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Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic, dilution.
As indicated by its acid dissociation constant, sulfuric acid is a strong acid:
: K = 1000 (pK = −3)
The product of this ionization is , the bisulfate anion. Bisulfate is a far weaker acid:
: K = 0.01 (pK = 2)
The product of this second dissociat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For water at standard temperature (25 C) the net cell reaction may be written:
Using Gibbs potentials ( kJ/mol), the thermodynamic voltage at standard conditions is
: 1.229 Volt (2 electrons needed to form H(g))
Just as the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen generates heat, the reverse reaction generating hydrogen and o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The definition employed by Lieb and Yngvason is rather different since the state changes considered can be the result of arbitrarily complicated, possibly violent, irreversible processes and there is no mention of heat or differential forms. In the example of the water given above, if the stirring is done slowly, the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid Base Accounting (ABA), namely, the practice of quantifying sources of acidity and alkalinity, is a critical aspect of managing acid sulfate soils. For example, ABA is used to calculate the amount of neutralising agent (e.g., lime) required to neutralise stockpiled sulfidic material generated from excavation or dre... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Inductively, the negatively charged carboxylate ion moderately repels the electrons in the bond attaching it to the ring. Thus, there is a weak electron-donating +I effect. There is an almost zero -M effect since the electron-withdrawing resonance capacity of the carbonyl group is effectively removed by the delocalisat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cancer cells lack or have reduced ferrochelatase activity and this results in accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX, a fluorescent substance that can easily be visualized. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Human genes encoding heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins include:
* HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA3, HNRNPA2B1
* HNRNPAB
* HNRNPB1
* HNRNPC, HNRNPCL1
* HNRNPD (AUF1), HNRPDL
* HNRNPF
* HNRNPG (RBMX)
* HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3
* HNRNPI (PTB)
* HNRNPK
* HNRNPL, HNRPLL
* HNRNPM
* HNRNPP2 (FUS/TLS)
* ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Systems have been developed to create transgenic organisms in a wide variety of other animals. Chickens have been genetically modified for a variety of purposes. This includes studying embryo development, preventing the transmission of bird flu and providing evolutionary insights using reverse engineering to recreate d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The zincblende structure is similar to the diamond structure except that it is a compound of two distinct interpenetrating fcc lattices, rather than all the same element. Denoting the two elements in the compound by and , the resulting structure factor is | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Starting as lecturer at Rivers State University in food chemistry/biochemistry, food process technology, safety and fermentation, toxicology and nutrition in 1975, he has remained there to-date. He is also a researcher in Rivers State University, Port Harcourt (formerly Rivers State University of Science and Technology... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Caseins are a family of phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ) that account for nearly 80% of bovine milk proteins and that form soluble aggregates are known as "casein micelles" in which κ-casein molecules stabilize the structure. There are several models that account for the spatial conformation of casein in the micelles. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HO masers, a type of astrophysical maser, were the first masers to be discovered in space and have been observed in more environments than any other type of maser.
In the Milky Way, HO masers are found in stellar masers (evolved stars), interstellar masers (regions of massive star formation), or in the interface betwee... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Transmetalation is often used as a step in the catalytic cycles of cross-coupling reactions. Some of the cross-coupling reactions that include a transmetalation step are Stille cross-coupling, Suzuki cross-coupling, Sonogashira cross-coupling, and Negishi cross-coupling. The most useful cross-coupling catalysts tend to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* The mass-market application of microchannel plates is in image intensifier tubes of night vision goggles, which amplify visible and invisible light to make dark surroundings visible to the human eye.
* A 1 GHz real-time display CRT for an analog oscilloscope (the Tektronix 7104) used a microchannel plate placed behin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vibrational spectroscopy provides the most widely used means for characterizing ion associates. Both infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been used. Anions containing a CN group, such as cyanide, cyanate and thiocyanide have a vibration frequency a little above 2000 cm, which can be easily observed, as the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1999, the Dioxin Affair occurred when 50 kg of PCB transformer oils were added to a stock of recycled fat used for the production of 500 tonnes of animal feed, eventually affecting around 2,500 farms in several countries. The name Dioxin Affair was coined from early misdiagnosis of dioxins as the primary contaminant... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The storage of seeds in a temperature and moisture controlled environment. This technique is used for taxa with orthodox seeds that tolerate desiccation. Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are typica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first zinc(I) dimer was isolated in 2004, with more being synthesized in subsequent years. The chemical similarities between magnesium and zinc led researchers to believe that a Mg(I) dimer could then be achieved. With a calculated stability of Mg—Mg bonded dimers, a synthesis route was needed. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studying the decomposition of double salts of aryldiazonium halides with mercury halides by copper powder, in 1929 Nesmeyanov proposed a new method for obtaining arylmercury halides. Later, the diazo method was extended to the synthesis of organometallic compounds of thallium, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many electrophiles are chiral and optically stable. Typically chiral electrophiles are also optically pure.
One such reagent is the fructose-derived organocatalyst used in the Shi epoxidation. The catalyst can accomplish highly enantioselective epoxidations of trans-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes. The Shi ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TMSCl is reactive toward nucleophiles, resulting in the replacement of the chloride. In a characteristic reaction of TMSCl, the nucleophile is water, resulting in hydrolysis to give the hexamethyldisiloxane:
The related reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride with alcohols can be exploited to produce anhydrous solutions o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs. RNA e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The roots of the term absorbance are in the Beer–Lambert law. As light moves through a medium, it will become dimmer as it is being "extinguished". Bouguer recognized that this extinction (now often called attenuation) was not linear with distance traveled through the medium, but related by what we now refer to as an e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain animals, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in temperatures below the freezing point of water. AFPs bind to small ice crystals to inhibit the growth and recrystallization of ice that would oth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compared to both healthy volunteers and subjects with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, SPINA-GD is reduced in subacute thyroiditis. In this condition, it has a higher specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio than serum concentrations of thyrotropin, free T4 or free T3. These measures of diagnostic utilit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Excavations from sites where Indus Valley civilisation once flourished reveal usage of bronze for various purposes. Earliest known usage of bronze for art form can be traced back to 2500 BC. Dancing Girl of Mohenjo Daro is attributed for the same. Archaeologists working on excavation site at Kosambi in Uttar Pradesh un... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The desalinated water is stabilized to protect downstream pipelines and storage, usually by adding lime or caustic soda to prevent corrosion of concrete-lined surfaces. Liming material is used to adjust pH between 6.8 and 8.1 to meet the potable water specifications, primarily for effective disinfection and for corrosi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1940, ZoBell and Conn stated that they had never encountered "true psychrophiles" or organisms that grow best at relatively low temperatures. In 1958, J. L. Ingraham supported this by concluding that there are very few or possibly no bacteria that fit the textbook definitions of psychrophiles. Richard Y. Morita emph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclamin is an irritant compound that causes gastroenteritis, bloody stools, dizziness, seizures and even death by asphyxiation. Studied by many physiologists, cyclamin was viewed merely as a local irritant. However, considering the toxic effects of cyclamin, this a misconception. The roots and bulbs of cyclamen plants... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In molecular biology, the protein domain S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, C-terminal domain refers to the C terminus of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bilbao Crystallographic Server is an open access website offering online crystallographic database and programs aimed at analyzing, calculating and visualizing problems of structural and mathematical crystallography, solid state physics and structural chemistry. Initiated in 1997 by the Materials Laboratory of the Depa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PTEN is a tumor suppressor that inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway. PTEN inhibitors, such as bisperoxovanadium, can enhance the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote cell migration, survival and proliferation. While there are some concerns over possible cell cycle dysregulation and tumorigenesis, temporary and moderate PTEN inhibitio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These drugs fall into two groups:
*Non-depolarizing blocking agents: These agents constitute the majority of the clinically relevant neuromuscular blockers. They act by competitively blocking the binding of ACh to its receptors, and in some cases, they also directly block the ionotropic activity of the ACh receptors.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The overall process is as follows:
A primer that matches the beginning of the DNA to sequence is used to synthesize a short DNA strand adjacent to the unknown sequence, starting with the primer (see PCR).
The new short DNA strand is sequenced using the chain termination method.
The end of the sequenced strand is used a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This style is traditional to suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including Chester, Bucks, and Montgomery Counties. The amount of the required offset is divided evenly between the hinge and the pintle. | 8 | Metallurgy |
All metals can be classified into a galvanic series representing the electrical potential they develop in a given electrolyte against a standard reference electrode. The relative position of two metals on such a series gives a good indication of which metal is more likely to corrode more quickly. However, other factors... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cellulose is a polyol and thus susceptible to acetylation, which is achieved using acetic anhydride. Acetylation disrupts hydrogen bonding, which otherwise dominates the properties of cellulose. Consequently, the cellulose esters are soluble in organic solvents and can be cast into fibers and films. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.
If is the energy scattered by a volume element into solid angle between wavelengths and per unit time then the Emission coefficient i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mg ion tends to bind only weakly to proteins (K ≤ 10) and this can be exploited by the cell to switch enzymatic activity on and off by changes in the local concentration of Mg. Although the concentration of free cytoplasmic Mg is on the order of 1 mmol/L, the total Mg content of animal cells is 30 mmol/L and in pla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A glycocalyx can also be found on the apical portion of microvilli within the digestive tract, especially within the small intestine. It creates a meshwork 0.3 μm thick and consists of acidic mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins that project from the apical plasma membrane of epithelial absorptive cells. It provides... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm. Slightly yellow UV-blocking filters are often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure by UV rays. For photography in the near UV, special filters may be used.... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Carbenes had first been postulated by Eduard Buchner in 1903 in cyclopropanation studies of ethyl diazoacetate with toluene. In 1912 Hermann Staudinger also converted alkenes to cyclopropanes with diazomethane and CH as an intermediate. Doering in 1954 demonstrated their synthetic utility with dichlorocarbene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This argument for formation of mesocrystals requires only a confined space that the reaction takes place in. As the nanoparticle grow into crystals, they have no choice but to align with each other in such a confined space. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Before analyzing target genome structural aberration and copy number variation (CNV) with ESP, the target genome is usually amplified and conserved with artificial chromosome construction. The classic strategy to construct an artificial chromosome is bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Basically, the target chromoso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This work also explains why genomes such as the human genome have billions of bases, and why only a small fraction (~2%) codes for proteins and other regulatory elements. If split genes originated from random primordial DNA sequences, they would contain a significant amount of DNA that represented by introns. Furthermo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many microorganisms living in sea ice possess AFPs that belong to a single family. The diatoms Fragilariopsis cylindrus and F. curta play a key role in polar sea ice communities, dominating the assemblages of both platelet layer and within pack ice. AFPs are widespread in these species, and the presence of AFP genes as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supercritical drying is a method of removing solvent without surface tension effects. As a liquid dries, the surface tension drags on small structures within a solid, causing distortion and shrinkage. Under supercritical conditions there is no surface tension, and the supercritical fluid can be removed without distorti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The catalytic cycle begins with coordination of the Cu(I) species to the olefin, followed by oxidative addition at the γ position and an allylic shift to displace the leaving group. This generates a Cu(III) allyl complex intermediate. Finally, reductive elimination yields the final product and regenerates Cu(I). A Cu(I... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, intervalence charge transfer, often abbreviated IVCT or even IT, is a type of charge-transfer band that is associated with mixed valence compounds. It is most common for systems with two metal sites differing only in oxidation state. Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Predominant reaction in Mond Gas Process: C + 2HO = CO+ 2H
The Mond gas was composed of roughly:
* 12% CO (Carbon monoxide)
* 28% H (Hydrogen)
* 2.2% CH (Methane)
* 16% CO (Carbon dioxide)
* 42% N (Nitrogen) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When two carbonyl groups are coupled and undergo a McMurry reaction, there is a possibility of the formation of cycloalkenes under specific conditions. When both carbonyls are within the same molecule and not sufficiently separated from each other, a cycloalkene can be formed through an intramolecular McMurry reaction. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Often, reactive intermediates such as carbocations and free radicals have more delocalized structure than their parent reactants, giving rise to unexpected products. The classical example is allylic rearrangement. When 1 mole of HCl adds to 1 mole of 1,3-butadiene, in addition to the ordinarily expected product 3-chlor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
hnRNPs affect several aspects of the cell cycle by recruiting, splicing, and co-regulating certain cell cycle control proteins. Much of hnRNPs' importance to cell cycle control is evidenced by its role as an oncogene, in which a loss of its functions results in various common cancers. Often, misregulation by hnRNPs is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isocyanates are usually produced from amines by phosgenation, i.e. treating with phosgene:
These reactions proceed via the intermediacy of a carbamoyl chloride (). Owing to the hazardous nature of phosgene, the production of isocyanates requires special precautions. A laboratory-safe variation masks the phosgene as o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mecillinam is used in the treatment of infections due to susceptible gram-negative bacteria, especially urinary tract infections which are most commonly caused by Escherichia coli. Mecillinam is active against most pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some species of Proteus. Several stu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance. The van der Waals force ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Possible applications for volatiles like volatile organic compounds with VMAA are: maintaining hygiene in hospitals, treating post-harvest contamination, protecting crops against pathogens and pests, and treating infections of the digestive, vaginal or respiratory tract. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specific areas of the 16S rRNA in the Enterobacteriaceae genus are bound by oligonucleotide probes, which aids in monitoring the quality of drinking water. Specifically, E. coli is labelled with a soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes that bind to a specific sequence in their 16S rRNA. When used ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This stage is useful for identifying patients with bacterial overgrowth syndrome. The physician will provide a course of 2 weeks of antibiotics to eliminate any possible bacterial overgrowth and repeat the test to check whether radio-labeled Vitamin B12 would be found in urine or not. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Drospirenone is an agonist of the PR, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has about 35% of the affinity of promegestone for the PR and about 19 to 70% of the affinity of progesterone for the PR. Drospirenone has antigonadotropic and functional antiestrogenic effects as a result of PR activation.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element. Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initially, analytes in a metabolomic sample comprise a highly complex mixture. This complex mixture can be simplified prior to detection by separating some analytes from others. Separation achieves various goals: analytes which cannot be resolved by the detector may be separated in this step; in MS analysis, ion suppre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Additional reported applications of genome-wide CRISPR screens include the study of: mitochondrial metabolism, bacterial toxin resistance, genetic drivers of metastasis, cancer drug resistance, West Nile virus-induced cell death, and immune cell gene networks. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including weed suppression, pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial insects, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity. Companion plant... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Retinalophototrophs achieve adequate energy conversion via a proton-motive force. In retinalophototrophs, proton-motive force is generated from rhodopsin-like proteins, primarily bacteriorhodopsin and proteorhodopsin, acting as proton pumps along a cellular membrane.
To capture photons needed for activating a protein p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
When insulator sequences are located in close proximity to the promoter of a gene, it has been suggested that they might serve to stabilize enhancer-promoter interactions. When they are located farther away from the promoter, insulator elements would compete with the enhancer and interfere with activation of transcript... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is mathematically expressed as
In Freundlichs notation (used for his experiments dealing with the adsorption of organic acids on coal in aqueous solutions), signifies the ratio between the adsorbed mass or adsorbate and the mass of the adsorbent , which in Freundlichs studies was co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sonoporation uses ultrasonic frequencies to deliver DNA into cells. The process of acoustic cavitation is thought to disrupt the cell membrane and allow DNA to move into cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An E2 elimination occurs when a proton adjacent to a leaving group is extracted by a base with simultaneous elimination of a leaving group and generation of a double bond.
Similar to the relationship between E1 eliminations and S1 mechanisms, E2 eliminations often occur in competition with S2 reactions. This observati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In ammonia production CO and CO are considered poisons to most commonly used catalysts. Methanation catalysts are added after several hydrogen producing steps to prevent carbon oxide buildup in the ammonia synthesis loop as methane does not have similar adverse effects on ammonia synthesis rates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Abnormal proteolytic activity is associated with many diseases. In pancreatitis, leakage of proteases and their premature activation in the pancreas results in the self-digestion of the pancreas. People with diabetes mellitus may have increased lysosomal activity and the degradation of some proteins can increase signif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Imaging is a useful tool in visualization of the radioligand after injection, with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) being the most common types of imaging. PET scans are often utilized after radioligand administration because of the ease of use, image accuracy, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electrical field of terahertz pulses is measured in a detector simultaneously illuminated with an ultrashort laser pulse. Two common detection schemes are used in THz-TDS: photoconductive sampling and electro-optical sampling. The power of THz pulses can be detected by bolometers (heat detectors cooled to liquid-he... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Victor Meyer suggested a method for determining the types of alcohol i.e. (primary, secondary or tertiary). In this method the sample alcohol is treated with PI to get the iodoalkane which is again treated with AgNO to get the nitroalkane. The nitroalkane is then treated with nitrous acid which is obtained by NaNO and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA. It acts as a probe for the presence of the target in a Southern blot assay or, more commonly, in the simpler dot blot assay. It is a common tool used in genetic testing, forensics, and mole... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur is intimately involved in production of fossil fuels and a majority of metal deposits because of its ability to act as an oxidizing or reducing agent. The vast majority of the major mineral deposits on Earth contain a substantial amount of sulfur including, but not limited to: sedimentary exhalative deposits (S... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In a liquid mixture, the fugacity of each component is equal to that of a vapor component in equilibrium with the liquid. In an ideal solution, the fugacities obey the Lewis-Randall rule:
where is the mole fraction in the liquid and is the fugacity of the pure liquid phase. This is a good approximation when the compo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As the name contains the prefix thio-, these compounds contain sulfur. Examples include sinigrin, found in black mustard, and sinalbin, found in white mustard. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This is accomplished by comparing the different HERV from different evolutionary periods. For example, this study was done for different hominoids, which ranged from humans to apes and to monkeys. This is difficult to do with PERV because of the large diversity present. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although organomagnesium compounds are widespread in the form of Grignard reagents, the other organo-group 2 compound are almost exclusively of academic interest. Organoberyllium chemistry is limited due to the cost and toxicity of beryllium. Calcium is nontoxic and cheap but organocalcium compounds are difficult to pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anthocyanins may be used as pH indicators because their color changes with pH; they are red or pink in acidic solutions (pH < 7), purple in neutral solutions (pH ≈ 7), greenish-yellow in alkaline solutions (pH > 7), and colorless in very alkaline solutions, where the pigment is completely reduced. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, spectral bands refer to the electromagnetic emission of polyatomic systems, including condensed materials, large molecules, etc. Each spectral line corresponds to the difference in two energy levels of an atom. In molecules these levels can split. When the number of atoms is large, one gets a contin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since the ERK signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathological cell proliferation, it is natural that ERK1/2 inhibitors would represent a desirable class of antineoplastic agents. Indeed, many of the proto-oncogenic "driver" mutations are tied to ERK1/2 signaling, such as constitutively active (muta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
UV-induced RNA-antibody crosslinking was added on top of m6A-seq to produce PA-m6A-seq (photo-crosslinking-assisted m6A-seq) which increases resolution up to ~23nt. First, 4-thiourodine (4SU) is incorporated into the RNA by adding 4SU in growth media, some incorporation sites presumably near m6A location. Immunoprecipi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since DNA replication needs a supply of guanine nucleotides, there must be some co-ordination between the DNA replication machinery and the gua operon. One method through which this happens is the DnaA protein. DnaA is a protein which recognises the origin of replication, promotes a local unwinding of an AT rich DNA re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kuftin was invited to Central Asia to carry out explorations in 1949. He first reconnoitered Turkmenistan and selected a very large tepe (hill), the Altyndepe (in Turkmen language meaning: the "Golden Hill" ). This tepe overlooks the Tedzen delta at the foot of Kopetdag. He found a Neolithic settlement extending into B... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Trypanosoma: UUA, UUG, CUG ;
* Leishmania: AUU, AUA ;
* Tetrahymena: AUU, AUA, AUG ;
* Paramecium: AUU, AUA, AUG, AUC, GUG, GUA(?).
(Pritchard et al., 1990) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other is protium, or hydrogen-1). The deuterium nucleus, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutrons in the nucleus. Deuterium has a natural ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Multiple bismuth-containing clusters were reported, some of them synthesized through carbon monoxide ligand loss from the previously reported bismuth complexes. Strained cluster complexes with monodentate as well as bridging carbon monoxide units have also been isolated, such as [{Cp(μ-CO)Fe}(μ-Bi)] and [(µ-Bi)Co(CO)(µ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first stage is called roughing, which produces a rougher concentrate. The objective is to remove the maximum amount of the valuable mineral at as coarse a particle size as practical. Grinding costs energy. The goal is to release enough gangue from the valuable mineral to get a high recovery. Some concentrators use ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of ve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The EXPOSE-E experiments are:
* PROCESS, study photochemical organic compounds in Earth orbit. Relevant to comets, meteorites, Mars and Titan.
* ADAPT, study molecular adaptation strategies of microorganisms in analogues to meteoritic matter to different space and planetary UV climate conditions.
* PROTECT, study of sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP or sometimes T-RFLP) is a molecular biology technique for profiling of microbial communities based on the position of a restriction site closest to a labelled end of an amplified gene. The method is based on digesting a mixture of PCR amplified variants of a sing... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One major use of CFCs has been as propellants of aerosols, including metered-dose inhalers for drugs used to treat asthma. The conversion of these devices and treatments from CFC to propellants that do not deplete the ozone layer is almost complete. Production and import is now banned in the United States. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The anthocyanins, anthocyanidins with sugar group(s), are mostly 3-glucosides of the anthocyanidins. The anthocyanins are subdivided into the sugar-free anthocyanidin aglycones and the anthocyanin glycosides. As of 2003, more than 400 anthocyanins had been reported, while later literature in early 2006, puts the number... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the artificial synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Concrete, in perfumery, is a waxy mass obtained by solvent extraction of fresh plant material. It is usually used for the production of absolutes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
[RhH(CO)(PPh)] was first prepared by the reduction of [RhCl(CO)(PPh)], e.g. with sodium tetrahydroborate, or triethylamine and hydrogen, in ethanol in the presence of excess triphenylphosphine:
:[RhCl(CO)(PPh)] + NaBH + PPh → [RhH(CO)(PPh)] + NaCl + BH
It can also be prepared from an aldehyde, rhodium tric... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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