text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Roberts is a inventor or co-inventor on over 100 issued patents. He has received the E.B. Hershberg award and induction into the MEDI Hall of Fame in 2021. He has also been involved in the commercialization of some of his research, contributing to the establishment of biotech companies such as Receptos Pharmaceuticals... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains about 2/3 of the total proteins in a mitochondrion. The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In this section, we present in rough outline a purely classical derivation of the non-extensive entropy for an ideal gas considered by Gibbs before "correct counting" (indistinguishability of particles) is accounted for. This is followed by a brief discussion of two standard methods for making the entropy extensive. Fi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Various factors affect the rate of glucuronidation, which in turn will affect these molecules' clearance from the body. Generally, an increased rate of glucuronidation results in a loss of potency for the target drugs or compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although there are no set plans to search for biosignatures on Saturns sixth-largest moon, Enceladus, the prospects of biosignature discovery there are exciting enough to warrant several mission concepts that may be funded in the future. Similar to Jupiters moon Europa, there is much evidence for a subsurface ocean to ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Corona treatment is a surface modification method using a low temperature corona discharge to increase the surface energy of a material, often polymers and natural fibers. Most commonly, a thin polymer sheet is rolled through an array of high-voltage electrodes, using the plasma created to functionalize the surface. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One katal refers to an amount of enzyme that gives a catalysed rate of conversion of one mole per second. Because this is such a large unit for most enzymatic reactions, the nanokatal (nkat) is used in practice.
The katal is not used to express the rate of a reaction; that is expressed in units of concentration per sec... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An intense effort has been made towards the total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide in order to meet the growing interest of studying its clinical profile. More than a dozen of syntheses have been published by different research groups. After decade of work, discodermolide syntheses have become more convergent and more p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rfam is a database containing information about non-coding RNA (ncRNA) families and other structured RNA elements. It is an annotated, open access database originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in collaboration with Janelia Farm, and currently hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute. Rfam... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermodynamic entropy (at equilibrium) is a function of the state variables of the model description. It is therefore as "real" as the other variables in the model description. If the model constraints in the probability assignment are a "good" description, containing all the information needed to predict reproduci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.
Initiation factors can interact with repressors to slow down or prevent translation. They have the ability to interact with activators to help them start or increase the r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The factors affecting V̇O may be separated into supply and demand. Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria (combining pulmonary function, cardiac output, blood volume, and capillary density of the skeletal muscle) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because the ligaments of these materials are essentially small metallic samples, they are themselves expected to be quite ductile; although, the entire nano-porous material is often observed to be brittle in tension. Dislocation behavior is extensive within the ligaments (just as would be expected in a metal): a high d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The complex adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with trans CO and hydrido ligands, resulting in pseudo-C symmetry. The Rh-P, Rh-C, and Rh-H distances are 2.32, 1.83, and 1.60 Å, respectively. This complex is one of a small number of stable pentacoordinate rhodium hydrides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mathematically, PCLake is composed of a set of coupled differential equations. With a large number of state variables (>100) and parameters (>300), the model may be characterized as relatively complex. The main biotic variables are phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation, describing primary production. A simplif... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
ANAs are found in many disorders, as well as some healthy individuals. These disorders include: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, drug induced lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, discoid lupus, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enantioselective dioxirane oxidations may rely on chiral, non-racemic dioxiranes, such as Shis fructose-based dioxirane. Enantioselective oxidation of meso-diols with Shis catalyst, for instance, produces chiral α-hydroxy ketones with moderate enantioselectivity. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photochromism is the phenomenon that produces a change of colour in a substance by incident radiation. In other words, Photochromism is a light-induced change of colour of a chemical substance. The spiropyrans are one of the photochromatic molecules that have raised more interest lately. These molecules consist of two ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Most chemical safety legislation in the UK covers the transport of hazardous chemicals by road. Companies carrying dangerous substances must comply with the legislation. The NCEC worked with the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) to develop a set of safety codes for carrying dangerous chemicals for National Int... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Devapamil consists of two aromatic rings with methoxy substituents connected by an alkylamine chain increasing flexibility and overall potency. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Disulfides have a C-S-S-C dihedral angle approaching 90°. The S-S bond length is 2.03 Å in diphenyl disulfide, similar to that in elemental sulfur.
Two kinds of disulfides are recognized, symmetric and unsymmetric. Symmetrical disulfides are compounds of the formula . Most disulfides encountered in organo sulfur chem... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, vitamin D is found in animal source foods, particularly fish, meat, offal, egg and dairy.
Vitamin D is found in fungi and is produced by ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol. The vitamin D content in mushrooms and Cladina arbuscula, a lichen, increases with exposure to ultraviolet light, and is stimulated ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Boris Smirnov and Alexander Marchenko (USSR) discovered in 1975 that cobalt porphyrins are able to reduce the molecular weight of PMMA formed during radical polymerization of methacrylates. Later investigations showed that the cobalt dimethylglyoxime complexes were as effective as the porphyrin catalysts and also less ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grb2 has been shown to interact with:
* ADAM15,
* Abl gene,
* Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase,
* B-cell linker,
* BCAR1,
* BCR gene,
* Beta-2 adrenergic receptor,
* C-Met,
* CBLB,
* CD117,
* CD22,
* CD28,
* CDKN1B,
* CRK,
* Cbl gene,
* Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor,
* DCTN1,
* DNM1,
* Dock180,
* D... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Friedrich Kohlrausch in 1875–1879 established that to a high accuracy in dilute solutions, molar conductivity can be decomposed into contributions of the individual ions. This is known as Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration.
For any electrolyte AB, the limiting molar conductivity is expressed as x times the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Barrier activity has been linked to the disruption of specific processes in the heterochromatin formation pathway. These types of insulators modify the nucleosomal substrate in the reaction cycle that is central to heterochromatin formation. Modifications are achieved through various mechanisms including nucleosome rem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione. The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a reagent ( ) or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs. The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, but reactant specifies a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction. Solvents, though involved i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The SBSP concept is attractive because space has several major advantages over the Earth's surface for the collection of solar power:
* It is always solar noon in space and full sun.
* Collecting surfaces could receive much more intense sunlight, owing to the lack of obstructions such as atmospheric gasses, clouds, dus... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ylides can be formed from münchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a few unusual circumstances where speleothems have been created in caves as a result of hyperalkaline leachate, with the same chemistry as occurs in [Equations to ]. This chemistry can occur when there is a source of concrete, lime, mortar or other manmade calcareous material located above a cave system and ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In living cells, signals are processed by networks of proteins that can act as complex computational devices. These networks rely on the ability of single proteins to exist in a variety of functionally different states achieved through multiple mechanisms, including post-translational modifications, ligand binding, con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An advantage is silent operation, with none of the fan noise of current resistive grid designs.
Disadvantages include:
* corrosion to the copper connection cables and to the wire rope
* lack of insulation from ground which may trip a ground detection system | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polypeptides, the precursors of proteins, are chains of amino acids. The two ends of a polypeptide are called the N-terminus, or amino end, and the C-terminus, or carboxyl end. For many (but not all) chloroplast proteins encoded by nuclear genes, cleavable transit peptides are added to the N-termini of the polypeptides... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Although the self-cleaning phenomenon of the lotus was possibly known in Asia long before (reference to the lotus effect is found in the Bhagavad Gita), its mechanism was explained only in the early 1970s after the introduction of the scanning electron microscope. Studies were performed with leaves of Tropaeolum and lo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cresol red (full name: o-cresolsulfonephthalein) is a triarylmethane dye frequently used for monitoring the pH in aquaria. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some common expressions of gas volume with defined or variable temperature, pressure and humidity inclusion are:
*ATPS: Ambient temperature (variable) and pressure (variable), saturated (humidity depends on temperature)
*ATPD: Ambient temperature (variable) and pressure (variable), dry (no humidity)
*BTPS: Body tempera... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electromigration decreases the reliability of integrated circuits (ICs). It can cause the eventual loss of connections or failure of a circuit. Since reliability is critically important for space travel, military purposes, anti-lock braking systems, medical equipment like Automated External Defibrillators and is even i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SH2 domains contain about 100 amino acid residues and exhibit a central antiparallel β-sheet centered between two α-helices. Binding to phosphotyrosine-containing peptides involves a strictly-conserved Arg residue that pairs with the negatively-charged phosphate on the phosphotyrosine, and a surrounding pocket that r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In geometry, close-packing of equal spheres is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement (or lattice). Carl Friedrich Gauss proved that the highest average density – that is, the greatest fraction of space occupied by spheres – that can be achieved by a lattice packing is
The same pac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Meibom obtained a PhD in physics at the University of Southern Denmark in 1997. He then pursued a two-and-a-half-year postdoc at the Hawaii Institute for Geophysics and Planetology where he studied the mineralogy of primitive chondrotic meteorites. In 2000, he moved to Stanford University as a research associate in the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Several thermodynamic definitions are very useful in thermochemistry. A system is the specific portion of the universe that is being studied. Everything outside the system is considered the surroundings or environment. A system may be:
* a (completely) isolated system which can exchange neither energy nor matter with t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The final structural question of the exact geometric configuration about the first carbon at ring position 3 of ring I, the carbon bound to the hydroxyl group, has been shown to be the chiral S configuration.
Like heme B, heme A is often attached to the apoprotein through a coordinate bond between the heme iron and a c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chirality is a symmetry property, not a property of any part of the periodic table. Thus many inorganic materials, molecules, and ions are chiral. Quartz is an example from the mineral kingdom. Such noncentric materials are of interest for applications in nonlinear optics.
In the areas of coordination chemistry and org... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Scientists and engineers are able to use liquid crystals in a variety of applications because external perturbation can cause significant changes in the macroscopic properties of the liquid crystal system. Both electric and magnetic fields can be used to induce these changes. The magnitude of the fields, as well as the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several synthesis routes exist, the most common being the reaction between alkyl halides and alkali thiocyanate in aqueous media. Illustrative is the preparation of isopropyl thiocyanate by treatment of isopropyl bromide with sodium thiocyanate in boiling ethanol. The main complication with this route is the competing ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Compared to natural vegetation, cropland soils are depleted in soil organic carbon (SOC). When soil is converted from natural land or semi-natural land, such as forests, woodlands, grasslands, steppes, and savannas, the SOC content in the soil reduces by about 30–40%. This loss is due to the removal of plant material c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The fluorescent-dye DNA sequencing is a molecular biology technique that involves labeling single-strand DNA sequences of varied length with 4 fluorescent dyes (corresponding to 4 different bases used in DNA) and subsequently separating the DNA sequences by "slab gel"- or capillary-electrophoresis method (see DNA Seque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The deformation fields around large (over 1 μm) non-deformable particles are characterised by high dislocation densities and large orientation gradients and so are ideal sites for the development of recrystallization nuclei. This phenomenon, called particle stimulated nucleation (PSN), is notable as it provides one of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Calmodulin belongs to one of the two main groups of calcium-binding proteins, called EF hand proteins. The other group, called annexins, bind calcium and phospholipids such as lipocortin. Many other proteins bind calcium, although binding calcium may not be considered their principal function in the cell. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1956, two British scientists, John Barnes and Peter Magee, reported that a simple member of the large class of N-nitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, produced liver tumours in rats. Subsequent studies showed that approximately 90% of the 300 nitrosamines tested were carcinogenic in a wide variety of animals. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Erwin Nick Hiebert (May 27, 1919 – November 28, 2012) was a Canadian-American physical chemist and professor of the history of science. He was the president of the History of Science Society for a two-year term from 1973 to 1974. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The origin of surface stress is the difference between bonding in the bulk and at a surface. The bulk spacings set the values of the in-plane surface spacings, and consequently the in-plane distance between atoms. However, the atoms at the surface have a different bonding, so would prefer to be at a different spacing, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Creating a genetically modified organism (GMO) is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism. This gene can be taken from a cell or artificially synthesized. If the chosen gene or the donor organism's genome has been well studied it may already be accessible... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermal bump is compatible with the existing flip-chip manufacturing infrastructure, extending the use of conventional solder bumped interconnects to provide active, integrated cooling of a flip-chipped component using the widely accepted copper pillar bumping process. The result is higher performance and efficienc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Broadband acoustic resonance dissolution spectroscopy (BARDS) is a technique in analytical chemistry. Developed in the late 2000s, it involves the analysis of the changes in sound frequency generated when a solute dissolves in a solvent, by harnessing the hot chocolate effect.
The technique is partly based on the solub... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Impure pyridine was undoubtedly prepared by early alchemists by heating animal bones and other organic matter, but the earliest documented reference is attributed to the Scottish scientist Thomas Anderson. In 1849, Anderson examined the contents of the oil obtained through high-temperature heating of animal bones. Amon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Though certainly not all insect pheromones have been discovered, many are known and many more are discovered every year. Some sites curate large lists of insect pheromones. Pheromones are frequently used to monitor and control lepidopteran and coleopteran species, with many available commercially. Pheromones are avail... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The "upper phase" is formed by the more hydrophobic polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is of lower density than the "lower phase," consisting of the more hydrophilic and denser dextran solution.
Although PEG is inherently denser than water, it occupies the upper layer. This is believed to be due to its solvent ordering p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
NURF interacts with chromatin by binding to modified histones or interacting with various transcription factors. NURF catalyzes nucleosome sliding in either direction on DNA without any apparent modifications to the histone octamer itself. NURF is essential for the expression of homeotic genes. The ISWI ATPase specific... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to cooling, passive daytime radiative cooling surfaces can be modified to be self-adaptive for temperature-dependent switching from cooling to heating or, in other words, for full-scale thermal regulation. This can be achieved through switching the thermal emittance of the surface from a high to low value. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Treatment with organolithium reagents gives the dilithio derivative.
:CBH + 2 BuLi → LiCBH + 2 BuH
This dilithiated compound reacts with a variety of electrophiles, e.g. chlorophosphines, chlorosilanes, and sulfur. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Esterification is a reversible reaction. Esters undergo hydrolysis under acidic and basic conditions. Under acidic conditions, the reaction is the reverse reaction of the Fischer esterification. Under basic conditions, hydroxide acts as a nucleophile, while an alkoxide is the leaving group. This reaction, saponificatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The basic working principle of diffraction topography is as follows:
An incident, spatially extended beam (mostly of X-rays, or neutrons) impinges on a sample.
The beam may be either monochromatic, i.e. consist one single wavelength of X-rays or neutrons, or polychromatic, i.e. be composed of a mixture of wavelengths ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For trisubstituted alkenes such as 1, boron is predominantly placed on the less substituted carbon. The minor product, in which the boron atom is placed on the more substituted carbon, is usually produced in less than 10%. A notable case with lower regioselectivity is styrene, and the selectivity is strongly influenced... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
VMAT1 (SLC18A1) maps to a shared bipolar disorder(BPD)/schizophrenia locus, which is located on chromosome 8p21. It is thought that disruption in transport of monoamine neurotransmitters due to variation in the VMAT1 gene may be relevant to the etiology of these mental disorders. One study looked at a population of E... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Globo H-targeting antibodies are another strategy currently being evaluated in the cancer therapeutic space. OBI Pharmas OBI-888 is a humanized IgG1 antibody that selectively binds to the Globo H antigen among other Globo series glycosphingolipids such as SSEA-3 and SSEA-4. Additionally, in vivo studies of OBI-888 in v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic nitrites are prepared from alcohols and sodium nitrite in sulfuric acid solution. They decompose slowly on standing, the decomposition products being oxides of nitrogen, water, the alcohol, and polymerization products of the aldehyde. They are also prone to undergo homolytic cleavage to form alkyl radicals, th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor, the apparent enzyme affinity is equivalent to the actual affinity. In terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, K = K. This can be seen as a consequence of Le Chatelier's principle because the inhibitor binds to both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex equally so that t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin archit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction is:
The reaction is an exothermic equilibrium reaction in which the gas volume is reduced. The equilibrium constant K of the reaction (see table) and obtained from:
Since the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium of the reaction shifts at lower temperatures to the ammonia side. Furthermore, four volumetr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A famous example is the detection of cyclobutadiene released upon oxidation of cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl. When this degradation is conducted in the presence of an alkyne, the cyclobutadiene is trapped as a bicyclohexadiene. The requirement for this trapping experiment is that the oxidant (ceric ammonium nitrate)... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological issues. Depending on the specific parameters unique to each patie... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A rather intuitive route to cyclic isomers is the intramolecular conjugate addition to α,β–unsaturated carbonyls (intramolecular Michael addition or IMA). Competent Michael acceptors include conjugated enones, enals or nitroalkene derivatives and examples of other acceptors are sparse. Despite IMA reactions being ubiq... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For the creation of dies for producing jewelry and badges, or blanking and piercing (through use of a pancake die) by the coinage (stamping) process, the positive master may be made from sterling silver, since (with appropriate machine settings) the master is significantly eroded and is used only once. The resultant ne... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Unlike gases or liquids, solid materials tend to keep their shape when undergoing thermal expansion.
Thermal expansion generally decreases with increasing bond energy, which also has an effect on the melting point of solids, so high melting point materials are more likely to have lower thermal expansion. In general, li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Historically, an association between the color of blood and rust occurs in the association of the planet Mars, with the Roman god of war, since the planet is an orange-red, which reminded the ancients of blood. Although the color of the planet is due to iron compounds in combination with oxygen in the Martian soil, it ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein structure prediction is important in several fields of science, including bioinformatics, molecular biology, and medicine. Identifying natural proteins' structural configurations enables scientists to understand them better. This can lead to creating novel proteins by design, advances in treating disease, and s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymeric materials have widespread application due to their versatile characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and highly tailored production. The science of polymer synthesis allows for excellent control over the properties of a bulk polymer sample. However, surface interactions of polymer substrates are an essential are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The and can be approximated up to nth order as
where and are two basic polynomials of order n (Refer Chandrasekhar chapter VIII equation (97)), where are the zeros of Legendre polynomials and , where are the positive, non vanishing roots of the associated characteristic equation
where are the quadrature weights... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sevoflurane, sold under the brand name Sevorane, among others, is a sweet-smelling, nonflammable, highly fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used as an inhalational anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. After desflurane, it is the volatile anesthetic with the fastest onset. While its offset ma... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The photo-reduction of CO on p-type semiconductor photo-electrodes has been achieved in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. Main difference between aqueous and non-aqueous media is the solubility of CO. The solubility of CO in aqueous media at 1 atm. of CO is around ≈ 35 mM; whereas solubility of CO in methanol is arou... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Biochemists are typically employed in the life sciences, where they work in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry in a research role. They are also employed in academic institutes, where in addition to pursuing their research they may also be involved with teaching undergraduates, training graduate students, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In eukaryotes, a corepressor is a protein that binds to transcription factors. In the absence of corepressors and in the presence of coactivators, transcription factors upregulate gene expression. Coactivators and corepressors compete for the same binding sites on transcription factors. A second mechanism by which cor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of ozone (O) and the ozone layer within the stratosphere:
:O + O :- O
The ozone layer is extremely important to modern life as it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation: | 5 | Photochemistry |
An ideal, defect-free semiconductor quantum well structure is a useful model system to illustrate the fundamental processes in typical PL experiments. The discussion is based on results published in Klingshirn (2012) and Balkan (1998).
The fictive model structure for this discussion has two confined quantized electron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The interactions that lead to the assembly of the chlorophylls in chlorosomes are rather simple and the results may one day be used to build artificial photosynthetic systems that convert solar energy to electricity or biofuel. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) - 14 tests - above BMP plus total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), bilirubin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PEA is metabolized by the cellular enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase (NAAA), the latter of which has more specificity toward PEA over other fatty acid amides. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The order of modules and domains of a complete nonribosomal peptide synthetase is as follows:
* Initiation or Starting module: [F/NMT]-A-PCP-
* Elongation or Extending modules: -(C/Cy)-[NMT]-A-PCP-[E]-
* Termination or Releasing module: -(TE/R)
(Order: N-terminus to C-terminus; []: optionally; (): alternatively) | 1 | Biochemistry |
The correct name of the method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. The use of TRIzol can result in DNA yields comparable to other extraction methods, and it leads to >50% bigger RNA yield. An alternative method for RNA extraction is phenol extraction and TCA/acetone precipitation. Chloroform should... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The (oral, mouse) is 80 mg/kg. Rats fed malachite green experience "a dose-related increase in liver DNA adducts" along with lung adenomas. Leucomalachite green causes an "increase in the number and severity of changes". As leucomalachite green is the primary metabolite of malachite green and is retained in fish muscl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The following genes are part of the chemical pathway for making heme:
*ALAD: aminolevulinic acid, δ-, dehydratase (deficiency causes ala-dehydratase deficiency porphyria)
*ALAS1: aminolevulinate, δ-, synthase 1
*ALAS2: aminolevulinate, δ-, synthase 2 (deficiency causes sideroblastic/hypochromic anemia)
*CPOX: coproporp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology and physiology, something is GABAergic or GABAnergic if it pertains to or affects the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). For example, a synapse is GABAergic if it uses GABA as its neurotransmitter, and a GABAergic neuron produces GABA. A substance is GABAergic if it produces its effec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Enders SAMP/RAMP hydrazone alkylation reaction is an asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation reaction facilitated by pyrrolidine chiral auxiliaries. It was pioneered by E. J. Corey and Dieter Enders in 1976, and was further developed by Enders and his group. This method is usually a three-step sequence. The first s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many C-symmetric complexes are known. Some arise not from C-symmetric ligands, but from the orientation or disposition of high symmetry ligands within the coordination sphere of the metal. Notably, EDTA and triethylenetetraamine form complexes that are C-symmetric by virtue of the way the ligands wrap around the meta... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Potassium humate is the potassium salt of humic acid. It is manufactured commercially by alkaline extraction of brown coal (lignite) leonardite and is used mainly as a soil conditioner. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Axiomatic thermodynamics is a mathematical discipline that aims to describe thermodynamics in terms of rigorous axioms, for example by finding a mathematically rigorous way to express the familiar laws of thermodynamics.
The first attempt at an axiomatic theory of thermodynamics was Constantin Carathéodorys 1909 work I... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.