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The transition dipole moment or transition moment, usually denoted for a transition between an initial state, , and a final state, , is the electric dipole moment associated with the transition between the two states. In general the transition dipole moment is a complex vector quantity that includes the phase factors... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Peroxins (or peroxisomal/peroxisome biogenesis factors) represent several protein families found in peroxisomes. Deficiencies are associated with several peroxisomal disorders. Peroxins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Base excision repair (BER) is responsible for removing damaged bases in DNA. This mechanism specifically works on excising small base lesions which do not distort the DNA double helix, in contrast to the nucleotide excision repair pathway which is employed in correcting more prominent distorting lesions. DNA glycosylas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to the obvious data on quantities, units and symbols, the compilation contains some less obvious but very useful information on related topics. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In host–guest chemistry, a carceplex is a class of chemical structures in the carcerand family that are hinged, and can be closed using reagents that react with the carceplex and trap precursors of reactive intermediates, and are unreactive with the trapped precursor or reactive intermediate. This is useful for determi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
RAN translation produces a variety of dipeptide repeat proteins by translation of expanded hexanucleotide repeats present in an intron of the C9orf72 gene. The expansion of the hexanucleotide repeats and thus accumulation of dipeptide repeat proteins are thought to cause cellular toxicity that leads to neurodegeneratio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In combination with indapamide, perindopril has been shown to significantly reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease and renal complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the Perindopril pROtection aGainst REcurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) found that whilst perindopril monotherapy demonstrated ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The π orbitals of an alkene can stabilize a transition state by helping to delocalize the positive charge of the carbocation. For instance the unsaturated tosylate will react more quickly (10 times faster for aqueous solvolysis) with a nucleophile than the saturated tosylate.
The carbocationic intermediate will be stab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acyl halides are rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. For example, an acyl halide can react with:
*water, to form a carboxylic acid. This hydrolysis is the most heavily exploited reaction for acyl halides as it occurs in the industrial syn... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Current association studies have focused on common variation across the genome, as these are the easiest to identify with our current assays. However, disease-causing variants of large effect have been found to lie within exomes in candidate gene studies, and because of negative selection, are found in much lower allel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prehistoric man inhabited the Portlethen Moss area as evidenced by well preserved Iron Age stone circles and other excavated artifacts nearby. Obviously only the outcrops and ridge areas would have been habitable, but the desirability of primitive habitation would have been enhanced by proximity to the sea and natural ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Iron porphyrin complexes ("hemes") are the dominant metalloporphyrin complexes in nature. Consequently, synthetic iron porphyrin complexes are well investigated. Common derivatives are those of Fe(III) and Fe(II). Complexes of the type Fe(P)Cl are square-pyramidal and high spin with idealized C symmetry. Base hydro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some of the job skills and abilities that one needs to attain to be successful in this field of work include science, mathematics, reading comprehension, writing, and critical thinking. These skills are critical because of the nature of the experimental techniques of the occupation. One will also need to convey trends... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermic effect of food should be measured for a period of time greater than or equal to five hours.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published that TEF lasts beyond six hours for the majority of people. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "doublet" dates back to the 19th century, when it was observed that certain spectral lines of an ionized, excited gas would split into two under the influence of a strong magnetic field, in an effect known as the anomalous Zeeman effect. Such spectral lines were observed not only in the laboratory, but also in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in determining the three-dimensional structures and the properties adopted by many proteins. Compared to the , , and bonds that comprise most polymers, hydrogen bonds are far weaker, perhaps 5%. Thus, hydrogen bonds can be broken by chemical or mechanical means while retaining ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape-memory effect were taken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman, Arne Ölander discovered the pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger and Mooradian (1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Charge transfer coefficient, and symmetry factor (symbols α and β, respectively) are two related parameters used in description of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. They appear in the Butler–Volmer equation and related expressions.
The symmetry factor and the charge transfer coefficient are dimensionless.
Acco... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The AIRMoN sites were primarily used to assess the impacts of emission changes such as potential effects from new sources, federal Clean Air Act controls, and source-receptor relationships in atmospheric models. The network measured the same contaminants as the NTN, but sampling occurred daily during precipitation to p... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In principle, any technologies used for metabolomics can be used for exometabolomics. However, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) has been the most widely used. As with typical metabolomic measurements, metabolites are identified based on accurate mass, retention time, and their MS/MS fragmentation pattern... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NMH is formed by N-methylation of histamine, catalyzed by the enzyme Histamine N-methyltransferase.
NMH is excreted in the urine and can be measured as a biomarker of histamine activity. While NMH has some biological activity on its own, it is much weaker than histamine. It can bind to histamine receptors, still, NMH h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Time resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) is an experimental technique used to evaluate the electronic properties of semiconductors. Specifically, it is used to evaluate a proxy for charge carrier mobility and a representative carrier lifetime from light-induced changes in conductance. The technique works by photo-ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dihydroprogesterone may refer to:
* 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
* 5β-Dihydroprogesterone
* 20α-Dihydroprogesterone (20α-hydroxyprogesterone)
* 20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-hydroxyprogesterone)
* 3α-Dihydroprogesterone
* 3β-Dihydroprogesterone
* 17α,21-Dihydroprogesterone (11-deoxycortisol)
* 11β,21-Dihydroprogesterone (cort... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystalline material may be divided into single crystals, twin crystals, polycrystals, and crystal powder. In a single crystal, the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules is defined by a single crystal structure in one orientation. Twin crystals, on the other hand, consist of single-crystalline twin domains, which ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One limitation is the energy loss in methane-producing bioelectrochemical systems. This occurs as a result of overpotentials occurring at the anode, membrane, and biocathode. The energy loss reduces efficiency significantly. Another limitation is the biocathode. Because the biocathode is so important in electron exchan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Members of the HNF4 subfamily are nuclear receptors and bind to DNA either as homodimers or RXR heterodimers.
* HNF4α/TCF14/MODY1
* HNF4γ | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silver nanoparticles are thermodynamically unstable in oxic environments. In seawater, silver oxide is not thermodynamically favored when chloride and sulfur are present. On the surface where O is present in much greater quantities than chloride or sulfur, silver reacts to form a silver oxide surface layer. This oxidat... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The optical properties of semiconductors are directly related to the dielectric constant of the material. This dielectric constant gives the ratio between the electric permeability of a material in relation to the permeability of a vacuum. The imaginary refractive index of a material is given by the square root of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For small scale reactions, SF can be inconvenient since it is a gas and stainless steel reaction vessels are required. Many transformations require elevated temperatures. The reaction generates hydrogen fluoride. These concerns have led to interest in alternative fluorinating reagents. Selenium tetrafluoride, a liquid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) is a technique for studying viscoelastic solids in both bending and torsion. It provides the ability to measure viscoelastic behavior over eleven decades (orders of magnitude) of time and frequency: from 10 to 10 Hz. BVS is typically either used to investigate viscoelastic prop... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The biuret test is a chemical test for proteins and polypeptides. It is based on the biuret reagent, a blue solution that turns violet upon contact with proteins, or any substance with peptide bonds. The test and reagent do not actually contain biuret; they are so named because both biuret and proteins have the same re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Perera completed his primary and secondary education at the Royal Primary School and the Royal College, Colombo and thereafter gained BSc (Honours) from the University of Sri Lanka, Colombo in May 1975, followed by a joint MSc from the University of Colombo and the University of Birmingham, England in July 1977. He the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Suksin Lee (; 6 October 1896/7 – 12 December 1944) was a Korean biochemist and physician. He is considered a pioneer of biochemistry in Korea, having been the first Korean to obtain a Ph.D. and to hold a full-time professorship in that field. His studies of glucose metabolism and the chemical composition of common fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CO at high pressures has antimicrobial properties. While its effectiveness has been shown for various applications, the mechanisms of inactivation have not been fully understood although they have been investigated for more than 60 years. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate proteins because they contain charged functional groups. The ions of interest (in this case charged proteins) are exchanged for another ions (usually H) on a charged solid support. The solutes are most commonly in a liquid phase, which tends to be water. Take for exam... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*dextran, α-1,6-glucan
*glycogen, α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucan
*pullulan, α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucan
*starch, α-1,4- (such as amylose) and α-1,6-glucan (including amylopectin) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the method developed by Poliak and Jonas, a few models are developed in order to describe the critical strain for the onset of DRX as a function of the peak strain of the stress–strain curve. The models are derived for the systems with single peak, i.e. for the materials with medium to low stacking fault energ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
SU-8 is composed of Bisphenol A Novolac epoxy that is dissolved in an organic solvent (gamma-butyrolactone GBL or cyclopentanone, depending on the formulation) and up to 10 wt% of mixed Triarylsulfonium/hexafluoroantimonate salt as the photoacid generator.
SU-8 absorbs light in the UV region, allowing fabrication of re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two properties that have a large effect on the functionality of a biomaterial is the surface and bulk properties.
Bulk properties refers to the physical and chemical properties that compose the biomaterial for its entire lifetime. They can be specifically generated to mimic the physiochemical properties of the tissue t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This process is not 100% efficient. At the Lautenthal, Altenau, and Sankt Andreasberg smelting-works in the Upper Harz between 1857 and 1860 25% of the silver, 25.1% of the lead and 9.3% of the copper was lost. Some of this is lost in slag that is not worth reusing, some is lost by what is termed ‘burning’, and some of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although van der Waals postulated the intermolecular interaction in 1873, in 1894, Fischer built a philosophical root for supramolecular chemistry. He pointed out that enzyme-protein interactions behave in a "lock-and-key" manner. This interaction is the foundation to host-guest chemistry. With the deeper understanding... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
If a receptor in an active state encounters a G protein, it may activate it. Some evidence suggests that receptors and G proteins are actually pre-coupled. For example, binding of G proteins to receptors affects the receptor's affinity for ligands. Activated G proteins are bound to GTP.
Further signal transduction depe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rasagiline is broken down via CYP1A2, part of the cytochrome P450 metabolic path in the liver. It is contraindicated in patients with hepatic insufficiency and its use should be monitored carefully in patients taking other drugs that alter the normal effectiveness of this metabolic path. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ferrous metallurgy includes extraction of iron, smelting and refining of iron ore, rolling and ferroalloys production. The ferrous metallurgy production of the country started to meet the demand of oil and gas industry (due to pipe production) and grew further in order to improve other branches of the industry. Dashkas... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The general use and design of CDAs obey the following rules so that the CDA can effectively determine the stereochemistry of an analyte:
# The CDA must be enantiomerically pure, or (less satisfactorily) its enantiomeric purity must be accurately known.
#The reaction of the CDA with both enantiomers should go to complet... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The primary UK legislation is the Food Safety Act 1990. All local authorities are required to appoint a Public Analyst, although there have always been fewer Public Analysts and their laboratories than local authorities, most being shared by a number of local authorities. On the UK mainland there has always been a mixt... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As illustrated by the peroxisomal intracellular lactate shuttle described above, the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate between cellular compartments plays a key role in the oxidative state of the cell. Specifically, the interconversion of NAD+ and NADH between compartments has been hypothesized to occur in the mi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper tubes are made from the large billets of copper that are gradually worked and drawn down to the required size. As the tubes are drawn they are heat treated to produce the correct mechanical properties. The organic oils and greases used to lubricate the tubes during the drawing processes are broken down during th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
DNA structure is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1973, the Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold ("Freeport") smelter at Miami, Arizona, installed a 51 MW electric furnace at its Miami smelter. The decision was based on a long-term electrical power contract with the Salt River Project that provided the company with a very low rate for electricity. This contract expired... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Silencing of transposon transcripts can vary in completeness of silencing as well as in duration of alteration. Plants employ a number of methods, which range from elimination of transcripts to complete epigenetic silencing. In general, these can be sorted into two strategies:
* Gene silencing#Post-transcriptional gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another strategy that has been explored is the stabilization of reactions that develop partial negative charges in the transition state. Examples of successful applications are most commonly reactions that are approximated concerted and pericyclic in nature. During the course of the reaction, one fragment develops part... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization is a highly multiplexed version of smFISH. It uses combinatorial labeling, followed by imaging, and then error-resistant encoding to capture a high number of RNA molecules and spatial localization within the cell. The capture of a large number of RNA molecules... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the principle of counter-current piston flow, these processes are the closest to the blast furnace or, more accurately, the stückofen. Hot reducing gases are obtained from natural gas, in a separate unit from the shaft, and injected at the bottom of the shaft, while the ore is charged at the top. The pre-reduc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because the compounds that exhibit bioluminescence are typically fluorescent, fluorescence can be used to identify photocytes in organisms. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quorum sensing has been engineered using synthetic biological circuits in different systems. Examples include rewiring the AHL components to toxic genes to control population size in bacteria; and constructing an auxin-based system to control population density in mammalian cells. Synthetic quorum sensing circuits have... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amoxicillin (α-amino-p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin) is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin with a structure similar to ampicillin but with better absorption when taken by mouth, thus yielding higher concentrations in blood and in urine. Amoxicillin diffuses easily into tissues and body fluids. It will cross the plac... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Various PPGs, often featuring the 2-nitrobenzyl motif, have been used to generate numerous gels. In one example, researchers incorporated PPGs into a silica-based sol-gel. In a second example, a hydrogel was synthesized to include protected Ca ions. Finally, PPGs have been utilized to cross-link numerous photodegradabl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Brassica species contain glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing secondary compounds. Glucosinolates are composed of a β-thioglucose moiety, a sulfonated oxime and a side chain. The synthesis of glucosinolates starts with the oxidation of the parent amino acid to an aldoxime, followed by the addition of a thiol gro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, Bema Hapothle is an extended acronym for Bell–Marcus–Hammond–Polanyi–Thornton–Leffler, referring to the combined contribution of the theories of these chemists to the rationalization of changes in transition state structure to perturbations, such as change of reaction solvent. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) is a type of environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. It is the mirror process of In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO). ISCR is usually applied in the environ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Heme, an important prosthetic group present in Complexes I, II, and IV can also be targeted, since heme biosynthesis and uptake have been correlated with increased cancer progression. Various molecules can inhibit heme via different mechanisms. For instance, succinylacetone has been shown to decrease heme concentration... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantage of NMR for end groups is that it allows for not only the identification of the end group units, but also allows for the quantification of the number-average length of the polymer. End-group analysis with NMR requires that the polymer be soluble in organic or aqueous solvents. Additionally, the signal on t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
By extension, a [uvw] zone-axis pattern (ZAP) is a diffraction pattern taken with an incident beam, e.g. of electrons, X-rays or neutrons traveling along a lattice direction specified by the zone-axis indices [uvw]. Because of their small wavelength λ, high energy electrons used in electron microscopes have a ve... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Grote–Hynes theory is a theory of reaction rate in a solution phase. This rate theory was developed by James T. Hynes with his graduate student Richard F. Grote in 1980.
The theory is based on the generalized Langevin equation (GLE). This theory introduced the concept of frequency dependent friction for chemical rate ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In die casting the most common defects are misruns and cold shuts. These defects can be caused by cold dies, low metal temperature, dirty metal, lack of venting, or excessive lubricant. Other possible defects are gas porosity, shrinkage porosity, hot tears, and flow marks. Flow marks are marks left on the surface of th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP, as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task. This is done by oxidizing the major products of glucose: pyruvate, and NADH, which are produced in the cytosol. This type of cellular respiration, known as aerobic respiration... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dippel's oil (sometimes referred to as bone oil) is a nitrogenous by-product of the destructive distillation of bones. A dark, viscous, tar-like liquid with an unpleasant smell, it is named after its inventor, Johann Konrad Dippel. The oil consists of aliphatic chains, with nitrogen functional groups including pyrrole... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Abrasion is the property of the coal which describes its propensity and ability to wear away machinery and undergo autonomous grinding. While carbonaceous matter in coal is relatively soft, quartz and other mineral constituents in coal are quite abrasive. This is tested in a calibrated mill, containing four blades of k... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ogston studied potentiometric titration of amino acids in non-aqueous solvents. He was particularly interested in sinovial fluid, and fibrous proteins. More generally, he worked on the use of physico-chemical methods to study the size, weight and structure of molecules, such as ultracentrifugation, which he applied to ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Adding to the transition metal-bismuth carbonyl clusters, the dibismuth clusters with transition metals have also been explored by synthetic chemists. The core of such compounds is represented in the form of dibismuthene or dibismithyne unit, in which the Bi atoms contain the inert 6s lone pair and through π-bond-donat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Passive daytime radiative cooling is not a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) or solar radiation management (SRM) method, but rather enhances longwave infrared thermal radiation heat transfer on the Earth's surface through the infrared window with the coldness of outer space to achieve daytime cooling. Solar radiation is ref... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups () in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds. The "bond" involves this linkage . Discussion of phosphodiesters is dominated by their prevalence in DNA and RNA, but phosphodiesters occur in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rate of curing of concrete depends on the fineness of the cement and of the components used in its manufacture, which may include fly ash, silica fume and other materials, in addition to the calcinated limestone which causes it to harden. Although the Blaine air permeability method is often preferred, due to its si... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subspecialty areas of organometallic chemistry include:
* Period 2 elements: organolithium chemistry, organoberyllium chemistry, organoborane chemistry
* Period 3 elements: organosodium chemistry, organomagnesium chemistry, organoaluminium chemistry, organosilicon chemistry
* Period 4 elements: organocalcium chemistry,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or transformer coupled plasma (TCP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electric currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The sophistication of the active site network causes residues involved in catalysis (and residues in contact with these) to be highly evolutionarily conserved. However, there are examples of divergent evolution in catalytic triads, both in the reaction catalysed, and the residues used in catalysis. The triad remains th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In atomic physics, a dark state refers to a state of an atom or molecule that cannot absorb (or emit) photons. All atoms and molecules are described by quantum states; different states can have different energies and a system can make a transition from one energy level to another by emitting or absorbing one or more ph... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Rfam database can be used for a variety of functions. For each ncRNA family, the interface allows users to: view and download multiple sequence alignments; read annotation; and examine species distribution of family members. There are also links provided to literature references and other RNA databases.
Rfam also... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This describes the preparation of what Agricola calls "juices": salt, soda, nitre, alum, vitriol, saltpetre, sulphur and bitumen. Finally glass making is covered. Agricola seems less secure about this process. He is not clear about making glass from the raw ingredients but clearer about remelting glass to make objects.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, the Natta projection (named for Italian chemist Giulio Natta) is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula. In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Examples include the active sites of a number of enzymes:
* Nitrogenase include two P-clusters ([8Fe-7S]) and two FeMocos ([7Fe-9S-C-Mo-R homocitrate]).
* Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and acetyl coenzyme-A synthase each features an Fe-N-iS clusters.
* [FeFe]-hydrogenase features an "H-cluster", consisting of a FeS bri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A privileged scaffold is a molecular framework or chemical moiety that is statistically recurrent among known drugs or among a specific array of biologically active compounds. These privileged elements can be used as a basis for designing new active biological compounds or compound libraries. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In an extension of the application of PED to imaging, electron tomography can benefit from the reduction of dynamic contrast effects. Tomography entails collecting a series of images (2-D projections) at various tilt angles and combining them to reconstruct the three dimensional structure of the specimen. Because many ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Porphyrin-based compounds are of interest as possible components of molecular electronics and photonics. Synthetic porphyrin dyes have been incorporated in prototype dye-sensitized solar cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nitroalkene, or nitro olefin, is a functional group combining the functionality of its constituent parts, an alkene and nitro group, while displaying its own chemical properties through alkene activation, making the functional group useful in specialty reactions such as the Michael reaction or Diels-Alder additions. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The GUS assay does not require the presence of any cofactors or ions for function. Beta-glucuronidase can function through a wide range of pH values, and is fairly resistant to thermal inactivation. However, GUS is susceptible to inhibition from certain heavy metal ions, such as Cu and Zn.
Additionally, the interpretat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a primary carbon is a carbon atom which is bound to only one other carbon atom. It is thus at the end of a carbon chain. In case of an alkane, three hydrogen atoms are bound to a primary carbon (see propane in the figure on the right). A hydrogen atom could also be replaced by a hydroxy group (), ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diphosphene is a type of organophosphorus compound that has a phosphorus–phosphorus double bond, denoted by R-P=P-R'. These compounds are not common but are of theoretical interest. Normally, compounds with the empirical formula RP exist as rings. However, like other multiple bonds between heavy main-group elements, P=... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reading of data from 3D optical memories has been carried out in many different ways. While some of these rely on the nonlinearity of the light-matter interaction to obtain 3D resolution, others use methods that spatially filter the media's linear response. Reading methods include:
Two photon absorption (resulting ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cucurbiturils are amidals (less precisely aminals) and synthesized from urea 1 and a dialdehyde (e.g., glyoxal 2) via a nucleophilic addition to give the intermediate glycoluril 3. This intermediate is condensed with formaldehyde to give hexamer cucurbit[6]uril above 110 °C. Ordinarily, multifunctional monomers such as... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Propionyl-CoA production through the catabolism of fatty acids is also associated with thioesterifcation. In a study concerning Aspergillus nidulans, it was found that with the inhibition of a methylcitrate synthase gene, mcsA, of the pathway described above, production of distinct polyketides was inhibited as well. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The physical properties of the isomers of xylene differ slightly. The melting point ranges from (m-xylene) to (p-xylene)—as usual, the para isomer's melting point is much higher because it packs more readily in the crystal structure. The boiling point for each isomer is around . The density of each isomer is around ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are several different pathways through which propionyl-CoA can be produced:
* Propionyl-CoA, a three-carbon structure, is considered to be a minor species of propionic acid. Therefore, odd-number chains of fatty acids are oxidized to yield both propionyl-CoA as well as acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is later converted... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to their high surface roughness, conventional white nitrocellulose films scatter and reflect large amounts of excitation and emission light during the fluorescence detection in the microarray scanner. In addition, nitrocellulose exhibits a natural autofluorescence at the detection wavelengths commonly used. Both th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 1999 Marie Curie Fellowship, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2000 Junior Research Fellowship, Wolfson College, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2001 Royal Society University Research Fellowship, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
* 2011 ERC Starting Grant (subsidy) from the European Research Council for ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In order to identify and quantify metabolites produced by the body, various detection methods have been employed. Most often, these involve the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), providing universal detection, identification and quantification of metabolites in individual pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the heat capacity at constant volume, , and the heat capacity at constant pressure, , are extensive properties that have the magnitude of energy divided by temperature. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by intracellular and extracellular loop structures. Except the TMS 3-4 loop, their lengths are on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proposed mechanisms:
*Reduced expression of penicillin binding proteins during stationary growth phase
*Induction of microbial resistance mechanisms (such as beta lactamases with short half-lives) by high drug concentrations
*Precipitation of antimicrobial drug in vitro, possibly also leading to the crystallized drug... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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