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Usually the initial measurement is the minimal level of fluorescence, . This is the fluorescence in the absence of photosynthetic light.
To use measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence to analyse photosynthesis, researchers must distinguish between photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching (heat dissipati... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In asymmetric trifluoromethylation the trifluoromethyl group is added to the substrate in an enantioselective way. Ruppert's reagent has been used for this purpose in an asymmetric induction approach to functionalise chiral amino acid derivates, saccharides, and steroids.
Because Ruppert's reagent requires a tetraalkyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because the previous synthesis had worked, photo-methionine is photo-reactive due to the diazirine ring. Once this ring has become exposed to UV light, nitrogen leaves as nitrogen gas (N) and forms the highly reactive intermediate carbene. Photo-activation of amino acids provide the ability of photo-cross-linking in pr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Flippin-Lodge and Bürgi-Dunitz angles were central, practically, to the development of a clearer understanding of asymmetric induction during nucleophilic attack at hindered carbonyl centers in synthetic organic chemistry. It was in this area that was first defined by Heathcock, and has been primarily used. Larger... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A post-metallocene catalyst is a kind of catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, i.e., the industrial production of some of the most common plastics. "Post-metallocene" refers to a class of homogeneous catalysts that are not metallocenes. This area has attracted much attention because the market for polyethylene, p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy (not to be confused with thermally stimulated depolarization current) is an experimental technique which is used to study energy levels in semiconductors or insulators (organic or inorganic). Energy levels are first filled either by optical or electrical injection usually... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Following, the IMFP is employed to calculate the effective attenuation length (EAL), the mean escape depth (MED) and the information depth (ID). Besides, one can utilize the IMFP to make matrix corrections for the relative sensitivity factor in quantitative surface analysis. Moreover, the IMFP is an important parameter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CA8 gene. The CA8 protein lacks the catalytic activity of other carbonic anhydrase enzymes. A rare, autosomal recessive form of cerebellar ataxia known as "cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and dysequilibrium syndrome 3" (CAMRQ3) is c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In humans, cAMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase), one of the first few kinases discovered. It has four sub-units two catalytic and two regulatory. cAMP binds to the regulatory sub-units. It causes them to break apart from the catalytic sub-units. The catalytic sub-units make th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ca ion flow regulates several secondary messenger systems in neural adaptation for visual, auditory, and the olfactory system. It may often be bound to calmodulin such as in the olfactory system to either enhance or repress cation channels. Other times the calcium level change can actually release guanylyl cyclase from... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms. Phosphorus forms parts of important life-sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere. Phosphorus does enter the atmosphere in very small amounts when dust containing phosphorus is dissolve... | 9 | Geochemistry |
After passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, the U.S. EPA had established a tolerance level for apples at 10 ppm, and for meat and milk at 0 ppm. The tentative LOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day In 1997 EPA approved the reregistration of diphenylamine, and determined that recommended tolerances met the safety ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
From Bjerrum plots, it is found that a decrease in the salinity of an aqueous fluid will act to increase the value of the carbon dioxide-carbonate system equilibrium constants, (pK*). This means that the relative proportion of carbonate with respect to carbon dioxide is higher in more saline fluids, e.g. seawater, than... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Samarium(II) iodide is a powerful reducing agent – for example it rapidly reduces water to hydrogen. It is available commercially as a dark blue 0.1 M solution in THF. Although used typically in superstoichiometric amounts, catalytic applications have been described. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The basic technique for the detection of RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA with the application of a restriction enzyme, which can selectively cleave a DNA molecule wherever a short, specific sequence is recognized in a process known as a restriction digest. The DNA fragments produced by the digest are then se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An antagonist of a prostaglandin E2 receptor has been shown to serve as an affective contraceptive for female macaques while unaffecting their menstrual cyclicity as well as hormonal patterns. The exact reason behind the reduced amount of successful pregnancies of primates during the study is unclear due a number of po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once particles have aggregated to several micrometers in diameter, they begin to accumulate bacteria, since there is sufficient site space for feeding and reproduction. At this size, it is large enough to undergo sinking. It also has the components necessary to fit the "aggregate spinning wheel hypothesis". Evidence fo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The hemin/G-Quadruplex DNAzyme consists of G-Quadruplex forming DNA that can bind the co-factor hemin (a.k.a. Fe(III)Protoporphyrin IX), forming a complex that can perform certain oxidation reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This DNAzyme can oxidize small molecules, such as dopamine and adenosine triphospha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide () levels exceeding 41... | 9 | Geochemistry |
These predicted editing sites result in the translation of an Arginine instead of a Glutamine at the Q/R site and an Alanine instead of a Threonine at the T/A site. These codon changes are nonsynomonous. Since the editing sites are located just before a collagen like trimerization domain, editing may effect protein ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemist Walter Reppe pioneered catalytic, industrial-scale ethynylations using acetylene with alkali metal and copper(I) acetylides:
These reactions are used to manufacture propargyl alcohol and butynediol. Alkali metal acetylides, which are often more effective for ketone additions, are used to produce 2-methyl-3-buty... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain microo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Triflic acid reacts with acyl halides to give mixed triflate anhydrides, which are strong acylating agents, e.g. in Friedel–Crafts reactions.
Triflic acid catalyzes the reaction of aromatic compounds with sulfonyl chlorides, probably also through the intermediacy of a mixed anhydride of the sulfonic acid.
Triflic acid ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
mRNA methylation is important throughout the entire life-cycle of the mRNA, starting with the alternative polyadenylation (APA) of some transcripts. mA sites are often located in the last exon, mostly in the 3’ untranslated region (3-UTR). The presence of mA in the 3’-UTR promotes the use of the proximal APA site, resu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
*Dual-polarization interferometry
*Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Staff at BRM began work on an alternative to the conventional reverberatory cupellation furnace in the early 1980s. This included a review of the available technology, including the top-blown rotary converter ("TBRC"), on which test work was undertaken.
One of the first areas investigated was the use of oxygen-enriched... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For each entry, cross-references are maintained to [http://www.ensembl.org EnsEMBL], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/ dbSNP], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=gene Entrez Gene], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=taxonomy the NCBI Taxonomy database] and [https://w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogenated MDI (HMDI or 4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane) is an organic compound in the class known as isocyanates. More specifically, it is an aliphatic diisocyanate. It is a water white liquid at room temperature and is manufactured in relatively small quantities. It is also known as 4,4'-methylenedi(cyclohexy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* A well-known electrosynthesis is the Kolbe electrolysis, in which two carboxylic acids decarboxylate, and the remaining structures bond together:
* A variation is called the non-Kolbe reaction when a heteroatom (nitrogen or oxygen) is present at the α-position. The intermediate oxonium ion is trapped by a nucleophile... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula. An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where the sample is heated strongly, and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature. The amount of water driven off is then divided... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
IP is an organic molecule with a molecular mass of 420.10 g/mol. Its empirical formula is CHOP. It is composed of an inositol ring with three phosphate groups bound at the 1, 4, and 5 carbon positions, and three hydroxyl groups bound at positions 2, 3, and 6. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tacticity (from , "relating to arrangement or order") is the relative stereochemistry of adjacent chiral centers within a macromolecule. The practical significance of tacticity rests on the effects on the physical properties of the polymer. The regularity of the macromolecular structure influences the degree to which i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Rovibronic coupling, also known as rotation/vibration-electron coupling, denotes the simultaneous interactions between rotational, vibrational, and electronic degrees of freedom in a molecule. When a rovibronic transition occurs, the rotational, vibrational, and electronic states change simultaneously, unlike in rovibr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magic numbers are connected with the number of metal atoms in those thiolate-protected clusters which display an outstanding stability. Such clusters can be synthesized monodispersely and are end products of the etching procedure after an addition of excess thiols does not lead to further metal dissolution. Some import... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sensitizers (denoted "Sens") are compounds, such as fluorescein dyes, methylene blue, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are able to absorb electromagnetic radiation (usually in the visible range of the spectrum) and eventually transfer that energy to molecular oxygen or the substrate of photooxygenation proce... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Retinal is a conjugated chromophore. In the human eye, retinal begins in an 11-cis-retinal configuration, which — upon capturing a photon of the correct wavelength — straightens out into an all-trans-retinal configuration. This configuration change pushes against an opsin protein in the retina, which triggers a chemica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nuclear chain reaction was proposed by Leo Szilard in 1933, shortly after the neutron was discovered, yet more than five years before nuclear fission was first discovered. Szilárd knew of chemical chain reactions, and he had been reading about an energy-producing nuclear reaction involving high-energy protons bombard... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is an important distinction between thermal and thermodynamic equilibrium. According to Münster (1970), in states of thermodynamic equilibrium, the state variables of a system do not change at a measurable rate. Moreover, "The proviso at a measurable rate implies that we can consider an equilibrium only with resp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triflic acid is one of the strongest acids. Contact with skin causes severe burns with delayed tissue destruction. On inhalation it causes fatal spasms, inflammation and edema.
Like sulfuric acid, triflic acid must be slowly added to polar solvents to prevent thermal runaway. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Agostic interactions serve a key function in alkene polymerization and stereochemistry, as well as migratory insertion. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the mid-2000s, Dr. Ferrara was diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer. Several years after the initial lung surgery, it was discovered that the cancer had spread.
Dr. Ferrara died on May 30, 2011, of brain cancer at the age of 68.
Upon approval of Governor McDonnell, the DFS Central Laboratory building was renamed t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Igor V. Komarov was a coordinator of scientific projects financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Ukraine (three applied projects devoted to design of therapeutic peptides, including photocontrolled [http://science.univ.kiev.ua/research/theme/themefund/ ]), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Institute P... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Initial scientific discoveries towards modern-day laser peening began in the early 1960s as pulsed-laser technology began to proliferate around the world. In an early investigation of the laser interaction with materials by Gurgen Askaryan and E.M. Moroz, they documented pressure measurements on a targeted surface usin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ISO REMCO, the ISO committee responsible for guidance on reference materials within ISO, defines the following classes of reference material:
; Reference Material: Material, sufficiently homogeneous and stable with respect to one or more specified properties, which has been established to be fit for its intended use i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Electrolysis in an aqueous solution is a similar process as mentioned in electrolysis of water. However, it is considered to be a complex process because the contents in solution have to be analyzed in half reactions, whether reduced or oxidized. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prime editing efficiency can be increased with the use of engineered pegRNAs (epegRNAs). One common issue with traditional pegRNAs is degradation of the 3 end, leading to decreased PE efficiency. epegRNAs have a structured RNA motif added to their 3 end to prevent degradation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early days, chromosome walking from genetically linked DNA markers was used to identify and clone disease genes. However, the large molecular distance between known markers and the gene of interest was complicating the cloning process. In 1987, a human chromosome jumping library was constructed to clone the cyst... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inner sphere electron transfer (IS ET) or bonded electron transfer is a redox chemical reaction that proceeds via a covalent linkage—a strong electronic interaction—between the oxidant and the reductant reactants. In inner sphere electron transfer, a ligand bridges the two metal redox centers during the electron tran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The longer tag sequence confers a higher specificity than the classical SAGE tag of 9–10 bp. The level of unique gene expression is represented by the count of transcripts present per million molecules, similar to SAGE output. A significant advantage is the larger library size compared with SAGE. An MPSS library typica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reactions included in the calculation are only those that actually occur under the given conditions, and not those that might occur under different conditions such as higher temperature or the presence of a catalyst. For example, the dissociation of water into its elements does not occur at ordinary temperature, so... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ashe was awarded the Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimers Disease in 2005. Ashe also earned the Potamkin Prize in 2006 for her Alzheimers research, shortly after the publication of the 2006 Nature paper.
In 2009, Ashe was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for her achievements in medici... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bridging carbido ligands can be subdivided into three classes:
*cumulenic ,
*metallocarbyne , and
*polar covalent .
Cumulenic compounds generally bridge two metal atoms of the same element and are symmetrical. However, there are exceptions to this.
In contrast, metallocarbyne compounds are generally constitutionally h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Graft copolymers are generated by attaching chains of one monomer to the main chain of another polymer; a branched block copolymer is formed. Furthermore, end groups play an important role in the process of initiation, propagation and termination of graft polymers. Graft polymers can be achieved by either "grafting fro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Except their abilities in catalyzing organic reactions, palladacycles have also shown their potential in medicinal and biological chemistry after the success of cis-Pt(NH)Cl as an anticancer agent. Additionally, they can also be used in CO/SCN- sensing. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The uses of bioluminescence and its biological and ecological significance for animals, including host organisms for bacteria symbiosis, have been widely studied. The biological role and evolutionary history for specifically bioluminescent bacteria still remains quite mysterious and unclear. However, there are continua... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fischer–Tropsch plants associated with biomass or coal or related solid feedstocks (sources of carbon) must first convert the solid fuel into gases. These gases include CO, H, and alkanes. This conversion is called gasification. Synthesis gas ("syngas") is obtained from biomass/coal gasification is a mixture of hydro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The negative charge of its phosphate backbone moves the DNA towards the positively charged anode during electrophoresis. However, the migration of DNA molecules in solution, in the absence of a gel matrix, is independent of molecular weight during electrophoresis. The gel matrix is therefore responsible for the separa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A wide variety of divinylcyclopropanes undergo the titular reaction. These precursors have been generated by a variety of methods, including the addition of cyclopropyl nucleophiles (salts of lithium, or copper) to activated double or triple bonds, elimination of bis(2-haloethyl)cyclopropanes and cyclopropanation.
In t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The precipitation of calcium carbonate is important as it results in a loss of alkalinity as well as a release of CO (Equation 4), and therefore a change in the rate of preservation of calcium carbonate can alter the partial pressure of CO in Earths atmosphere. CaCO is supersatured in the great majority of ocean surfac... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are 8- and 7-membered natural products, respectively, characterized by N-to-C cyclization in addition to a tryptathionine motif derived from the crosslinking of Cys and Trp. The amatoxins and phallotoxins also differ from other RiPPs based on the presence of a C-terminal recognition sequence ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first scientific concept of acids and bases was provided by Lavoisier in around 1776. Since Lavoisiers knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as (nitric acid) and (sulfuric acid), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not awa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfur isotopes of sediments are often measured for studying environments in the Earth's past (Paleoenvironment). Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates, being one of the processes affecting sulfur isotopes of sediments, has drawn attention from geoscientists for studying the redox conditions in the oceans in the p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium. External parameters generally means the volume, but may in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A: α-naphthol – 5 g
*Absolute ethyl alcohol – 100 mL – 0.6 mL – 3 parts
*B: KOH – 40 g
*Distilled water – 100 mL – 0.2 mL – 1 part | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fellutanine A, B, C and D are bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids isolated from the cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines. Originally they were thought to be based on the "trans" cyclic dipetide cyclo(L-Trp-D-Trp) but were later shown to be based on ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main advantages of excimer lamps over other sources of UV and VUV radiation are as follows:
* high average specific power of UV radiation (up to 1 Watt per cubic centimeter of active medium);
* high energy of an emitted photon (from 3.5 to 11.5 eV);
* quasimonochromatic radiation with the spectral full-width at hal... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some authors define stereographic projection from the north pole (0, 0, 1) onto the plane , which is tangent to the unit sphere at the south pole (0, 0, −1). This can be described as a composition of a projection onto the equatorial plane described above, and a homothety from it to the polar plane. The homothety scales... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidiz... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Myosins are a superfamily of actin motor proteins that convert chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement. The first identified myosin, myosin II, is responsible for generating muscle contraction. Myosin II is an elongated protein that is formed from two heavy chains wit... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Activated carbon has strong affinity for many gases and has an adsorption cross section of 0.162 nm for nitrogen adsorption at liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). BET theory can be applied to estimate the specific surface area of activated carbon from experimental data, demonstrating a large specific surface area, eve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The preinitiation complex, which contains a mediator, transcription factors, a nucleosome and RNA polymerase II, is important to position the polymerase for the start of transcription. Before RNA synthesis can occur, the polymerase must dissociate from mediator. This appears to be accomplished by phosphorylation of par... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) is a nonlinear laser spectroscopy technique used to analyze surfaces and interfaces. It can be expressed as a sum of a series of Lorentz oscillators. In a typical SFG setup, two laser beams mix at an interface and generate an output beam with a frequency equal to the sum of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroplating is a chemical surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as gold, silver, chromium or zinc to the surface of the product. This is done by selecting the coating material electrolyte solution, which is the material that is going to coat the workpiece (gold, silver, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For many surface/adsorbate configurations, surface energy data and experimental observations are unavailable. As wetting interactions are of great importance in various applications, it is often desired to predict and compare the wetting behavior of various material surfaces with particular crystallographic orientatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic absorption parameters, the HITRAN database contains information on absorption cross-sections where the line-by-line parameters are absent or incomplete. Typically HITRAN includes absorption cross-sections for heavy polyatomic molecules (with low-lying vibrationa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sarcalumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRL gene.
Sarcalumenin is a calcium-binding protein that can be found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle. Sarcalumenin is partially responsible for calcium buffering in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and helps out calcium pump proteins. A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DGGE was invented by Leonard Lerman, while he was a professor at SUNY Albany.
The same equipment can be used for analysis of protein, which was first done by Thomas E. Creighton of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England. Similar looking patterns are produced by proteins and nucleic acids, but the f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After an eight-year project involving the use of a pioneering cloning technique, Japanese researchers created 25 generations of healthy cloned mice with normal lifespans, demonstrating that clones are not intrinsically shorter-lived than naturally born animals. Other sources have noted that the offspring of clones tend... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In quantum chemistry, the Dunham expansion is an expression for the rotational-vibrational energy levels of a diatomic molecule:
where and are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, and is the projection of along the internuclear axis in the body-fixed frame.
The constant coefficients are called Dunham pa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under physiological conditions, ptaquiloside readily liberates glucose to produce the ptaquilodienone. The alkylation of amino acids with the dienone mostly takes place at the thiol group in cysteine, glutathione and methionine. The alkylation at the carboxylate group of each amino acid, forming the corresponding ester... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lichenin, also known as lichenan or moss starch, is a complex glucan occurring in certain species of lichens. It can be extracted from Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss). It has been studied since about 1957. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dry distillation of calcium acetate to give acetone was reported by Charles Friedel in 1858 and until World War I ketonization was the premier commercial method for its production.
Ketonic decarboxylation of propanoic acid over a manganese(II) oxide catalyst in a tube furnace affords 3-pentanone. Of commercial int... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance. If the surface tension of the interface is measured during the compression, a compression isotherm is obtained. This isotherm shows the variation of surface pressure (, where is the surface tensio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These cells leave G1 and enter G0, a resting stage. A cell in G0 is doing its job without actively preparing to divide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some publications use a simpler form of this equation that doesn't correct for the reference range of free T4. It is calculated with
The disadvantage of this uncorrected version is that its numeric results are highly dependent on the used assays and their units of measurement. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Early TPV work focused on the use of silicon. Silicon's commercial availability, low cost, scalability and ease of manufacture makes this material an appealing candidate. However, the relatively wide bandgap of Si (1.1eV) is not ideal for use with a black body emitter at lower operating temperatures. Calculations indic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
eIF2 is the main protein complex responsible for delivering the initiator tRNA to the P-site of the preinitiation complex, as a ternary complex containing Met-tRNA and GTP (the eIF2-TC). eIF2 has specificity for the methionine-charged initiator tRNA, which is distinct from other methionine-charged tRNAs used for elong... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition metal sulfates form a variety of hydrates, each of which crystallizes in only one form. The sulfate group often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. The heptahydrates, which are often the most common salts, crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhomb... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Addition of CO to a solution in contact with a solid can (over time) affect the alkalinity, especially for carbonate minerals in contact with groundwater or seawater. The dissolution (or precipitation) of carbonate rock has a strong influence on the alkalinity. This is because carbonate rock is composed of CaCO and its... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pack cementation is a widely used CVD technique that consists of immersing the components to be coated in a metal powder mixture and ammonium halide activators and sealing them in a retort. The entire apparatus is placed inside a furnace and heated in a protective atmosphere to a lower than normal temperature that allo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gold, copper and tumbaga objects started being produced in Panama and Costa Rica between 300–500 CE. Open-molded casting with oxidation gilding and cast filigrees were in use. By 700–800 CE, small metal sculptures were common and an extensive range of gold and tumbaga ornaments constituted the usual regalia of pe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In plants, the first step in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis is the fixation of by the enzyme RuBisCO to form 3-phosphoglycerate. However, RuBisCo has a dual carboxylase and oxygenase activity. Oxygenation results in part of the substrate being oxidized rather than carboxylated, resulting in loss of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For the hexagonal close-packed structure the derivation is similar. Here the unit cell (equivalent to 3 primitive unit cells) is a hexagonal prism containing six atoms (if the particles in the crystal are atoms). Indeed, three are the atoms in the middle layer (inside the prism); in addition, for the top and bottom lay... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chiral ligands work by asymmetric induction somewhere along the reaction coordinate. The image to the right illustrates how a chiral ligand may induce an enantioselective reaction. The ligand (in green) has C symmetry with its nitrogen, oxygen or phosphorus atoms hugging a central metal atom (in red). In this particula... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A single conductive wire is used as feedstock for the system. A supersonic plasma jet—formed by a transferred arc between a non-consumable cathode and the wire—melts and atomizes the wire. A stream of air transports the atomized metal onto the substrate. The particles flatten upon striking the surface of the substrate ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Force spectroscopy is a set of techniques for the study of the interactions and the binding forces between individual molecules. These methods can be used to measure the mechanical properties of single polymer molecules or proteins, or individual chemical bonds. The name "force spectroscopy", although widely used in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Amines are named in several ways. Typically, the compound is given the prefix "amino-" or the suffix "-amine". The prefix "N-" shows substitution on the nitrogen atom. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth.
Lower amines are named with the suffix -amine.
Hi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The system of DNA profiling used today is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and uses simple sequences.
From country to country, different STR-based DNA-profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems that amplify the CODIS 20 core loci are almost universal, whereas in the United Kingdom the DNA-17 loci s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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