts (also known as ionic liquids) are present in the liquid phase at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Examples of such salts include N-ethylpyridinium bromide and aluminium chloride mix, discovered in 1951, and ethylammonium nitrate discovered by Paul Walden. Other ionic li... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The inheritance pattern of genes existing in the cell organelles such as mitochondria which named cytoplasmic inheritance differs from nuclear genes pattern. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnetic nanoparticles conjugated to an antibody against an antigen of interest are not always available, but there is a way to circumvent it. Since fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are much more prevalent, it is possible to use magnetic nanoparticles coated with anti-fluorochrome antibodies. They are incubated with t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The compilation contains information about the electromagnetic scattering by hexagonal ice crystals, large raindrops, and relevant links and applications. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An early ironmaster was John Winter (about 1600–1676) who owned substantial holdings in the Forest of Dean. During the English Civil War he cast cannons for Charles I. Following the Restoration, Winter developed his interest in the iron industry, and experimented with a new type of coking oven. This was a precursor to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The isomers which have been cited as examples of metamers in chemical literature consist primarily of ethers; but this could by the same reasoning be extended to thioethers, secondary as well as tertiary amines, esters, secondary as well as tertiary amides, (mixed) acid anhydrides etc.
Ketones however, should be exclud... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The regions of the rpoB gene which are susceptible to mutations are typically well conserved, indicating they are important for life. This makes it very likely that mutations within these regions have some effect on the overall fitness of the organism. These physiological changes can include a reduced rate of growth, i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar rotation, however, is powered by a proton pump. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Lanthipeptides are one of the most well-studied families of RiPPs. The family is characterized by the presence of lanthionine (Lan) and 3-methyllanthionine (MeLan) residues in the final natural product. There are four major classes of lanthipeptides, delineated by the enzymes responsible for installation of Lan and MeL... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A slippery sequence is a small section of codon nucleotide sequences (usually UUUAAAC) that controls the rate and chance of ribosomal frameshifting. A slippery sequence causes a faster ribosomal transfer which in turn can cause the reading ribosome to "slip." This allows a tRNA to shift by 1 base (−1) after it has pair... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Following is the Roman script transliteration of the text:
J. F. Fleet's 1888 translation is as follows:
Due to the tablets installed on the building in 1903 by Pandit Banke Rai, the reading provided by him enjoys wide currency. However, Bankelals reading and interpretation have been challenged by more recent scholarsh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons... | 5 | Photochemistry |
According to electron diffraction, the and distances in ethylene sulfide are respectively 1.473 and 1.811 Å. The and angles are respectively 66.0 and 48.0°. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Antitermination was discovered in bacteriophage infections. A common feature in the control of phage infection is that very few of the phage genes can be transcribed by the bacterial host RNA polymerase. Among these genes, however, are regulators whose products allow the next set of phage genes to be expressed. One of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TsOH is prepared on an industrial scale by the sulfonation of toluene. Common impurities include benzenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. TsOH monohydrate contains an amount of water. To estimate the total moisture present as impurity, the Karl Fischer method is used. Impurities can be removed by recrystallization from... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The classical types of quantum systems, superconductors and superfluid helium, were discovered in the beginning of the 20th century. Near the end of the 20th century, scientists discovered how to create very dilute atomic or molecular gases, cooled first by laser cooling and then by evaporative cooling. They are trappe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (G, also referred to as SPINA-GD) is reduced in nonthyroidal illness with hypodeiodination.
G is obtained with
or
: Dilution factor for T3 (reciprocal of apparent volume of distribution, 0.026 L)<br />
: Clearance exponent for T3 (8e-6 sec)<br />
K: Dissociation constant of ty... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the adult brain, PPs are essential for synaptic functions and are involved in the negative regulation of higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Dysregulation of their activity has been linked to several disorders including cognitive ageing and neurodegeneration, as well as cancer, diabetes and obe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imidoyl chlorides react readily with water, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and hydrogen halides. Treating imidoyl chlorides with water forms the corresponding amide:
:RC(NR’)Cl + HO → RCONHR’ + HCl
Aliphatic imidoyl chlorides are more sensitive toward hydrolysis than aryl derivatives. Electron-withdrawing substituents decre... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* The larvae of the berothid lacewing Lomamyia latipennis feed on termites which they subdue with an aggressive allomone. The first instar approaches a termite and waves the tip of its abdomen near the termite's head. The termite becomes immobile after 1 to 3 minutes, and completely paralysed very soon after this, alth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inhibition of DNA repair processes is considered one of main mechanism of inorganic arsenic genotoxicity. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) are the processes implicated in the repair of DNA base damage induced by ROS after arsenic exposure. In particular, the NER mechanism is the major pat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On the diagram, lines of constant pressure, constant temperature and volume are plotted, so in a two-phase region, the lines of constant pressure and temperature coincide.
Thus, coordinates on the diagram represent entropy and heat.
The work done in a process on vapor cycles is represented by length of , so it can be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, equilibrium unfolding is the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment, such as by changing the temperature or pressure, pH, adding chemical denaturants, or applying force as with an atomic force microscope tip. If the equilibrium was maintained at all steps, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In November 2007, a controversial aerial approach was used to spray microencapsulated LBAM pheromone in urban and rural areas of the counties of Santa Cruz and Monterey California to combat the invasive light brown apple moth. Usually the effect of disruption of orientation of the male moths to females (or monitoring p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MEGAN ("MEtaGenome ANalyzer") is a computer program that allows optimized analysis of large metagenomic datasets.
Metagenomics is the analysis of the genomic sequences from a usually uncultured environmental sample. A large term goal of most metagenomics is to inventory and measure the extent and the role of microbial ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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