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[https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/idc ] is one of the common types of breast cancer which accounts for 8 out of 10 of all invasive breast cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, more than 180,000 women in the United States find out that they have breast cancers each year, and most are diagnosed wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleosomes can be assembled in vitro by either using purified native or recombinant histones. One standard technique of loading the DNA around the histones involves the use of salt dialysis. A reaction consisting of the histone octamers and a naked DNA template can be incubated together at a salt concentration of 2 M.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation:
where P is the pressure, V is volume, n is any real number (the "polytropic index"), and C is a constant. This equation can be used to accurately characterize processes of certain systems, notably the compression or expansion of a gas, but in som... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2α-Mannobiose is a disaccharide. It is formed by a condensation reaction, when two mannose molecules react together, in the formation of a glycosidic bond. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To carry out metal cation titrations using EDTA, it is almost always necessary to use a complexometric indicator to determine when the end point has been reached. Common indicators are organic dyes such as Fast Sulphon Black, Eriochrome Black T, Eriochrome Red B, Patton Reeder, or Murexide. Color change shows that th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA molecules were fixed on molten agarose developed between a cover slip and a microscope slide. Restriction enzyme was pre-mixed with the molten agarose before DNA placement and cleavage was triggered by addition of magnesium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase plays a major role in RNA interference in eukaryotes, a process used to silence gene expression via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) binding to mRNA rendering them inactive. Eukaryotic RdRp becomes active in the presence of dsRNA, and is a less widely distributed compared to othe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A black light may also be formed by simply using a UV filter coating such as Wood's glass on the envelope of a common incandescent bulb. This was the method that was used to create the very first black light sources. Although incandescent black light bulbs are a cheaper alternative to fluorescent tubes, they are except... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A normal ferritin blood level, referred to as the reference interval is determined by many testing laboratories. The ranges for ferritin can vary between laboratories but typical ranges would be between 40 and 300 ng/mL (=μg/L) for males, and 20–200 ng/mL (=μg/L) for females. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical CO absorption process consists of a feed gas, an absorption column, a stripper column, and output streams of CO-rich gas to be sequestered, and CO-poor gas to be released to the atmosphere. Ionic liquids could follow a similar process to amine gas treating, where the CO is regenerated in the stripper using hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HPLC in the field of microfluidics comes in two different forms. Early designs included running liquid through the HPLC column then transferring the eluted liquid to microfluidic chips and attaching HPLC columns to the microfluidic chip directly. The early methods had the advantage of easier detection from certain mac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids), as part of many larger functional groups. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Dyson Perrins Laboratory is in the science area of the University of Oxford and was the main centre for research into organic chemistry of the University from its foundation in 1916 until its closure as a research laboratory in 2003. Until 2018, parts of the building were used as teaching laboratories in which und... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Narendra Nayak (born 5 February 1951) is a rationalist, sceptic, and godman debunker from Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Nayak is the current president of the Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations (FIRA). He founded the Dakshina Kannada Rationalist Association in 1976 and has been its secretary since then. He als... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds that were historically given the formulae REAlB and REB have the MgAlB structure with an orthorhombic symmetry and space group Imma (No. 74). In this structure, rare-earth atoms enter the Mg site. Aluminium sites are empty for REB. Both metal sites of REAlB structure have partial occupancies of about 60–70%, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asp85 accepts a proton from the Schiff base N atom. In the M intermediate, neither the Schiff base nor Asp85 are charged. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In cyanobacteria, inorganic phosphate (P) also participates in the co-ordinated regulation of photosynthesis: P binds to the RuBisCO active site and to another site on the large chain where it can influence transitions between activated and less active conformations of the enzyme. In this way, activation of bacterial R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, Karl Fischer titration is a classic titration method that uses coulometric or volumetric titration to determine trace amounts of water in a sample. It was invented in 1935 by the German chemist Karl Fischer. Today, the titration is done with an automated Karl Fischer titrator. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animals and plants have evolved to synthesise a vast array of poisonous products including secondary metabolites, peptides and proteins that can act as inhibitors. Natural toxins are usually small organic molecules and are so diverse that there are probably natural inhibitors for most metabolic processes. The metabolic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Auger therapy (AT) makes use of a very high dose of ionizing radiation in situ that provides molecular modifications at an atomic scale. AT differs from conventional radiation therapy in several aspects; it neither relies upon radioactive nuclei to cause cellular radiation damage at a cellular dimension, nor engages mu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoride volatility is the tendency of highly fluorinated molecules to vaporize at comparatively low temperatures. Heptafluorides, hexafluorides and pentafluorides have much lower boiling points than the lower-valence fluorides. Most difluorides and trifluorides have high boiling points, while most tetrafluorides and m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a fluid moving between two plane parallel surfaces—where the width is much greater than the space between the plates—then the characteristic dimension is equal to the distance between the plates. This is consistent with the annular duct and rectangular duct cases above, taken to a limiting aspect ratio. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ratio of O to O in ice and deep sea cores is temperature dependent, and can be used as a proxy measure for reconstructing climate change. During colder periods of the Earth's history (glacials) such as during the ice ages, O is preferentially evaporated from the colder oceans, leaving the slightly heavier and more ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analogously to the in situ IR experiments described above, in situ UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, provided a reagent or product shows distinctive absorbance in the UV spectral region. The rate of reactant consumption and/or product formation may be abstracted from th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Milk is a commonly cited example of an emulsion, a specific type of dispersion of one liquid into another liquid where the two liquids are immiscible. The fat molecules suspended in milk provide a mode of delivery of important fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients from the mother to newborn. The mechanical, thermal, or en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nucleotide sugar metabolism a group of biochemicals known as nucleotide sugars act as donors for sugar residues in the glycosylation reactions that produce polysaccharides. They are substrates for glycosyltransferases. The nucleotide sugars are also intermediates in nucleotide sugar interconversions that produce som... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is criticised for giving select demographic groups disproportionate access to a means of creating a child possessing characteristics that they consider "ideal". Many fertile couples now demand equal access to embryonic screening so that their child can be just as healthy as one ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The many different software packages available to the NMR spectroscopy community have traditionally employed a number of different data formats and standards to represent computational information. The inception of CCPN was partly to look at this situation and to develop a more unified approach. It was deemed that mult... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-competitive inhibition models a system where the inhibitor and the substrate may both be bound to the enzyme at any given time. When both the substrate and the inhibitor are bound, the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex cannot form product and can only be converted back to the enzyme-substrate complex or the enzyme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solomon's considerable contributions to science have been recognised by his peers through election to the following Academies:
* Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (FIChemE, 2007)
* Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS, 2004).
* Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, the salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m. Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m or higher. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl chloroformate, pyridine or aqueous sodium hydroxide at ambient temperature
* Electrolysis
* Deprotection using zinc metal | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following is an example of the algorithm for determining the axis/angle representation of misorientation between two texture components given as Euler angles:
:Copper [90,35,45]
:S3 [59,37,63]
The first step is converting the Euler angle representation, to an orientation matrix by:
where and represent and of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a growth-optimizing investor in a fair game with mutually exclusive outcomes
(e.g. a “horse race” in which the official odds add up to one).
The rate of return expected by such an investor is equal to the relative entropy
between the investor's believed probabilities and the official odds.
This is a special ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The remediation, or removal, of PCBs from estuarian and coastal river sediments is quite difficult due to the overlying water column and the potential for resuspension of contaminants during the removal process. The most common method of PCB extraction from sediments is to dredge an area and dispose of the sediments in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electronegativity, symbolized as , is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atoms electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2014 SaskPower a provincial-owned electric utility finished renovations on Boundary Dams boiler number 3 making it the worlds first post-combustion carbon capture storage facility. The renovation project ended up costing a little over $1.2 billion and can scrub out and toxins from up to 90 percent of the flue gas t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8–12 glucose units and 2,000-60,000 residues per one molecule of glycogen.
Like amylopectin, glucose units are linked together linearly by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As early as the late 18th century and early 19th century, the digestion of meat by stomach secretions and the conversion of starch to sugars by plant extracts and saliva were known. However, the mechanism by which this occurred had not been identified.
In the 19th century, when studying the fermentation of sugar to alc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For gene knockout investigations, RNA interference (RNAi), a more recent method, also known as gene silencing, has gained popularity. In RNA interference (RNAi), messenger RNA for a particular gene is inactivated using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA). This effectively stops the gene from bein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology developed over the past decades (1990's and onward). that allows for the noninvasive study of ongoing biological processes Recently, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has become possible and several systems have become commercially available. In 2011, PerkinElmer acquired o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exponential amplification via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction provides for a highly sensitive technique in which a very low copy number of RNA molecules can be detected. RT-PCR is widely used in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and, semiquantitatively, in the determination of the abundance of speci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alexis Constantin Georg Pappas (16 October 1915 – 12 February 2010) was a Norwegian chemist. Born in London to Greek expatriates in 1915, he moved to Norway a few years later together with his parents. He specialized in nuclear chemistry, and was a professor from 1957 to 1985.
His family used to live in Belgium, but so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bismuth polycations form despite the fact that they possess fewer total valence electrons than would seem necessary for the number of sigma bonds. The shapes of these clusters are generally dictated by Wade's rules, which are based on the treatment of the electronic structure as delocalized molecular orbitals. The bond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible. In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (cooking oil, chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes. Restriction enzymes are commonly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Type I photosensitized reactions, the photosensitizer is excited by a light source into a triplet state. The excited, triplet state photosensitizer then reacts with a substrate molecule which is not molecular oxygen to both form a product and reform the photosensitizer. Type I photosensitized reactions result in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Increased risk might be posed by the expected rise in total sulphur emissions from 4,400 kilotonnes (kt) in 1990 to 6,500 kt in 2000, 10,900 kt in 2010 and 18,500 in 2020. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1927, Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a "giant hereditary molecule" which would be made up of "two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template". Max Delbrück, Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky, and Karl G. Zimmer published results... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic requirements for the formation of euxinic conditions are the absence of oxygen (O), and the presence of sulfate ions (SO), organic matter (CHO), and bacteria capable of reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (HS). The bacteria utilize the redox potential of sulfate as an oxidant and organic matter as a reductan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wetland restoration involves restoring a wetlands natural biological, geological, and chemical functions through re-establishment or rehabilitation. It has also been proposed as a potential climate change mitigation strategy. Wetland soil, particularly in coastal wetlands such as mangroves, sea grasses, and salt marshe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In optics, two non-Lambertian sources that emit beamed energy can interact in a way that causes a shift in the spectral lines. It is analogous to a pair of tuning forks with similar frequencies (pitches), connected together mechanically with a sounding board; there is a strong coupling that results in the resonant freq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several researchers in nanochemistry that have been credited with the development of the field. Geoffrey A. Ozin, from the University of Toronto, is known as one of the "founding fathers of Nanochemistry" due to his four and a half decades of research on this subject. This research includes the study of matri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of crude oil.
The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion probl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The current editor in chief of JBIC is Nils Metzler-Nolte (Ruhr University Bochum). He followed Lawrence Que (University of Minnesota) who led the journal from 1999 to 2020 and succeeded Ivano Bertini (University of Florence) who was the founding editor of JBIC. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FSIS is a subsection of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which is tasked with the responsibility of "ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged." The USDA partnered with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supercritical hydrolysis is a method of converting all biomass polysaccharides as well the associated lignin into low molecular compounds by contacting with water alone under supercritical conditions. The supercritical water, acts as a solvent, a supplier of bond-breaking thermal energy, a heat transfer agent and as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The expression of VMAT1 in healthy endocrine cells was compared to VMAT1 expression in infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and adults with pancreatic endocrine tumors. Through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), they found VMAT1 and VMAT2 were located in mutually exclusive cell types, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coagulation, the formation of a blood clot or thrombus, occurs when the proteins of the coagulation cascade are activated, either by contact with a damaged blood vessel wall and exposure to collagen in the tissue space (intrinsic pathway) or by activation of factor VII by tissue activating factors (extrinsic pathway). ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
in sodium hydroxide at 50–70 °C followed by crystallizing the filtered product. If crystallized below 10 °C, the decahydrate forms. Above 10 °C, the dihydate crystallizes. The anhydrous salt is obtained by heating this product at 100 °C. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first mention of any research or study of the gold halides dates back to the early-to-mid-19th century, and there are three primary researchers associated with the extensive investigation of this particular area of chemistry: Thomsen, Schottländer, and Krüss. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxyntomodulin could be a potential candidate for treating obesity because of its ability to suppress appetite. In a 4 week study, healthy overweight and obese volunteers were given either saline or oxyntomodulin injections. Their body weight, energy intake, and the levels of adipose hormones were taken prior to the tre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2021, Abouzar Mirzaei-Paiaman investigated the validity of Craigs rules of thumb and showed that while the third rule is generally unreliable, the first rule is suitable. Moreover, he showed that the second rule needed a modification. He pointed out that using 50% water saturation as a reference value in the Craigs ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As public concern arose about the disposal of increased volumes of solids in the United States being removed from sewage during sewage treatment mandated by the Clean Water Act. The Water Environment Federation (WEF) sought a new name to distinguish the clean, agriculturally viable product generated by modern wastewate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The genome size, and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms. The smallest genomes occur in viruses, and viroids (which act as a single non-coding RNA gene). Conversely, plants can have extremely large genomes, with rice containing >46,000 protein-coding genes. The total number of protein-coding ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The surface-area-to-volume ratio or surface-to-volume ratio (denoted as SA:V, SA/V, or sa/vol) is the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.
SA:V is an important concept in science and engineering. It is used to explain the relation between structure and function in processes occur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cobalt(III) chloride or cobaltic chloride is an unstable and elusive compound of cobalt and chlorine with formula . In this compound, the cobalt atoms have a formal charge of +3.
The compound has been reported to exist in the gas phase at high temperatures, in equilibrium with cobalt(II) chloride and chlorine gas. It... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The synthesis of isocyanates from amines illustrates the electrophilic character of this reagent and its use in introducing the equivalent synthon "CO":
:, where R = alkyl, aryl
Such reactions are conducted on laboratory scale in the presence of a base such as pyridine that neutralizes the hydrogen chloride side-produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Susceptibility to photo-oxidation varies depending on the chemical structure of the polymer. Some materials have excellent stability, such as fluoropolymers, polyimides, silicones and certain acrylate polymers. However, global polymer production is dominated by a range of commodity plastics which account for the majori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In inlet boundary conditions, the distribution of all flow variables needs to be specified at inlet boundaries mainly flow velocity. This type of boundary conditions are common and specified mostly where inlet flow velocity is known. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol or J/mol) is the unit of energy per amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI), such that energy is measured in joules, and the amount of substance is measured in moles.
It is also an SI derived unit of molar thermodynamic energy defined as the energy equal to one j... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xing Qiyi () was a Chinese organic chemist who contributed to the total synthesis of bovine insulin, Xing is still well-known nowadays in China as the main editor of a highly-influential organic chemistry textbook. He was a member of China Democratic League since 1952. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evans and his co-workers has developed a strategy that relies heavily on asymmetric aldol methodology for the production of the polypropionate backbone. They used a Claisen condensation reaction to construct the C(13)–C(14) trisubstituted Z-olefin. The Evans synthesis of (+)-discodermolide has an overall yield of 6.4%... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (, the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endonucleases are enzymes that recognise and cleave nucleic acid segments and they can be used to direct DNA assembly. Of the different types of restriction enzymes, the type II restriction enzymes are the most commonly available and used because their cleavage sites are located near or in their recognition sites. Henc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting (trans-regulatory, trans-regulation), in general, means "acting from a different molecule" (i.e., intermolecular). It may be considered the opposite of cis-acting (cis-regulatory, cis-regulation), which, in general, means "acting from the same molecule" (i.e., intramolec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a dense, highly volatile, clear, colourless, nonflammable liquid with a chloroform-like sweet odour. It is very slightly soluble in water and miscible with various organic solvents. Halothane can decompose to hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on characteristic that molecules usually have extraordinarily larger Stokes shift when ESIPT occurs, various applications have been developed using red-shifted fluorescence. Applications include turn-on photoluminescence sensor, photochromic, non-destructive optical memory, and white-light emitting materials.
Bec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
fMRS has been used in migraine and pain research. It has supported the important hypothesis of mitochondria dysfunction in migraine with aura (MwA) patients. Here the ability of fMRS to measure chemical processes in the brain over time proved crucial for confirming that repetitive photic stimulation causes higher incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gram-positive bacteria that participate in quorum sensing typically use secreted oligopeptides as autoinducers. Peptide autoinducers usually result from posttranslational modification of a larger precursor molecule. In many Gram-positive bacteria, secretion of peptides requires specialized export mechanisms. For exa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A is a scientific journal which reports research on the chemistry of molecules - including their dynamics, spectroscopy, kinetics, structure, bonding, and quantum chemistry. It is published weekly by the American Chemical Society.
Before 1997 the title was simply Journal of Physical C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1974 Bryan Research and Engineering (BR&E) began developing simulation software for sulfur recovery units with a command-line interface. In 1976 this program was released under the name SULFUR. Amine sweetening, for which BR&E is most well known, was added in 1978 and the simulation package was renamed TSWEET. A ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common side effects associated with oral vancomycin administration (used to treat intestinal infections) include:
* gastrointestinal adverse effects (such as abdominal pain and nausea);
* dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste), in case of administration of vancomycin oral solution, but not in case of vancomycin capsules... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnetometers are used to measure or monitor mechanical stress in ferromagnetic materials. Mechanical stress will improve alignment of magnetic domains in microscopic scale that will raise the magnetic field measured close to the material by magnetometers. There are different hypothesis about stress-magnetisation relat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry Harrison-Meldola Award
* 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry Marlow Award
* 2017 EBSA Young Investigator Award and Medal
* 2018 Klung Wilhelmy Science Award (Chemistry)
* 2019 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists UK (Chemistry) Laureate
* 2021 [https://www.rms.org.uk/opportunities/compe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diagnostic qualitative PCR is applied to rapidly detect nucleic acids that are diagnostic of, for example, infectious diseases, cancer and genetic abnormalities. The introduction of qualitative PCR assays to the clinical microbiology laboratory has significantly improved the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and is dep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a considerable time following the first tRNA structures, the field of RNA structure did not dramatically advance. The ability to study an RNA structure depended upon the potential to isolate the RNA target. This proved limiting to the field for many years, in part because other known targets—i.e., the ribosome—we... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the ultrasonic reactor method, the ultrasonic waves cause the reaction mixture to produce and collapse bubbles constantly; this cavitation simultaneously provides the mixing and heating required to carry out the transesterification process. Use of an ultrasonic reactor for biodiesel production can drastically reduce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The five āstikāya mentioned in the text are :—
#Jīva (soul),
# Pudgala (matter),
#Dharma (medium of motion),
#Adharma (medium of rest), and
#Akasa (space) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fixed aRME are established either by silencing of one allele that previously has been biallelically expressed, or by activation of a single allele from previously silent gene. Expression activation of the silent allele is coupled with a feedback mechanism that prevents expression of the second allele. Another scenario ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Invisible ink: when suspended in solution, cobalt(II) chloride can be made to appear invisible on a surface; when that same surface is subsequently exposed to significant heat (such as from a handheld heat gun or lighter) the ink reversibly changes to blue.
* Cobalt chloride is an established chemical inducer of hypo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A solution of 13.0 g (0.1 mol) of 1-octanol in 25 mL of dichloromethane was added dropwise to a solution of 16.1 g (0.1 mol) of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride in 60 mL of dichloromethane cooled to –70° to –65°. The reaction mixture was warmed to 25°, 50 mL of water was added, and the lower organic layer was separated a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biomaterial surfaces are often modified using light-activated mechanisms (such as photografting) to functionalize the surface without compromising bulk mechanical properties.
The modification of surfaces to keep polymers biologically inert has found wide uses in biomedical applications such as cardiovascular stents and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a centrosymmetric ligand field, such as in octahedral complexes of transition metals, the arrangement of electrons in the d-orbital is not only limited by electron repulsion energy, but it is also related to the splitting of the orbitals due to the ligand field. This leads to many more electron configuration states ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the definition above for and , the first and second derivatives can be expressed in terms of the Faddeeva function as
and
respectively.
Often, one or multiple Voigt profiles and/or their respective derivatives need to be fitted to a measured signal by means of non-linear least squares, e.g., in spectroscopy. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prototropy is the most common form of tautomerism and refers to the relocation of a hydrogen atom. Prototropic tautomerism may be considered a subset of acid-base behavior. Prototropic tautomers are sets of isomeric protonation states with the same empirical formula and total charge. Tautomerizations are catalyzed by:
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* During Underway replenishment the helmsman of each ship must constantly steer away from the other ship due to the Venturi effect, otherwise they will collide.
* Cargo eductors on oil product and chemical ship tankers
* Inspirators mix air and flammable gas in grills, gas stoves, Bunsen burners and airbrushes
* Water ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is typical that the lasing properties of a medium are determined by the temperature and the population at the excited laser level, and are not sensitive to the method of excitation used to achieve it. In this case, the absorption cross-section
and the emission cross-section
at frequency can be related to the laser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Merely giving a treatment can have nonspecific effects. These are controlled for by the inclusion of patients who receive only a placebo. Subjects are assigned randomly without informing them to which group they belonged. Many trials are doubled-blinded so that researchers do not know to which group a subject is assign... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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