text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
During World War I, various forms of tear gas were used in combat and tear gas was the most common form of chemical weapon used. None of the belligerents believed that the use of irritant gases violated the Hague Convention of 1899 which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. Use of chemical wea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many PAFPs have been engineered from existing fluorescent proteins or identified from large-scale screens in the wake of Kaede's discovery. Many of these undergo green-to-red photoconversion, but other colors are available. Some proteins take part in irreversible photoconversion reactions while other reactions can be r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclamin is used as an ingredient for a nasal spray to reduce the tension of the wall and induce secretion of mucous. Furthermore, due to its toxic effects on different (cancer) cell types, cyclamin might be considered for use as chemotherapeutic drug. However, more research first has to be done to reduce its toxicity ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) is a device that relies on a thin-film optical waveguide, enclosing a discrete number of guided electromagnetic waves. Guidance is achieved by means of a grating coupler. It is based on the measurements of effective refractive index of a thin-film layer above the waveguid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One advantage of spectrograph mode is the ability to acquire IPES spectra over a wide range of photon energies simultaneously. Additionally, the incident electron energy remains fixed which allows better focusing of the electron beam on the sample. Furthermore, by changing the incident electron energy the electronic st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction is a natural... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pulse electrolysis is an alternate electrolysis method that utilises a pulsed direct current to initiate non-spontaneous chemical reactions. Also known as pulsed direct current (PDC) electrolysis, the increased number of variables that it introduces to the electrolysis method can change the application of the current t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An organism is suitable for a GUS assay if it lacks naturally occurring β-glucuronidase activity or if the activity is very low (background activity). For this reason, the assay is not useful in most vertebrates and many molluscs. Since there is no detectable GUS activity in higher plants, mosses, algae, ferns, fungi a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exact differential for a differentiable scalar function defined in an open domain is equal to , where is the gradient of , represents the scalar product, and is the general differential displacement vector, if an orthogonal coordinate system is used. If is of differentiability class (continuously differentia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a strong base, lithium tert-butoxide is easily protonated.
Lithium tert-butoxide is used to prepare other tert-butoxide compounds such as copper(I) t-butoxide and hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III):
:2 MoCl(thf) + 6 LiOBu-t → Mo(OBu-t) + 6 LiCl + 6 thf | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Here is a summary of the sequence of events that take place in synaptic transmission from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. Each step is explained in more detail below. Note that with the exception of the final step, the entire process may run only a few hundred microseconds, in the fastest synapses.
#The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polarity also has an effect on allylic strain. In terms of stereoselectivity, polar groups act like large, bulky groups. Even though two groups may have approximately the same A values the polar group will act as though it were much bulkier. This is due to the donor character of the polar group. Polar groups increase ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An air classifier is an industrial machine which separates materials by a combination of size, shape, and density.
It works by injecting the material stream to be sorted into a chamber which contains a column of rising air. Inside the separation chamber, air drag on the objects supplies an upward force which counteract... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A related intensive system parameter is the particle number density, a quantity of kind volumetric number density obtained by dividing the particle number of a system by its volume. This parameter is often denoted by the lower-case letter n. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SIR2 is an NAD-dependent lysine deacetylase. It was the first-discovered member of the Sirtuin protein family and it is highly conserved, with homologs found in organisms ranging from humans to bacteria and archaea. It interacts with a variety of protein substrates, but does not exhibit strong affinity for DNA, chromat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the concept of molecular-weight markers has been retained, techniques of development have varied throughout the years. New inventions of molecular-weight markers are distributed in kits specific to the marker's type.
An early problem in the development of markers was achieving high resolution throughout the en... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusion is of fundamental importance in many disciplines of physics, chemistry, and biology. Some example applications of diffusion:
* Sintering to produce solid materials (powder metallurgy, production of ceramics)
* Chemical reactor design
* Catalyst design in chemical industry
* Steel can be diffused (e.g., with c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During physical exertion or moderate intensity exercise lactate released from working muscle and other tissue beds is the primary fuel source for the heart, exiting the muscles through monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT). This evidence is supported by an increased amount of MCT shuttle proteins in the heart and m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whereas FCS is a point measurement providing diffusion time at a given observation volume, svFCS is a technique where the observation spot is varied in order to measure diffusion times at different spot sizes. The relationship between the diffusion time and the spot area is linear and could be plotted in order to decip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Armijska Ratna Komanda D-0, also known as the Ark, was a Cold War-era nuclear bunker and military command centre located near the town of Konjic in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Built to protect Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito and up to 350 members of his inner circle in the event of an atomic exchange, the structure ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Barbier–Wieland degradation is a procedure for shortening the carbon chain of a carboxylic acid by one carbon. It only works when the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl is a simple methylene bridge (an aliphatic carbon with no substituents). The reaction sequence involves conversion of the carboxyl and alpha carbon in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes displays unique fluorescence properties, including long lifetime of fluorescence, large Stokes shift and narrow emission peak. These properties is highly advantageous to develop analytical probes for receptor-ligand interactions. Many lanthanide-based fluorescence studies have been developed for GPCRs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Used as drugs, compounds with different configuration normally have different physiological activity, including the desired pharmacological effect, the toxicology and the metabolism. Enantiomeric ratios and purity is an important factor in clinical assessments. Racemic mixtures are those that contain equimolar amounts ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfidation (British spelling also sulphidation) is a process of installing sulfide ions in a material or molecule. The process is widely used to convert oxides to sulfides but is also related to corrosion and surface modification. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The preferred geometries of the benzene dimer have been modeled at a high level of theory with MP2-R12/A computations and very large counterpoise-corrected aug-cc-PVTZ basis sets. The two most stable conformations are the parallel displaced and T-shaped, which are essentially isoenergetic. In contrast, the sandwich con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Integration of SBUs into a covalent framework results in the synergistic emergence of conductivities much greater than the monomeric values. The nature of the SBUs can improve conductivity. Through the use of highly conjugated linkers throughout the COF scaffold, the material can be engineered to be fully conjugated, e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) is a class of dimeric enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate diester bonds. NPP belongs to the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily of enzymes. Humans express seven known NPP isoforms, some of which prefer nucleotide substrates, some of which prefer phospho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The form of the crucible has varied through time, with designs reflecting the process for which they are used, as well as regional variation. The earliest crucible forms derive from the sixth/fifth millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe and Iran. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corrosion coupons are made in different shapes and sizes. These coupons are often made from same material of the pipe or tank/vessel which should be monitored for corrosion. The most common used coupons are as follows:
* strip coupon
* ladder strip coupon
* flush disc coupon
* multi-disc coupon
* scale coupon | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The long half-life of technetium-99 and its ability to form an anionic species make it (along with I) a major concern when considering long-term disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Many of the processes designed to remove fission products from medium-active process streams in reprocessing plants are designed to r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RIP140 is part of the chain by which tumors can cause cachexia.
Levels of RIP140 expression in various tissues varies during aging in mice, suggesting changes in metabolic function. RIP140 is implicated in certain human disease processes. In morbid obesity, RIP140 levels are down-regulated in visceral adipose tissue. I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several features make two-phase flow an interesting and challenging branch of fluid mechanics:
*Surface tension makes all dynamical problems nonlinear (see Weber number)
*In the case of air and water at standard temperature and pressure, the density of the two phases differs by a factor of about 1000. Similar differenc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For cellular processes that are not directly related to pathogen resistance or defense, BIK1 does not utilize traditional defense-mediating hormones such as SA, JA, or ACC, but instead utilizes an herbicide, known as paraquat which produces ROIs. It is believed that SA, JA, and ACC have no effect on BIK1 induction beca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a planet orbiting its host star. The star emits radiation isotropically, and some fraction of this radiation reaches the planet. The amount of radiation arriving at the planet is referred to as the incident solar radiation, . The planet has an albedo that depends on the characteristics of its surface and atmo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Andersen began his independent research career at UC Berkeley in 1976. Initially his research focused on ligand substitution patterns in quadruply-bonded Mo complexes. He also studied actinide coordination complexes bearing the sterically bulky amido ligand –N(SiMe), including the uranium(III) compound U[N(SiMe)] which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon shows a peculiar profile, in that its electrical resistance increases with temperature up to about 160 °C, then starts decreasing, and drops further when the melting point is reached. This can lead to thermal runaway phenomena within internal regions of the semiconductor junction; the resistance decreases in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In cases where the diameter of a trapped particle is significantly greater than the wavelength of light, the trapping phenomenon can be explained using ray optics. As shown in the figure, individual rays of light emitted from the laser will be refracted as it enters and exits the dielectric bead. As a result, the ray w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Raman scattering is another phenomenon that involves inelastic scattering of light caused by the vibrational properties of matter. The detected range of frequency shifts and other effects are very different compared to Brillouin scattering. In Raman scattering, photons are scattered by the effect of vibrational and rot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animals also represent a source of bioactive natural products. In particular, venomous animals such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, caterpillars, bees, wasps, centipedes, ants, toads, and frogs have attracted much attention. This is because venom constituents (peptides, enzymes, nucleotides, lipids, biogenic amines et... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the liquid phase is the most common and is the form that is generally denoted by the word "water". The solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular crystals, like snow. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Redox reactions are also used for gated delivery systems. Within cells and the bloodstream there are several reducing agents that can be used to trigger drug release in gated systems. The most common reducing agent used in gated delivery system is glutathione (GSH) because it has been determined that GSH is the most ab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viel is a co-author of the book Biology: How Life Works. It is published by Macmillan Education and is the first project to develop three pillars: the text, the visual program, and the assessment at the same time. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of ASTM analytical test methods to determine amine value. A number of states in the United States have adopted their own test methods but they are based on ASTM methods. Although there are similarities with the method it is not the same as an acid value.
* ASTM D2073 - This is a potentiometric method... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Evans was a much-loved person, giving freely of his time and his immense knowledge (which was not confined to chemistry) to all who asked for help. He kept a range of exotic pets which he looked after well, e. g. a Cayman Islands alligator and a five-foot sand snake called George fed with live toads obtained from his ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper does not require complex ventilation measures. It is suitable for both unventilated warm and ventilated cold roof constructions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fineman and Ross rearranged the copolymer equation into a linear form:
where and
Thus, a plot of versus yields a straight line with slope and intercept | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In −1 frameshifting, the ribosome slips back one nucleotide and continues translation in the −1 frame. There are typically three elements that comprise a −1 frameshift signal: a slippery sequence, a spacer region, and an RNA secondary structure. The slippery sequence fits a X_XXY_YYH motif, where XXX is any three ident... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At branch points, two or more separate reactions compete for the same reactant. This affects the isotopic composition of all products downstream of the branch point. To illustrate this, consider the network below:
Here, the flux of material into pool B (φ) is balanced by two fluxes, one into pool C and the other into p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the table, poly(ethylene) has a solubility parameter of 7.9 cal cm. Good solvents are likely to be diethyl ether and hexane. (However, PE only dissolves at temperatures well above 100 °C.) Poly(styrene) has a solubility parameter of 9.1 cal cm, and thus ethyl acetate is likely to be a good solvent. Nylon 6,6 ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Willauer attended Berry College in Georgia, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1996. In mid-1999 she participated in the 11th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama. In 2002, she earned a doctorate in analytical chemistry from the University ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cathleen M. Crudden is a Canadian chemist. She is a Canada Research Chair in Metal Organic Chemistry at Queen's University at Kingston. In February 2021, she took up the role of Editor-in-chief at ACS Catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are considered to be one of the most widely used systems for drug delivery. MSNs have some of the characteristic features of gated systems such as being porous and having a high loading capacity, but they also exhibit some special features such as increased biocompatibility and che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IUPAC has designated the symbols for nucleotides. Apart from the five (A, G, C, T/U) bases, often degenerate bases are used especially for designing PCR primers. These nucleotide codes are listed here. Some primer sequences may also include the character "I", which codes for the non-standard nucleotide inosine. I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While juggling his career at a major corporate company, Kang continued to pursue his musical interests as the main vocalist and guitarist with PITTA, a rock band he had formed together with his friends as college students. They continued to play even after graduating and working. In 2016, they gained local celebrity st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pelletizing of animal feeds can result in pellets from (shrimp feeds), through to (poultry feeds) up to (stock feeds). The pelletizing of stock feed is done with the pellet mill machinery, which is done in a feed mill. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transcriptional regulation of the genome is controlled primarily at the preinitiation stage by binding of the core transcriptional machinery proteins (namely, RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and activators and repressors) to the core promoter sequence on the coding region of the DNA. However, DNA is tightly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sonogashira coupling has found widespread use in coupling aryl halides with alkynes. TONs upwards of 2,000,000 and low catalyst loadings of 0.005 mol % can be achieved with PNP-based catalysts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a migratory insertion is a type of reaction wherein two ligands on a metal complex combine. It is a subset of reactions that very closely resembles the insertion reactions, and both are differentiated by the mechanism that leads to the resulting stereochemistry of the products. However, oft... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cocaine is a potent psycho-stimulant that boosts dopamine levels by inhibiting dopamine transporters. It has been often linked to enhanced libido and risk-taking behavior in humans.
Cocaine has been observed to increase sexual arousal or to trigger spontaneous erections and orgasms.
In contrast, other data has shown th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microcins are all RiPPs produced by Enterobacteriaceae with a molecular weight <10 kDa. Many members of other RiPP families, such as microcin E492, microcin B17 (LAP) and microcin J25 (Lasso peptide) are also considered microcins. Instead of being classified based on posttranslational modifications or modifying enzymes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical bond present in carbene radicals is surprising in that it possesses aspects of both Fischer and Schrock type carbenes. As a result, the cobalt carbene radical complexes have discrete radical-character at their carbon atom, thus giving rise to interesting catalytic radical-type reaction pathways.
The mechan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The application set for MR fluids is vast, and it expands with each advance in the dynamics of the fluid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The properties of RNA make the idea of the RNA world hypothesis conceptually plausible, though its general acceptance as an explanation for the origin of life requires further evidence. RNA is known to form efficient catalysts and its similarity to DNA makes clear its ability to store information. Opinions differ, howe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There was originally a simple and widely accepted argument that the genetic code should be universal: namely, that any variation in the genetic code would be lethal to the organism (although Crick had stated that viruses were an exception). This is known as the "frozen accident" argument for the universality of the gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most established and well-known homoaromatic species are cationic homoaromatic compounds. As stated earlier, the homotropenylium cation is one of the most studied homoaromatic compounds. Many homoaromatic cationic compounds use as a basis a cyclopropenyl cation, a tropylium cation, or a cyclobutadiene dication as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Telluride-mediated polymerization or TERP first appeared to mainly operate under a reversible chain transfer mechanism by homolytic substitution under thermal initiation. However, in a kinetic study it was found that TERP predominantly proceeds by degenerative transfer rather than dissociation combination.
Alkyl tellur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For any 2-dimensional lattice, the unit cells are parallelograms, which in special cases may have orthogonal angles, equal lengths, or both. Four of the five two-dimensional Bravais lattices are represented using conventional primitive cells, as shown below.
The centered rectangular lattice also has a primitive cell ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/caroline/index.html caroline CRAN R package] contains the only known implementation of an RA plot. However, the meta-transcriptomics [http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/manta.html "manta" R package] provides a wrapper around this RA plot implementation and is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to a 2015 salary survey by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the median annual salary for a chemical engineer was approximately $127,000. The survey was repeated in 2017 and the median annual salary dropped slightly to $124,000. The decrease in median salary was unexpected. A factor contributing t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two nuclear weapons have been deployed in combat—both by the United States against Japan in World War II. The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States Army Air Forces dropped a uranium gun-type device, code-named "Little Boy", on the city of Hiroshima, killing 70,000 people, includin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brachytherapy is delivered by placing radiation source(s) inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumors in many other body sites.
In brachytherapy, radiation sources are precis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Emanuel Gil-Av was born 1916 in Pensa of Tzarist Russia. After the death of his father, a physician, the family moved first to Central Europe and in 1928 to Tel-Aviv, Israel, where Gil-Av attended High School. Gil-Av studied petroleum chemistry at the University of Strasbourg. In 1940 he escaped the German occupation t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The therapeutic window is the amount of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window must be administered with care and control, e.g. by frequently measuring blood co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
London dispersion forces are the weakest type of non-covalent interaction. In organic molecules, however, the multitude of contacts can lead to larger contributions, particularly in the presence of heteroatoms. They are also known as "induced dipole-induced dipole interactions" and present between all molecules, even t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cieplak model has been met with mixed reviews, and criticisms of both its basic logic and predictive ability have emerged. The stabilizing interaction of donating electron density into the transition state σ* orbital of a forming bond was immediately questioned, as this interaction has been widely invoked to explai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standardized uptake value (SUV) is defined as tissue concentration (KBq/ml) divided by activity injected normalized for body weight. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gated drug delivery systems are an emerging concept that have drawn a lot of attention for their wide variety of potential applications in the medical field. The abnormal physiological conditions found within the tumor environment provide a breadth of options that could be used for externally stimulating these systems ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as NT4, NT5, NTF4, and NT-4/5. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As large quantities of genomic sequence data began to accumulate in public databases, genetic algorithms became important to decipher the enormous collection of genomic data. They are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio-inspired operators such as mutati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The analytical pipeline for preparation of sample material for Zn isotope measurements is similar to that of Cu, consisting of digestion of host material or concentration from seawater, isolation and purification via anion-exchange chromatography, removal of ions of interfering mass (in particular, Ni) and isotope meas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (often called baroclinicity) of a stratified fluid is a measure of how misaligned the gradient of pressure is from the gradient of density in a fluid. In meteorology a baroclinic flow is one in which the density depends on both temperature and pressure (the fully general case). A sim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is a list of reports made under Project 4.1. This list is not exhaustive.
*E.P. Cronkite, V.P. Bond, L.E. Browning, W.H. Chapman, S.H. Cohn, R.A. Conard, C.L. Dunham, R.S. Farr, W.S. Hall, R. Sharp, N.R. Shulman, Study of Response of Human Beings Accidentally Exposed to Significant Fallout Radiation, Operation CAS... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Normal serum levels of ketone bodies are less than 0.5 mM. Hyperketonemia is conventionally defined as levels in excess of 1 mM. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SOCl adopts a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry with C molecular symmetry. This geometry is attributed to the effects of the lone pair on the central sulfur(IV) center.
In the solid state SOCl forms monoclinic crystals with the space group P2/c. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consequences of loss of pRb function is dependent on cell type and cell cycle status, as pRb's tumor suppressive role changes depending on the state and current identity of the cell.
In G0 quiescent stem cells, pRb is proposed to maintain G0 arrest although the mechanism remains largely unknown. Loss of pRb leads to ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two drivers for spalling of concrete: thermal strain caused by rapid heating and internal pressures due to the removal of water. Being able to predict the outcome of different heating rates on thermal stresses and internal pressure during water removal is particularly important to industry and other concrete ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloromethane was first synthesized by the French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot in 1835 by boiling a mixture of methanol, sulfuric acid, and sodium chloride. This method is the forerunner for that used today, which uses hydrogen chloride instead of sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.
Chloromethane is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thomas was born in New Brunswick. The full tenure of Thomas career was at Columbia University, where he received his bachelors degree in 1912, his A.M. in 1914, and his Ph.D. in 1915. Thomas was an instructor in food chemistry from 1912 to 1917, an assistant professor from 1919 to 1923, and an associate professor from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, such as temperature, pH, reactant, and product concentrations and other effectors. The degree to which these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient. This coefficient is defined as follows:
where denotes the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In allometric scaling, maximum potential life span (MPLS) is directly related to metabolic rate (MR), where MR is the recharge rate of a biomass made up of covalent bonds. That biomass (W) is subjected to deterioration over time from thermodynamic, entropic pressure. Metabolism is essentially understood as redox coupli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steam-electric power plants use a surface condenser cooled by water circulating through tubes. The steam which was used to turn the turbine is exhausted into the condenser and is condensed as it comes in contact with the tubes full of cool circulating water. The condensed steam, commonly referred to as condensate.
is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In humans, can be synthesized in the liver via the metabolism of fatty acids (e.g., butyrate), , and ketogenic amino acids through a series of reactions that metabolize these compounds into acetoacetate, which is the first ketone body that is produced in the fasting state. The biosynthesis of from acetoacetate is ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Goss specialises in the biosynthesis of natural products at the chemical and genetic level.
Goss joined the University of Cambridge in 2000 to study the chemistry and molecular biology of polyketide biosynthesis in the research group of Professors Jim Staunton (FRS) and Peter Leadlay (FRS). She held a one-year teaching... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A selectable marker is a gene introduced into a cell, especially a bacterium or to cells in culture, that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection. They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The feed is then transferred to the presentation mechanism which is the belt or the chute in the two main machine types respectively. This sub-process has the function to pass single particles of the material stream in a stable and predictable manner, thus in a unidirectional movement orthogonal to the detection line w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear fallout can occur due to a number of different sources. One of the most common potential sources of nuclear fallout is that of nuclear reactors. Because of this, steps must be taken to ensure the risk of nuclear fallout at nuclear reactors is controlled.
In the 1950s and 60s, the United States Atomic Energy Co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a deleterious chemical reaction between the alkali ( and ), dissolved in concrete pore water as NaOH and KOH, with reactive amorphous (non-crystalline) siliceous aggregates in the presence of moisture. The simplest way to write the reaction in a stylized manner is the following (othe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Push–pull technology is an intercropping strategy for controlling agricultural pests by using repellent "push" plants and trap "pull" plants. For example, cereal crops like maize or sorghum are often infested by stem borers. Grasses planted around the perimeter of the crop attract and trap the pests, whereas other plan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many examples of every possible d electron configuration. What follows is a short description of common geometries and characteristics of each possible d electron count and representative examples.
:d
:Commonly tetrahedral; however it is possible for d complexes to accommodate many electron pairs (bonds/coord... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regardless of the definition of the isotopic ratio, the isotopic composition of substrate and product are expressed as
where is a standard isotopic ration. Here, definition 3 of isotopic ratio has been used, however, any of the three definitions of isotopic ratio can equally be used. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.