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Pd(PPh) is widely used as a catalyst for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Prominent applications include the Heck reaction, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Sonogashira coupling, and Negishi coupling. These processes begin with two successive ligand dissociations followed by the oxidative addition of an aryl ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much of the past research into the composition and toxicity of UCM hydrocarbons has been conducted by the Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group (PEGG) at the University of Plymouth, UK. As well as the hydrocarbon UCM, oils also contain more polar compounds such as those containing oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinopyroxene thermobarometry is usually used by mining industries. It is particularly helpful to the diamond industry, so many stakeholders possess pressure and temperature data regarding the formation of rocks that contain diamonds. This is important because diamonds are usually found in kimberlites, but kimberlites ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, which can be found free or "native". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves dating to the late Paleolithic period, 40,000 BC. Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can also be found in native form, allowing a limited amount of me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy. This chemical energy is eventually used in the conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar in plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar endosymbiosis event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian bio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GenePattern is available:
# As a free public web application, hosted on Amazon Web Services. Users can create accounts, perform analyses, and create pipelines on the server.
# As open-source software that can be downloaded and installed locally.
# Public web servers hosted by other organizations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycals can be formed as pyranose (six-membered) or furanose (five-membered) rings, depending on the monosaccharide used as a starting material to synthesize the glycal. Glycals can also be classified as endo-glycals or exo-glycals. A glycal is an endo-glycal when the double bond is within the ring. If the hydroxyl gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although lichens had been recognized as organisms for quite some time, it was not until 1867, when Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposed his dual theory of lichens, that lichens are a combination of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria, whereby the true nature of the lichen association began to emerge. Schwendeners hy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supercritical fluids can be used to deposit functional nanostructured films and nanometer-size particles of metals onto surfaces. The high diffusivities and concentrations of precursor in the fluid as compared to the vacuum systems used in chemical vapour deposition allow deposition to occur in a surface reaction rate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A deuterated drug is a small molecule medicinal product in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms contained in the drug molecule have been replaced by its heavier stable isotope deuterium. Because of the kinetic isotope effect, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of metabolism, and hence a lo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lattice parameters of unknown crystal phases can be obtained from X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction data. Single-crystal diffraction experiments supply orientation matrices, from which lattice parameters can be deduced. Alternatively, lattice parameters can be obtained from powder or polycrystal diffraction data ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Scripps Research Institute has a portfolio of click-chemistry patents. Licensees include Invitrogen, Allozyne, Aileron, Integrated Diagnostics, and the biotech company , a BASF spin-off created to sell products made using click chemistry. Moreover, holds a worldwide exclusive license for the research and diagnosti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Here the radius of the cylinder is not , but a slightly distorted form . Then the solution to first-order approximation is | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the outer sphere model the donor or acceptor and the tightly bound solvation shells or the complex' ligands were considered to form rigid structures which do not change in the course of electron transfer. However, the distances in the inner sphere are dependent on the charge of donor and acceptor, e.g. the central i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adair Crawford was born in Crumlin, Belfast, the son of Rev Thomas Crawford. He studied medicine at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities. He qualified MA in 1770 and then worked at St Georges Hospital in London before qualifying MD in 1780. He was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, London, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*American Chemical Society PROGRESS/Dreyfus Lectureship Award (Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Special Grant Program in the Chemical Sciences)
*NSF CAREER Award on Mechanistic Studies of Nucleotide Reactivity
*Alfred P. Sloan Fellow
*Faculty of Arts and Sciences Award for Distinguished Contributions to Undergradua... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polycationic complexes tend to form ion pairs with anions and these ion pairs often undergo reactions via the I pathway. The electrostatically held nucleophile can exchange positions with a ligand in the first coordination sphere, resulting in net substitution. An illustrative process comes from the "anation" (reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants. It owes the names to the 1960s discovery by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack.
fixation is an addition to the ancestral and more common carbon fixation. The main carboxylating enzyme i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Ashton, T. S. Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution (2nd edn., 1951).
* Bernal, John Desmond, Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century, Indiana University Press, 1970.
* D’Costa, Anthony P. The Global Restructuring of the Steel Industry: Innovations, Institutions, and Industrial Change London: Routledge, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vibrational properties of LAGP could be directly probed using Raman spectroscopy. LAGP shows the Raman features characteristic of all the NASICON-type materials, most of which caused by the vibrational motions of PO units. The main spectral regions in a Raman spectrum of NASICON-type materials are summarized in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Almost all known substances undergo thermal expansion in response to heating, meaning that a given mass of substance contracts to a low volume at low temperatures, when little thermal energy is present. Substances, especially fluids in which intermolecular forces are weak, also undergo compression upon the application... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aquatic biomonitoring is the science of inferring the ecological condition of rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands by examining the organisms (fish, invertebrates, insects, plants, and algae) that live there. While aquatic biomonitoring is the most common form of biomonitoring, any ecosystem can be studied in this mann... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sensitive electronic equipment are vulnerable to interference and unauthorized surveillance. These products also require protection from high voltages. Radio frequency (RF) shielding can address these issues by reducing the transmission of electric or magnetic fields from one space to another.
Copper is an excellent ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is an energy transfer mechanism where two molecules in their triplet excited states interact to form a ground state molecule and an excited molecule in its singlet state. This mechanism is example of Dexter energy transfer mechanism. In triplet-triplet annihilation, one molecule trans... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,3-diaxial strain is another form of strain similar to syn-pentane. In this case, the strain occurs due to steric interactions between a substituent of a cyclohexane ring (α) and gauche interactions between the alpha substituent and both methylene carbons two bonds away from the substituent in question (hence, 1,3-di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different influences at the interface may cause changes in the composition of the near-surface layer. Substances may either accumulate near the surface or, conversely, move into the bulk. The movement of the molecules characterizes the phenomena of adsorption. Adsorption influences changes in surface tension and col... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritrophic interactions in plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies. They may also be called multitrophic interactions when further trophic levels, such as soil microbes, endophytes, or hyperparasitoids (high... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compared with β-carbon elimination, oxidative addition of C-C bond is a more direct way of C-C bond activation. However, it is more challenging to do for the following reasons: 1) It forms two weak M-C bonds at the expense of breaking a stable C-C bond, so it is energetically unfavorable; 2) the C-C bond is usually hin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiophosphates (or phosphorothioates, PS) are chemical compounds and anions with the general chemical formula (x = 0, 1, 2, or 3) and related derivatives where organic groups are attached to one or more O or S. Thiophosphates feature tetrahedral phosphorus(V) centers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lumirubin is a structural isomer of bilirubin, which is formed during phototherapy used to treat neonatal jaundice. This polar isomer resulting from the blue-green lights of phototherapy has an active site to albumin, and its effects are considered less toxic than those of bilirubin. Lumirubin is excreted into bile or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Senescence in cells is a state in which cells are metabolically active but are no longer able to replicate. pRb is an important regulator of senescence in cells and since this prevents proliferation, senescence is an important antitumor mechanism. pRb may occupy E2F-regulated promoters during senescence. For example, p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modern spectroscopy in the Western world started in the 17th century. New designs in optics, specifically prisms, enabled systematic observations of the solar spectrum. Isaac Newton first applied the word spectrum to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light. During the early 1800s, Joseph von Fra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many cross-couplings entail forming carbon–carbon bonds.
The restrictions on carbon atom geometry mainly inhibit β-hydride elimination when complexed to the catalyst. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several ways of exposure to these hepatotoxins that humans can encounter one of which is through recreational activities like swimming, surfing, fishing, and other activities involving direct contact with contaminated water. Another rare, yet extremely toxic, route of exposure that has been identified by scie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Corinthian bronze, also named Corinthian brass or aes Corinthiacum, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with gold or silver (or both), although it has also been contended that it was simply a very high grade of bronze, or a kind of bronze that was manufactur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, secular equilibrium is a situation in which the quantity of a radioactive isotope remains constant because its production rate (e.g., due to decay of a parent isotope) is equal to its decay rate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In land plants, the plastids that contain chlorophyll can perform photosynthesis, thereby creating internal chemical energy from external sunlight energy while capturing carbon from Earths atmosphere and furnishing the atmosphere with life-giving oxygen. These are the chlorophyll-plastids'and they are named chloroplast... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The syllogism of the school was similar to that of the Nyāya school of Hinduism, but the names given by to the 5 members of syllogism are different. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a typical balanced chemical reaction:
The lowercase letters (, , , and ) represent stoichiometric coefficients, while the capital letters represent the reactants ( and ) and the products ( and ).
According to IUPAC's Gold Book definition
the reaction rate for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LOV-domains are a sub-class of PAS domains and were first identified in plants as part of Phototropin, which plays an essential role in the plant's growth towards light. They noncovalently bind Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as coenzyme. Due to the bound FMN LOV-domains exhibit an intrinsic fluorescence, which is however ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As carbon dioxide concentrations rise, the rate at which sugars are made by the light-independent reactions increases until limited by other factors. RuBisCO, the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light-independent reactions, has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the concentration of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaeology is not the only field to make use of radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dates can also be used in geology, sedimentology, and lake studies, for example. The ability to date minute samples using AMS has meant that palaeobotanists and palaeoclimatologists can use radiocarbon dating directly on pollen purified fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A wide variety of techniques can be used to analyze the interfacial layer, often SAXS, NMR, AFM, STM are used, but other methods, like measuring the refractive index can reveal information as well.
Small-angle X-ray diffraction provides data about the size and dispersion of the nanoparticles, and gives information abou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pyrenean ibex went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The French Chemical Society's Médaille Lavoisier is given for work or actions which have enhanced the perceived value of chemistry in society. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO) to methane (CH) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.
CO methanation has many practical applications. It is a means of carbon oxide removal from process gases and is also be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Acidification − Browning enzymes, as other enzymes, are active at a specific range of pH. For example, PPO shows optimal activity at pH 5-7 and is inhibited below pH 3. Acidifying agents and acidity regulators are widely used as food additives to maintain a desired pH in food products. Acidulants, such as citric acid,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to use the FSR to predict the depth of rainfall from a storm of a given duration and return period. The FSR includes values for two key variables mapped across the UK: the M5-60 minutes rainfall, and the ratio "r".
*M5-60 minutes rainfall is the expected depth of rainfall in millimetres (mm) from a storm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chiral allylic stannane 1 adds to acrolein to yield the 1,5-syn diastereomer as a single stereoisomer. A subsequent sigmatropic rearrangement increased the distance between the stereocenters even further. This step was carried out en route to (±)-patulolide C.
Repeated use of the allylic stannane addition in an int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary advantage to hyperspectral imaging is that, because an entire spectrum is acquired at each point, the operator needs no prior knowledge of the sample, and postprocessing allows all available information from the dataset to be mined. Hyperspectral imaging can also take advantage of the spatial relationships ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ertl is one of the editors of the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis. ()
Ertl is the co-editor of Engineering Of Chemical Complexity. 2013, World Scientific Publishing. () | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Small hole drilling EDM is used in a variety of applications.
On wire-cut EDM machines, small hole drilling EDM is used to make a through hole in a workpiece through which to thread the wire for the wire-cut EDM operation. A separate EDM head specifically for small hole drilling is mounted on a wire-cut machine and all... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The He Jiankui affair is a scientific and bioethical controversy concerning the use of genome editing following its first use on humans by Chinese scientist He Jiankui, who edited the genomes of human embryos in 2018. He became widely known on 26 November 2018 after he announced that he had created the first human gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) is a specific form of flow velocimetry, a technique for determining the velocity of currents in fluids such as air and water. In its simplest form, a single "write" laser beam is shot once through the sample space. Along its path an optically induced chemical process is initiated, re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carboxylates bind to single metals by one or both oxygen atoms, the respective notation being κ- and κ-. In terms of electron counting, κ-carboxylates are "X"-type ligands, i.e., a pseudohalide-like. κ-carboxylates are "L-X ligands", i.e. resembling the combination of a Lewis base (L) and a pseudohalide (X). Carboxylat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LAGP-based membranes have been applied as separators in lithium-sulfur batteries. LAGP allows the transfer of lithium ions from anode to cathode but, at the same time, prevents the diffusion of polysulfides from the cathode, suppressing the polysulfide shuttle effect and enhancing the overall performance of the battery... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to polydentate ligands, ambidentate ligands can attach to the central atom in either one of two (or more) places, but not both. An example is thiocyanate, SCN, which can attach at either the sulfur atom or the nitrogen atom. Such compounds give rise to linkage isomerism.
Polydentate and ambidentate are ther... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the quantum statistics of a completely degenerate electron gas (all the lowest quantum states are occupied), the pressure and the density of a white dwarf are calculated in terms of the maximum electron momentum standardized as , with pressure and density , where
is the mean molecular weight of the gas, and is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Historically, the theory was used to model nonuniform adsorbates and multi-components solutes. For certain pairs of adsorbates and adsorbents, the mathematical parameters of the Polyani theory can be related to the physicochemical properties of both adsorbents and adsorbates. The theory has been used to model the adsor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Malcolm Cuthbert Nokes MC MA BSc (20 May 1897 – 22 November 1986) was a British schoolteacher, soldier, research scientist and Olympic athlete, who competed in the hammer throw and discus throw. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gadolin became famous for his description of the first rare-earth element, yttrium. In 1792 Gadolin received a sample of black, heavy mineral found in a quarry in a Swedish village Ytterby near Stockholm by Carl Axel Arrhenius. By careful experiments, Gadolin determined that approximately 38% of the sample was a previo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1, also known as SFRP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SFRP1 gene. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is difficult to think physically about what the Joule–Thomson coefficient, , represents. Also, modern determinations of do not use the original method used by Joule and Thomson, but instead measure a different, closely related quantity. Thus, it is useful to derive relationships between and other, more convenientl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The palladacycles can be neutral, cationic, or anionic. Depending on the nature of the coordinating ligands, the neutral palladacycles can be monomers, dimers, or bis-cyclopalladated. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beyond the use of armourstone, closures can also be achieved solely with sand. This method necessitates a substantial dredging capacity. In the Netherlands, sand closures have been successfully implemented in various projects, including the Oesterdam, the Philipsdam, and the construction of the Second Maasvlakte. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using chiral phosphines as spectator ligands, catalysts have been developed for catalytic asymmetric hydrosilation. A well studied reaction is the addition of trichlorosilane to styrene to give 1-phenyl-1-(trichlorosilyl)ethane:
:ClSiH + PhCH=CH → (Ph)(CH)CHSiCl
Nearly perfect enantioselectivities (ee's) can be achieve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoluminescence processes can be classified by various parameters such as the energy of the exciting photon with respect to the emission.
Resonant excitation describes a situation in which photons of a particular wavelength are absorbed and equivalent photons are very rapidly re-emitted. This is often referred to as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jai Pal Mittal was born on 21 September 1940 in Meerut in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. He completed his graduate (BSc) and master's studies (MSc) in chemistry from the Agra University and migrated to Mumbai in 1959, looking for career opportunities. He joined the Training School of Atomic Energy Establishment, er... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from synaptic plasticity failure. BC200 RNA plays a role in the dendrites of neurons thought to modulate synthesis of proteins that influence this plasticity. Researchers posit that upregulation of BC200 RNA results in an inadequate delivery of RNA to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These multiple forms (isoforms or subtypes) of phosphodiesterase were isolated from rat brain using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the early 1970s by Weiss and coworkers, and were soon afterward shown to be selectively inhibited by a variety of drugs in brain and other tissues, also by Weiss and coworkers.
The p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common sources of natural gamma rays are potassium, thorium, and uranium. These elements are found in feldspars (i.e. granites, feldspathic), volcanic and igneous rocks, sands containing volcanic ash, and clays.
Gamma-ray measurement has the following applications:
* Well to well correlation: gamma-ray log flu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hot blast allowed the use of anthracite in iron smelting. It also allowed use of lower quality coal because less fuel meant proportionately less sulfur and ash.
At the time the process was invented, good coking coal was only available in sufficient quantities in Great Britain and western Germany, so iron furnaces in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many efforts have been made to improve the Haber–Bosch process. Many metals were tested as catalysts. The requirement for suitability is the dissociative adsorption of nitrogen (i. e. the nitrogen molecule must be split into nitrogen atoms upon adsorption). If the binding of the nitrogen is too strong, the catalyst is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DeepVelo is a neural network–based ordinary differential equation that can model complex transcriptome dynamics by describing continuous-time gene expression changes within individual cells. DeepVelo has been applied to public datasets from different sequencing platforms to (i) formulate transcriptome dynamics on diffe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary (2°) phosphines, with the formula RPH, are prepared analogously to the primary phosphines. They are also obtained by alkali-metal reductive cleavage of triarylphosphines followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphide salt. The latter route is employed to prepare diphenylphosphine (PhPH). Diorganophosphi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One limitation is the energy loss in methane-producing bioelectrochemical systems. This occurs as a result of overpotentials occurring at the anode, membrane, and biocathode. The energy loss reduces efficiency significantly. Another limitation is the biocathode. Because the biocathode is so important in electron exchan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A microbatch usually involves immersing a very small volume of protein droplets in oil (as little as 1 µl). The reason that oil is required is because such low volume of protein solution is used and therefore evaporation must be inhibited to carry out the experiment aqueously. Although there are various oils that can b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hypothermia continues to be a major limitation to swimming or diving in cold water. The reduction in finger dexterity due to pain or numbness decreases general safety and work capacity, which consequently increases the risk of other injuries.
Other factors predisposing to immersion hypothermia include dehydration, inad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cast iron piping was traditionally made with one "spigot" end (plain, which was cut to length as needed) and one "socket" or "hub" end (cup-shaped). The larger-diameter hub was also called a "bell" because of its shape.
In use, the spigot of one segment was placed into the socket of the preceding one, and a ring of oak... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Heat treatment − Treating food with heat, such as blanching or roasting, de-naturates enzymes and destroys the reactants responsible for browning. Blanching is used, for example, in winemaking, tea processing, storing nuts and bacon, and preparing vegetables for freezing preservation. Meat is often partially browned u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystal chemistry is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids, as well as the chemical properties of periodic structures. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the techno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, a magneto-optical trap (MOT) is an apparatus which uses laser cooling and a spatially-varying magnetic field to create a trap which can produce samples of cold, neutral atoms. Temperatures achieved in a MOT can be as low as several microkelvin, depending on the atomic species,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky: Ninetieth birthday. Sat. - M., 1952.
* Zelinsky A.N. [http://www.rv.ru/content.php3?id=11132 Спаси и сохрани: К 100-летию «Противогаза Зелинского»] // Russian Bulletin - 07/03/2015.
* Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coordination complexes are so pervasive that their structures and reactions are described in many ways, sometimes confusingly. The atom within a ligand that is bonded to the central metal atom or ion is called the donor atom. In a typical complex, a metal ion is bonded to several donor atoms, which can be the same or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boussinesq approximation is applied to problems where the fluid varies in temperature (or composition) from one place to another, driving a flow of fluid and heat transfer (or mass transfer). The fluid satisfies conservation of mass, conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. In the Boussinesq approximati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theories developed in the early 20th century to integrate Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley.
This view of evolution was emphasized by George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed that the Mendelian gene is a unit of nat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epoxidation of allyl- and vinylsilanes can be easily accomplished with peracids. Silyl epoxides can be converted into ketones, aldehydes, or alkenes after selective epoxide opening and elimination. When allylsilanes are combined with peracids, the intermediate epoxides are usually converted to allylic alcohols before i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of transcription (by any polymerase) involves three main stages:
*Initiation, requiring the construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter
*Elongation, the synthesis of the RNA transcript
*Termination, the finishing of RNA transcription, and disassembly of the RNA polymerase complex | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prior to the discovery of archaea capable of ammonia oxidation, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were considered the only organisms capable of ammonia oxidation. Since their discovery in 2005, two isolates of AOAs have been cultivated: Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Nitrososphaera viennensis. When comparing AOB and AOA, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All the above kiln designs produce exhaust gas that carries an appreciable amount of dust. Lime dust is particularly corrosive. Equipment is installed to trap this dust, typically in the form of electrostatic precipitators or bag filters. The dust usually contains a high concentration of elements such as alkali metals,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The same procedure as used in acidic medium can be applied, for example, to balance the complete combustion of propane:
:Unbalanced reaction: CH + O → CO + HO
:Reduction: 4 H + O + 4 e → 2 HO
:Oxidation: 6 HO + CH → 3 CO + 20 e + 20 H
By multiplying the stoichiometric coefficients so the numbers of electrons in both ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biofilm that develops in a trickling filter may become several millimetres thick and is typically a gelatinous matrix that may contain many species of bacteria, ciliates and amoeboid protozoa, annelids, round worms, insect larvae, other microfauna. (If annelids are abundant, the filter may be considered a vermifil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These 35 primordial nuclides represent radioisotopes of 28 distinct chemical elements (cadmium, neodymium, osmium, samarium, tellurium, uranium, and xenon each have two primordial radioisotopes). The radionuclides are listed in order of stability, with the longest half-life beginning the list. These radionuclides in ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The properties of a material in nanoparticle form are unusually different from those of the bulk one even when divided into micrometer-size particles. Many of them arise from spatial confinement of sub-atomic particles (i.e. electrons, protons, photons) and electric fields around these particles. The large surface to v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Laminin–111 (also "laminin–1") is a protein of the type known as laminin isoforms. It was among the first of the laminin isoforms to be discovered. The "111" identifies the isoform's chain composition of α1β1γ1. This protein plays an important role in embryonic development. Injections of this substance are used in trea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphorus tribromide, like PCl and PF, has both properties of a Lewis base and a Lewis acid. For example, with a Lewis acid such as boron tribromide it forms stable 1 :1 adducts such as BrB · PBr. At the same time PBr can react as an electrophile or Lewis acid in many of its reactions, for example with amines.
An im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GCaMP is a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) initially developed in 2001 by Junichi Nakai. It is a synthetic fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin (CaM), and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light-chain kinase. When bound to Ca, GCaMP fluoresces green with a peak excitation wavelength of 4... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Winifred Burks-Houck was born on August 20, 1950, in Anniston, Alabama, to parents Matthew Burks and Mary Emma Goodson-Burks. She was the great, great, great-granddaughter of noted abolitionist Harriet Tubman.
Burks-Houck pledged as a member of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority as an undergraduate student at Dillard Unive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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