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The untranslated regions of mRNA became a subject of study as early as the late 1970s, after the first mRNA molecule was fully sequenced. In 1978, the 5 UTR of the human gamma-globin mRNA was fully sequenced. In 1980, a study was conducted on the 3 UTR of the duplicated human alpha-globin genes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Kastle–Meyer test is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood to catalyze the oxidation of phenolphthalin (the colorless reduced form of p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Depending on the arrangement of the three nitrogen atoms in triazol-5-ylidene, there are two possible isomers, namely 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes and 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidenes.
The triazol-5-ylidenes based on the 1,2,4-triazole ring are pictured below and were first prepared by Enders and coworkers by vacuum pyrolysis thro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bawendi was one of the most cited chemists of the decade from 2000 to 2010. He is a leading figure in the research and development of quantum dots. Quantum dots are tiny semiconducting crystals whose nanoscale size gives them unique optical and electronic properties.
A major challenge in quantum dot research was to fi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first evidence for phenomena related to the Aharonov–Bohm effect in CDWs was reported in a 1997 paper, which described experiments showing oscillations of period h/2e in CDW (not normal electron) conductance versus magnetic flux through columnar defects in NbSe. Later experiments, including some reported in 2012, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The extensive processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA that leads to the mature mRNA is the RNA splicing, a mechanism by which introns or outrons (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Also known as lidamycin, C-1027 is one of the most potent antitumor enediynes. C-1027 was first isolated from Streptomyces globisporus in a soil sample taken from the Qian-Jiang District of China. Unlike most enediynes, C-1027 does not undergo a triggering process to become an activated 1,4-benzenoid diradical. C-1027 ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The electron transport chain carries both protons and electrons, passing electrons from donors to acceptors, and transporting protons across a membrane. These processes use both soluble and protein-bound transfer molecules. In mitochondria, electrons are transferred within the intermembrane space by the water-soluble e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vertebrates were once thought to be unable to perform this cycle because there was no evidence of its two key enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. However, some research suggests that this pathway may exist in some, if not all, vertebrates.
Specifically, some studies show evidence of components of the glyox... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the Maxwellian behavior of the hydrogel and observations of erosion via surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the following data results for 3 common R-PEG types at their specified concentrations:
XKCY denotes X thousand daltons of molecular mass and Y carbon atoms.
These values can give us information on the degre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Novel self-cleaning mechanisms for solar panels are being developed. For instance, in 2019 via wet-chemically etched nanowires and a hydrophobic coating on the surface water droplets could remove 98% of dust particles, which may be especially relevant for applications in the desert.
In March 2022, MIT researchers annou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcriptomics methods are highly parallel and require significant computation to produce meaningful data for both microarray and RNA-Seq experiments. Microarray data is recorded as high-resolution images, requiring feature detection and spectral analysis. Microarray raw image files are each about 750 MB in size, whil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The upstream signaling pathway is triggered by the binding of a signaling molecule, a ligand, to a receiving molecule, a receptor. Receptors and ligands exist in many different forms, and only recognize/bond to particular molecules. Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades.
Recept... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elaidinization is any chemical reaction which convert a cis- olefin to a trans- olefin in unsaturated fatty acids. This is often performed on fats and oils to increase both the melting point and the shelf life without reducing the degree of unsaturation. The term originates from elaidic acid, the trans-isomer of oleic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A primary metabolite is a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function). A primary metabolite is typically present in many organisms or cells. It is also referred to as a central met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several strategies for removal and/or negation of ion suppression. These approaches may require in-depth understanding of the ionisation mechanisms involved in different ionisation sources or may be completely independent of the physical factors involved. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lost-foam casting is a type of evaporative-pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam is used for the pattern instead of wax. This process takes advantage of the low boiling point of foam to simplify the investment casting process by removing the need to melt the wax out of the mold. | 8 | Metallurgy |
As a consequence of the high shielding by the nearby ISS, the biological samples were predominantly exposed to galactic cosmic heavy ions, while electrons and a significant fraction of protons of the radiation belts and solar wind did not reach the samples. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Sawmill is run by a D-3000 Cat diesel engine, Hawthorne Machinery in San Diego provided the cylinder liners. The Sawmill was re-assembled and improved following a donation from the Pederson Brothers who had operated it in the Big Bear area years ago. This is likely the only Sawmill that can be seen operating in San... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Heat is thermal energy associated with temperature-dependent motion of particles. The macroscopic energy equation for infinitesimal volume used in heat transfer analysis is
where is heat flux vector, is temporal change of internal energy ( is density, is specific heat capacity at constant pressure, is temperature a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multivariate optical computing, also known as molecular factor computing, is an approach to the development of compressed sensing spectroscopic instruments, particularly for industrial applications such as process analytical support. "Conventional" spectroscopic methods often employ multivariate and chemometric metho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1,4-Dioxane () is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. The compound is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers (1,2- and 1,3-) are rarely encountered.
Dioxane is used as a solvent for a variety ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Tribromoisocyanuric acid (CBrNO) is a chemical compound used as a reagent for bromination in organic synthesis. It is a white crystalline powder with a strong bromine odour. It is similar to trichloroisocyanuric acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Disiamylborane is prepared by hydroboration of trimethylethylene with diborane. The reaction stops at the secondary borane due to steric hindrance.
Disiamylborane is relatively selective for terminal alkynes and alkenes vs internal alkynes and alkenes. Like most hydroboration, the addition proceeds in an anti-Markovnik... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The cell cycle is composed of a number of well-ordered, consecutive stages that result in cellular division. The fact that cells do not begin the next stage until the last one is finished, is a significant element of cell cycle regulation. Cell cycle checkpoints are characteristics that constitute an excellent monitori... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) contains a zinc (Zn) metal center in a tetrahedral geometry with amino acid residues in close proximity around zinc to facilitate catalysis and binding. Out of the 307 amino acids bonded in a peptide chain, the following amino acid residues are important for catalysis and binding; Glu-270, Arg-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles pioneered by Joseph M. DallaValle. It is thus the study of the fundamental and derived properties of individual as well as a collection of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles has importance in pharmacy and materials science. The si... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2D synchronous and asynchronous spectra are basically 3D-datasets and are generally represented by contour plots. X- and y-axes are identical to the x-axis of the original dataset, whereas the different contours represent the magnitude of correlation between the spectral intensities. The 2D synchronous spectrum is symm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermomechanical processing is a metallurgical process that combines mechanical or plastic deformation process like compression or forging, rolling, etc. with thermal processes like heat-treatment, water quenching, heating and cooling at various rates into a single process. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Coinage metals, such as copper and silver, slowly corrode through use.
A patina of green-blue copper carbonate forms on the surface of copper with exposure to the water and carbon dioxide in the air. Silver coins or cutlery that are exposed to high sulfur foods such as eggs or the low levels of sulfur species in the ai... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To cope with high volume mass flows and for application, where a changing physical location of the sensor-based sorting process is of no benefit for the financial feasibility of the operation, stationary installations are applied. Another reason for applying stationary installations are multistage (Rougher, Scavenger, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cellosaurus is an online knowledge base on cell lines, which attempts to document all cell lines used in biomedical research. It is provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). It is an ELIXIR Core Data Resource as well as an IRDiRC's Recognized Resource. It is the contributing resource for cell lines on t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Copper Age, also called the Eneolithic or the Chalcolithic Age, has been traditionally understood as a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, in which a gradual introduction of the metal (native copper) took place, while stone was still the main resource utilized. Recent archaeology has found... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The asymmetric hydrogenation of furans and benzofurans is challenging.
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Asymmetric hydrogenation of thiophenes and benzothiophenes has been catalyzed by some ruthenium(II) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC). This system appears to possess superb selectivity (ee > 90%) and perfect diastereoselectivity (a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sir Christopher Kelk Ingold (28 October 1893 – 8 December 1970) was a British chemist based in Leeds and London. His groundbreaking work in the 1920s and 1930s on reaction mechanisms and the electronic structure of organic compounds was responsible for the introduction into mainstream chemistry of concepts such as nuc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Coulomb crystals of various ionic species have applications across much of physics, for example, in high precision spectroscopy, quantum information processing and cavity QED. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Self-complementarity refers to the fact that a sequence of DNA or RNA may fold back on itself, creating a double-strand like structure. Depending on how close together the parts of the sequence are that are self-complementary, the strand may form hairpin loops, junctions, bulges or internal loops. RNA is more likely to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ion balance is a key factor in plant development to produce yield. Too high salt concentration in soil lowers the water potential in root tissue which becomes toxic; stunting growth and inhibiting flowering by dehydrating the plant. Stomatal closure is also a response to high salinity, leading to lowered sugar producti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The microbes or eukaryotic cells used for fermentation grow in (or on) specially designed growth medium which supplies the nutrients required by the organisms or cells. A variety of media exist, but invariably contain a carbon source, a nitrogen source, water, salts, and micronutrients. In the production of wine, the m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When an alien pathway is installed in a host (chassis) organism, and even when a native pathway is massively upregulated, reactive intermediates may accumulate to levels that negatively impact viability, growth, and flux through the pathway because a matching damage-control system is absent or has been overwhelmed. Eng... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make object... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like other Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), MIR elements used the machinery of LINE elements for their propagation in the genome, which took place around 130 million years ago. They cannot retrotranspose anymore since the loss of activity of the required reverse transcriptase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
ATP2A2 also known as sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) is an ATPase associated with Darier's disease and Acrokeratosis verruciformis.
This gene encodes one of the SERCA Ca(2+)-ATPases, which are intracellular pumps located in the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticula of muscle cells. This enzy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The course of the action potential can be divided into five parts: the rising phase, the peak phase, the falling phase, the undershoot phase, and the refractory period. During the rising phase the membrane potential depolarizes (becomes more positive). The point at which depolarization stops is called the peak phase. A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists the following criteria for an organism to be an ideal indicator of fecal contamination:
# The organism should be present whenever enteric pathogens are present
# The organism should be useful for all types of water
# The organism should have a longer survival time than... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the reduced mass of the system of electron and nucleus. For the hydrogen atom, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the Bohr model of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the Rydberg constant and Rydberg eq... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Emeritus Group at MPI-Marburg is headed by renowned biochemist and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize recipient, Rudolf K. Thauer, who was also the founding director of the institute when it was established in 1991. The scientific focus of the group is on the biochemistry of methanogenic archaea, methanotrophic archae... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When people think of DNA analysis, they often think about television shows like NCIS or CSI, which portray DNA samples coming into a lab and being instantly analyzed, followed by the pulling up of a picture of the suspect within minutes. However, the reality is quite different, and perfect DNA samples are often not co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Following the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the value of the triple point of water is no longer used as a defining point. However, its empirical value remains important: the unique combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, solid ice, and water vapor coexist in a stable equilibrium is appr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Van Gieson's stain is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin. It is the simplest method of differential staining of collagen and other connective tissue. It was introduced to histology by American neuropsychiatrist and pathologist Ira Van Gieson.
HvG stain generally refers to the combination of hematoxylin and Van G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Limitations of evaporative cooling have restricted atomic BECs to "pulsed" operation, involving a highly inefficient duty cycle that discards more than 99% of atoms to reach BEC. Achieving continuous BEC has been a major open problem of experimental BEC research, driven by the same motivations as continuous optical las... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Arachidonoyl serotonin (N-arachidonoyl-serotonin, AA-5-HT) is an endogenous lipid signaling molecule. It was first described in 1998 as being an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In 2007, it was shown to have analgesic properties and to act as an antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor. In 2011, it was shown to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the sample has been processed for cryoprotection, the sperm is stored in small vials or straws holding between 0.4 and 1.0 ml of sperm and then cryogenically preserved in liquid nitrogen tanks. Two approaches for sperm cryoperservation include conventional freezing and vitrification. The conventional technique co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic compounds can be partly or completely conjugated. Annulenes, completely conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbons, may be aromatic, nonaromatic or antiaromatic. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soon after the first demonstration of hyper Rayleigh scattering optical activity in metal nanoparticles, the effect was replicated in organic molecules, specifically aromatic oligoamide foldamers. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although originally referred to as AT-AC introns, not all these introns are delimited by AT-AC dinucleotides. Some of them have GT-AG or AT-AG ends, at least. Thus, it is more correct to speak about the splicing machinery which is used to process them, differentiating between U2-type (canonical or major) and U12-type (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Loam molding was formerly used for making cast iron or bronze cannon and is still used for casting large bells.
Loam (pronounced low-m) is a mixture of sand and clay with water, sometimes with horse dung (valuable for its straw content), animal hair or coke. The object of including dung or hair was to make the mould... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supramolecular catalysis is not a well-defined field but it generally refers to an application of supramolecular chemistry, especially molecular recognition and guest binding, toward catalysis. This field was originally inspired by enzymatic system which, unlike classical organic chemistry reactions, utilizes non-coval... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The A ring synthesis (Scheme 3) started with a Diels-Alder reaction of diene 3.1 with the commercially available dienophile 2-chloroacrylonitrile 3.2 to give cyclohexene 3.3 with complete regioselectivity. Hydrolysis of the cyanochloro group and simultaneous cleavage of the acetate group led to hydroxyketone 3.4. The h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term phosphorescence comes from the ancient Greek word φῶς (phos), meaning "light", and the Greek suffix -φόρος (-phoros), meaning "to bear", combined with the Latin suffix -escentem, meaning "becoming of", "having a tendency towards", or "with the essence of". Thus, phosphorescence literally means "having a tenden... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A meta-analysis of four RCTs concluded that there is no support for selenium supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Caucasians. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The kilocalorie per mole is a unit to measure an amount of energy per number of molecules, atoms, or other similar particles. It is defined as one kilocalorie of energy (1000 thermochemical gram calories) per one mole of substance. The unit symbol is written kcal/mol or kcal⋅mol. As typically measured, one kcal/mol r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An alternative approach to the identification and quantification of patient samples is through the use of mass spectrometry. This approach offers excellent precision and sensitivity in the identification, characterization and quantification of metabolites in multiple patient sample types, such as blood and urine. The m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electro-absorption is a type of Stark effect in the neutral polymer, it is predominant at the electrode edge since there is a strong voltage drop. Electro-absorption can be observed from the second harmonic charge modulation spectroscopy spectra. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently, encapsulin nanocompartments have begun to receive considerable interest from bioengineers because of their potential to allow the targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, and mRNAs to specific cells of interest. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exergy of the system is the maximal amount of useful work that the system can generate, during a process which brings it to equilibrium with its environment, or the amount of energy available. During an irreversible process, such as heat exchanges with reservoirs, exergy is destroyed. Generally, the theorem states ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cannabinoid CP55,940 and △-tetrahydrocannabinol (△-THC) can induce the release of dynorphin B, which in return acts as an agonist of κ-opioid receptors, resulting in the production of antinociception. Similarly, Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Sar (TAPS) is capable of promoting a release of dynorphin B through the simulation of μ-opioid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The inventory of carbon-14 in Earth's biosphere is about 300 megacuries (11 EBq), of which most is in the oceans.
The following inventory of carbon-14 has been given:
* Global inventory: ~8500 PBq (about 50 t)
** Atmosphere: 140 PBq (840 kg)
** Terrestrial materials: the balance
* From nuclear testing (until 1990): 220... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The requirement for a good leaving group is relaxed in conjugate base elimination reactions. These reactions include loss of a leaving group in the β position of an enolate as well as the regeneration of a carbonyl group from the tetrahedral intermediate in nucleophilic acyl substitution. Under forcing conditions, even... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methanesulfonyl chloride (mesyl chloride) is an organosulfur compound with the formula . Using the organic pseudoelement symbol Ms for the methanesulfonyl (or mesyl) group –, it is frequently abbreviated MsCl in reaction schemes or equations. It is a colourless liquid that dissolves in polar organic solvents but is rea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the Newman-Kwart rearrangement O-thiocarbamates can isomerise to S-thiocarbamates. This reaction, which generally requires high temperatures, is an important method for the synthesis of thiophenols. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The importance of tin to the success of Bronze Age cultures and the scarcity of the resource offers a glimpse into that time periods trade and cultural interactions, and has therefore been the focus of intense archaeological studies. However, a number of problems have plagued the study of ancient tin such as the limite... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A variety or organosulfur compounds occur in nature. Most abundant are the amino acids methionine, cysteine, and cystine. The vitamins biotin and thiamine, as well as lipoic acid contain sulfur heterocycles. Glutathione is the primary intracellular antioxidant. Penicillin and cephalosporin are life-saving antibiotic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Viruses that infect plant and animal cells have also been manipulated to introduce foreign genes into plant and animal cells. The natural ability of viruses to adsorb to cells, introduce their DNA and replicate have made them ideal vehicles to transfer foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells in culture. A vector based on Sim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Digital polymerase chain reaction (digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA, or RNA. The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many evaluation criteria apply globally to an entire experimental structure, most notably the resolution, the anisotropy or incompleteness of the data, and the residual or R-factor that measures overall model-to-data match (see below). Those help a user choose the most accurate among related Protein Data Bank entries ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
where S is a singlet and T a triplet whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the most common base analogs is 5-bromouracil (5BU), the abnormal base found in the mutagenic nucleotide analog BrdU. When a nucleotide containing 5-bromouracil is incorporated into the DNA, it is most likely to pair with adenine; however, it can spontaneously shift into another isomer which pairs with a differe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
COX exists in three conformational states: fully oxidized (pulsed), partially reduced, and fully reduced. Each inhibitor has a high affinity to a different state. In the pulsed state, both the heme a and the Cu nuclear centers are oxidized; this is the conformation of the enzyme that has the highest activity. A two-ele... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Alzate O. "Neuroproteomics." Frontiers in Neuroscience Series (October 2010) C.R.C. Press.
* Abul-Husn, Noura S., Lakshmi A. Devi. "Neuroproteomics of the Synapse and Drug Addiction." The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 138 (2006): 461-468.
* Becker, Michael, Jens Schindler, Hans G. Nothwang.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When surfactants are present above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), they can act as emulsifiers that will allow a compound that is normally insoluble (in the solvent being used) to dissolve. This occurs because the insoluble species can be incorporated into the micelle core, which is itself solubilized in the ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Planktonic prokaryotes are further defined into two categories, free-living or particle associated. The two are separated by filtration. Particle-associated bacteria are often difficult to study because marine snow aggregates are often ranging in sizes from 0.2 to 200 μm, often rendering sampling efforts difficult. The... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are found in many vegetables, are short chains of fructose molecules. They differ from fructans such as inulin, which as polysaccharides have a much higher degree of polymerization than FOS and other oligosaccharides, but like inulin and other fructans, they are considered soluble d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kurt Martin Mislow (June 5, 1923 – October 5, 2017) was a German-born American organic chemist who specialized in stereochemistry.
Born in Berlin on June 5, 1923, Mislow had moved to London by 1938, after some time in Milan. With the help of his uncle Alfred Eisenstaedt, Mislows family left London for New York City in ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Particular chemoreceptors, called ASICs, detect the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. To do this, they monitor the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, which decrease the pH of the blood. This can be a direct consequence of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, because aqueous carbon dioxide in the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The basis of ferroics is to understand the large changes in physical characteristics that occur over a very narrow temperature range. The changes in physical characteristics occur when phase transitions take place around some critical temperature value, normally denoted by . Above this critical temperature, the cryst... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lake Chichoj is located near the city of San Cristóbal Verapaz, in the department of Alta Verapaz, in Guatemala. It is long, wide, with an area of , an average water volume of [], and a maximum depth of . | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Where it is impossible to find the primitive or primary magma composition, it is often useful to attempt to identify a parental melt. A parental melt is a magma composition from which the observed range of magma chemistries has been derived by the processes of igneous differentiation. It need not be a primitive melt.
F... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The effect of solvent on elimination and nucleophillic substitution reactions was originally studied by British chemists Edward D. Hughes and Christopher Kelk Ingold. Using a simple solvation model that considered only pure electrostatic interactions between ions or dipolar molecules and solvents in initial and transit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to causing secondary emission, positive ions can strike the cathode with sufficient force to eject particles of the material from which the cathode is made. This process is called sputtering and it gradually ablates the cathode. Sputtering is useful when using spectroscopy to analyze the composition of th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Rosenthal's reagent can be prepared by reduction of titanocene or zirconocene dichloride with magnesium in the presence of bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene in THF. The illustrated product for a titanocene complex can be represented by the resonance structures A and B. If zirconium is used as central atom, additional ligand... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the VSEPR theory of molecular bonding, the preferred geometry of a molecule is that in which both bonding and non-bonding electrons are as far apart as possible. In molecules, it is quite common for these angles to be somewhat compressed or expanded compared to their optimal value. This strain is referre... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Venus Express orbiter collected Venus science data from April 2006 until December 2014. In 2008, Piccioni, et al. reported measurements of night-side airglow emission in the atmosphere of Venus made with the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) on Venus Express. They attributed emission bands ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A wide variety of phenols undergo O-methylation to give anisole derivatives. This process, catalyzed by such enzymes as caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of lignols, percursors to lignin, a major structural component of plants.
Plants produce flavonoids and isoflavones with methyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride is an organic compound with formula . A colorless liquid, it is classified as a chloroalkyl ether. It is used as an alkylating agent. In organic synthesis, it is used for introducing the methoxyethoxy ether (MEM) protecting group. MEM protecting groups are generally preferred to methox... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
), functioning as a hexadentate [[ligand]] -->
18-Crown-6 has a high affinity for the hydronium ion HO, as it can fit inside the crown ether. Thus, reaction of 18-crown-6 with strong acids gives the cation . For example, interaction of 18-crown-6 with HCl gas in toluene with a little moisture gives an ionic liquid lay... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Cryptic binding sites are the binding sites that are transiently formed in an apo form or that are induced by ligand binding. Considering the cryptic binding sites increases the size of the potentially “druggable” human proteome from ~40% to ~78% of disease-associated proteins. The binding sites have been investigated ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The plant sorghum is well established model organism and can adapt in hot and dry environments. For this reason, it is used as a model to study calmodulins role in plants. Sorghum contains seedlings that express a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, SbGRBP. This particular protein can be modulated by using heat as a stre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code (translation table 26) is a genetic code found in the ascomycete fungus Pachysolen tannophilus. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bryostatins are a group of macrolide lactones from (bacterial symbionts of) the marine organism Bugula neritina that were first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe. Bryostatins are potent modulators of protein kinase C. They hav... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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