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Tardigrade specific proteins are a type of intrinsically disordered proteins, which have no predetermined shape or task. These proteins use many different conformations, called an ensemble, to move through different structures. Because of this, intrinsically disordered proteins may react strongly to the environment the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As many as 20% of human tumors are caused by viruses. Some such viruses that are commonly recognized include HPV, T-cell Leukemia virus type I, and hepatitis B.
Viral oncogenesis are most common with DNA and RNA tumor viruses, most frequently the retroviruses. There are two types of oncogenic retroviruses: acute trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pre-modern medicine, diasenna (medical Lat dia-, "composed of" + senna, from Arab. sanā) is a soft, purgative electuary containing the plant senna. The other ingredients are sugar candy, cinnamon, lapis lazuli, silk, cloves, galanga minor, black pepper, nardus indicus, seed of the basilica, leaves of cloves, cardamo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutagens are not necessarily carcinogens, and vice versa. Sodium azide for example may be mutagenic (and highly toxic), but it has not been shown to be carcinogenic. Meanwhile, compounds which are not directly mutagenic but stimulate cell growth which can reduce the effectiveness of DNA repair and indirectly increase t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another area of controversy and uncertainty concerns the question of whether, and if so, to what extent, vancomycin increases the toxicity of other nephrotoxins. Clinical studies have yielded variable results, but animal models indicate some increased nephrotoxic effect probably occurs when vancomycin is added to nephr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since scientists produced the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep in 1996 using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, 23 mammalian species have been successfully cloned, including cattle, cats, dogs, horses and rats. Using this technique for primates had never been successful and no pregnancy had lasted m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although anti-Jo-1 antibodies are often included with ANAs, they are actually antibodies to the cytoplasmic protein, Histidyl-tRNA synthetase – an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase essential for the synthesis of histidine loaded tRNA. They are highly associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and are rarely found in oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The drug is contraindicated in premenopausal women, which of course includes pregnant and lactating women. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diphosphorus is an old target of chemists since it is the heavy analogue of N. Its fleeting existence is inferred by the controlled degradation of certain niobium complexes in the presence of trapping agents. Again, a Diels-Alder strategy is employed in the trapping: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recently, EDHF has been implicated in gender-related differences in blood pressure control. The generation of animals that lack both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1, a protein that acts as an enzyme to speed up the production of certain chemical messengers), has allowed a direct ass... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell culture techniques make it possible to produce epithelial sheets for the replacement of damaged oral mucosa. Partial-thickness tissue engineering uses one type of cell layer, this can be in monolayers or multilayers. Monolayer epithelial sheets suffice for the study of the basic biology of oral mucosa, for example... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal carbene complexes are often classified into two types. The Fischer carbenes, named after Ernst Otto Fischer, feature strong π-acceptors at the metal and are electrophilic at the carbene carbon atom. Schrock carbenes, named after Richard R. Schrock, are characterized by more nucleophilic carbene carbon centers; th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The "hard ionization" process of electron ionization can be softened by the cooling of the molecules before their ionization, resulting in mass spectra that are richer in information. In this method named cold electron ionization (cold-EI) the molecules exit the GC column, mixed with added helium make up gas and expand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a substance reacts simultaneously to give two different products, a parallel or competitive reaction is said to take place. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bearing heaters typically range from 1 kVA to 25 kVA and are used to heat parts from , dependent upon the application. The power required is a function of the weight, target temperature and cycle time to aid selection many manufacturers publish graphs and charts. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An oxaziridine is an organic molecule that features a three-membered heterocycle containing oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In their largest application, oxaziridines are intermediates in the industrial production of hydrazine. Oxaziridine derivatives are also used as specialized reagents in organic chemistry for a vari... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters. It is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and to eukaryotic factor TFIIB.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound adopts a spinel structure. The oxidation states for the constituent metals are Cu(II) and Cr(III). A variety of compositions are recognized for the substance, including CuCrO·CuO·BaCrO (CAS# 99328-50-4) and CuCrO (CAS# 12053-18-8). Commercial samples often contain barium oxide and other components. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The 7 crystal systems consist of 32 crystal classes (corresponding to the 32 crystallographic point groups) as shown in the following table below:
The point symmetry of a structure can be further described as follows. Consider the points that make up the structure, and reflect them all through a single point, so that (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trichloroacetonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CClCN. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples often are brownish. It is used commercially as a precursor to the fungicide etridiazole. It is prepared by dehydration of trichloroacetamide. As a bifunctional compound, trichloroacetonitrile can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Al-Kindi denied the possibility of transmuting base metals into precious metals such as gold and silver, a position that was later attacked by the Persian alchemist and physician Abu Bakr al-Razi ().
One work attributed to al-Kindi, variously known as the Kitāb al-Taraffuq fī l-ʿiṭr ("The Book of Gentleness on Perfume"... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) does not, in resting or near-resting membrane potential conditions, contribute significant current to the EPSP. Following the presynaptic release of the glutamate that binds to and opens the AMPAR, the NMDAR also binds this glutamate and opens. However, current does not flow through the NMDAR ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The separation of a racemate into its components, the individual enantiomers, is called a chiral resolution. Various methods exist for this separation, including crystallization, chromatography, and the use of various reagents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "homoaromaticity" derives from the structural similarity between homoaromatic compounds and the analogous homo-conjugated alkenes previously observed in the literature. The IUPAC Gold Book requires that Bis-, Tris-, etc. prefixes be used to describe homoaromatic compounds in which two, three, etc. sp centers s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 2014 documentary Whats In My Baggie?' deals with adulterants and additives in recreational drugs.
* Largest public accessible database with reagent test results and their sources | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several groups of bacteria can conduct anoxygenic photosynthesis: green sulfur bacteria (GSB), red and green filamentous phototrophs (FAPs e.g. Chloroflexia), purple bacteria, acidobacteriota, and heliobacteria.
Some archaea (e.g. Halobacterium) capture light energy for metabolic function and are thus phototrophic but ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Past hydrological changes on our planet have had enormous effects on the environment. Over most of geologic time, the long-term mean sea level has been higher than today. Only at the Permian-Triassic boundary ~250 million years ago was the long-term mean sea level lower than today. Long term changes in the mean sea lev... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commonly reported adverse effects associated with the use of oxacillin include skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, agranulocytosis, eosinophilia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hepatotoxicity, acute interstitial nephritis, and fever. High doses of oxacillin have been reported to cause renal, h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) can function in DNA repair of single strand breaks as well as double strand breaks. In single-strand break repair (base excision repair) the PARP can either facilitate removal of an oxidized sugar or strand cleavage. PARP1 binds the single-strand breaks and pulls any nearby base exci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is notable for its substrate specificity and relatively high catalytic efficiency.
Like other cytochrome P450 enzymes, steroid 21-hydroxylase participates in the cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle and engages in one-electron transfer with NADPH-P450 reductase. Steroi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This compound is a diamine in which the two dimethylamino groups are attached on the same side (peri position) of a naphthalene ring. This molecule has several very interesting properties; one is its very high basicity; another is its spectroscopic properties.
With a pK of 12.34 for its conjugate acid in aqueous soluti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physisorption, also called physical adsorption, is a process in which the electronic structure of the atom or molecule is barely perturbed upon adsorption. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Martian atmosphere contains high abundances of photochemically produced CO and H, which are reducing molecules. Mars' atmosphere is otherwise mostly oxidizing, leading to a source of untapped energy that life could exploit if it used by a metabolism compatible with one or both of these reducing molecules. Because t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) contain one or more C-type lectin (Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-binding lectin) domains. Example pairs include:
* CD94/NKG2, expressed in NK and some T cells and interacts with the ligand HLA-E.
* Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR)/dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor (DCAR), c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Cassie–Baxter model, the drop sits on top of the textured surface with trapped air underneath. During the wetting transition from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state, the air pockets are no longer thermodynamically stable and liquid begins to nucleate from the middle of the drop, creating a "mushroom state" as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first potash application was in England in 1993, where Jameson Cells were used to treat potash slimes (see Potash flotation). It has subsequently been applied at Israel Chemicals Limited's Dead Sea Works and by an unnamed producer in the Saskatchewan province of Canada. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Landfills are the oldest known method of waste disposal. Waste is buried in large dug out pits (unless naturally occurring locations are available) and covered. Bacteria and archaea decompose the waste over several decades producing several by-products of importance, including methane gas (natural gas), leachate, and v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some chain-growth polymerizations include chain transfer steps, in which another atom (often hydrogen) is transferred from a molecule in the system to the polymer radical. The original polymer chain is terminated and a new one is initiated. The kinetic chain is not terminated if the new radical can add monomer. However... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classical pinch-analysis primarily calculates the energy costs for the heating and cooling utility. At the pinch point, where the hot and cold streams are the most constrained, large heat exchangers are required to transfer heat between the hot and cold streams. Large heat exchangers entail high investment costs. In or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) have been used to reduce the grain sizes of chromium, molybdenum, titanium, and zirconium. Yttrium is used to increase the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. The addition of yttrium to alloys generally improves workability, adds resistance to high-temperature recrystalliz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most important engineering applications of the hydraulic jump is to dissipate energy in channels, dam spillways, and similar structures so that the excess kinetic energy does not damage these structures. The rate of energy dissipation or head loss across a hydraulic jump is a function of the hydraulic jump i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born and raised in countryside China, Yu obtained his B.Sc. (Chemistry) from Shandong University in 1991 at an age of 20. He then received his joint M.Sc. from Shandong University and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (Chemical Physics) in 1994, and his Ph.D. from Peking University (Materials Chemistry, with Prof. Z... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1934 he was appointed as professor at the University of Oslo. He is well known in the Nordic countries for his textbook Lærebok i organisk kjemi. The first modern Norwegian textbook in organic chemistry, it was first released in 1942 and then re-released several times, the last in 1964. The 1958 edition became known... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphorus chains (with organic substituents) have been prepared, although these tend to be quite fragile. Small rings or clusters are more common. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, the Natta projection (named for Italian chemist Giulio Natta) is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula. In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The storage of seeds in a temperature and moisture controlled environment. This technique is used for taxa with orthodox seeds that tolerate desiccation. Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are typica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ratsimamanga was a pacifist and politically active, and during his years of study, he forged close relationships with French intellectual and political circles. While in France, he co-founded the association of Malagasy Students in France and the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM) in 1946 with Jacques R... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After the single-stranded viral DNA enters the cytoplasm, it serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand. This synthesis is initiated in the intergenic region of the DNA sequence by host RNA polymerase, which synthesizes a short RNA primer on the infecting DNA as template. The host DNA polymera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Huntington's disease is a disease characterized by minor coordination problems, jerking eye movements, and uncontrollable movement of peripheral limbs. Symptoms generally occur at the age of 40, and are often accompanied by depression and psychosis. The disease is caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene, on chromos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ligands of proteins can be characterized also by the number of protein chains they bind. "Monodesmic" ligands (μόνος: single, δεσμός: binding) are ligands that bind a single protein chain, while "polydesmic" ligands (πολοί: many) are frequent in protein complexes, and are ligands that bind more than one protein chain,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rate and outcome of chemical reactions taking place in water often depends on the acidity of the water, and it is therefore useful to know the acidity of the water, typically measured by means of a pH meter. Knowledge of pH is useful or critical in many situations, including chemical laboratory analyses. pH meters... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Faraday Medal is awarded by the Electrochemistry Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Since 1977, it honours distinguished mid-career electrochemists working outside of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland for their research advancements. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regions of the short arm of chromosome 8 are frequently deleted in a range of solid tumors, indicating that tumor suppressor genes reside at these loci. Caldwell et al. have shown frequent interstitial deletions in a series of prostate cancers, squamous cell head and neck cancers and colorectal carcinomas. There was a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. It is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues to substrates. -Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The internal states of each ion can be treated as a two level system, with eigenstates denoted and . One of the ion's normal modes is chosen to be the transfer mode used for state mapping. This motional mode must be shared by both ions, which requires both ions be similar in mass. The normal mode has harmonic oscillat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Total triiodothyronine (Total T) is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free T3 tests. Total T3 is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.
Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that perfor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After graduating, she returned to China and taught at Yanjing University, where she went to the University of Berlin, Germany in 1933 to conduct research on rayon and invented the first rayon made from grass fibres, returning to China in 1936 to serve as a commissioner of the Central Economic Commission. In 1938 she mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When measuring the irradiance of PAR, values are expressed using units of energy (W/m), which is relevant in energy-balance considerations for photosynthetic organisms.
However, photosynthesis is a quantum process and the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are more dependent on the number of photons than the energy c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If one considers a flow which is inviscid, this is where the viscous forces are small and can therefore be neglected in the calculations, then one arrives at Euler's equations:
Although in this case we have assumed an inviscid fluid this assumption does not hold for flows where there is a boundary. The presence of a bo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical kinetics, a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient () is a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants.
For a reaction between reactants A and B to form a product C,
where
:A and B are reactants
:C is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compatibility of two different metals may be predicted by consideration of their anodic index. This parameter is a measure of the electrochemical voltage that will be developed between the metal and gold. To find the relative voltage of a pair of metals it is only required to subtract their anodic indices.
To reduc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soy-derived lecithin is considered by some to be kitniyot and prohibited on Passover for Ashkenazi Jews when many grain-based foods are forbidden, but not at other times. This does not necessarily affect Sephardi Jews, who do not have the same restrictions on rice and kitniyot during Passover.
Muslims are not forbidden... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fuel is injected part-way up the shaft, producing maximum temperature at this point. The fresh feed fed in at the top is first dried then heated to 800 °C, where de-carbonation begins, and proceeds progressively faster as the temperature rises. Below the burner, the hot lime transfers heat to, and is cooled by, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein kinase A, more precisely known as adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase, abbreviated to PKA, was discovered by chemists Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs in 1968. They won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for their work on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrous iron is a soluble form of iron that is stable at extremely low pHs or under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric () form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (). There are three distinct types of ferrous iron-ox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waste containing biocide concentrations exceeding the secondary treatment ecosystem tolerance level may kill a major fraction of one or more important ecosystem species. BOD reduction normally accomplished by that species temporarily ceases until other species reach a suitable population to utilize that food source, or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For insulating materials (both solid and liquid), probing charge dynamics with microwaves is a part of dielectric spectroscopy.
Amongst the conductive materials, superconductors are a material class that is often studied with microwave spectroscopy, giving information about penetration depth (governed by the supercondu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between these two limits is a point at which the dispersion caused by gravity cancels out the dispersion due to the capillary effect. At a certain wavelength, the group velocity equals the phase velocity, and there is no dispersion. At precisely this same wavelength, the phase velocity of gravity–capillary waves as a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following references are for critical reviews of published stability constants for various classes of ligands. All these reviews are published by IUPAC and the full text is available, free of charge, in pdf format.
*ethylenediamine (en)
*Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)
*aminopolycarboxylic acids (complexones)
*Alpha h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, a transition metal alkyne complex is a coordination compound containing one or more alkyne ligands. Such compounds are intermediates in many catalytic reactions that convert alkynes to other organic products, e.g. hydrogenation and trimerization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate has been available widely in Europe, including in the United Kingdom, and has also been marketed in Japan, China, Mexico, and certain other countries. However, it has been discontinued in most countries and its availability is more limited today; it appears to remain marketed only in the Czech Repu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turbulence and radiative transfer are the most important physical processes that have to be parameterized in a prognostic mesoscale model. In the MEMO model, radiative transfer is calculated with an efficient scheme based on the emissivity method for longwave radiation and an implicit multilayer method for shortwave ra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA ends refer to the properties of the ends of linear DNA molecules, which in molecular biology are described as "sticky" or "blunt" based on the shape of the complementary strands at the terminus. In sticky ends, one strand is longer than the other (typically by at least a few nucleotides), such that the longer stran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recent research indicates that hyperspectral imaging may be useful to detect the development of cracks in pavements which are hard to detect from images taken with visible spectrum cameras. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To understand the photoreceptor's behavior to light intensities, it is necessary to understand the roles of different currents.
There is an ongoing outward potassium current through nongated K-selective channels. This outward current tends to hyperpolarize the photoreceptor at around −70 mV (the equilibrium potential ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using PICUP on protein complexes is useful in providing catalytic and kinetic information about these proteins, as catalytic mechanisms are rapid and PICUP allows for fast and highly efficient cross-linking of proteins. Some epitope and affinity tags were shown to be unaffected by the PICUP reaction, enabling visualiza... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since a proton-transferred geometry is usually the minimum-energy tautomer only in the excited state and relatively unstable in the ground state, molecules that have ESIPT character may show extraordinarily larger Stokes shift than common fluorescent molecules, or exhibit dual fluorescence that shorter-wavelength one c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of chitin was determined by Albert Hofmann in 1929. Hofmann hydrolyzed chitin using a crude preparation of the enzyme chitinase, which he obtained from the snail Helix pomatia.
Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen; it is synthesized from units of N-acetyl--glucosamine (to be precise,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The HILIC mode of separation is used extensively for separation of some biomolecules, organic and some inorganic molecules by differences in polarity. Its utility has increased due to the simplified sample preparation for biological samples, when analyzing for metabolites, since the metabolic process generally results... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three atoms in a cyanate ion lie on a straight line, giving the ion a linear structure. The electronic structure is described most simply as
: :Ö̤−C≡N:
with a single C−O bond and a triple C≡N bond. (Or more completely as :Ö̤−C≡N: ↔ Ö̤=C=N̤̈ ↔ :O≡C−N̤̈:) The infrared spectrum of a cyanate salt has a band at ca. 2096... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The triazine family of herbicides, which includes atrazine, was introduced in the 1950s; they have the current distinction of being the herbicide family of greatest concern regarding groundwater contamination. Atrazine does not break down readily (within a few weeks) after being applied to soils of above-neutral pH. Un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Davisson–Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics is an annual prize that has been awarded by the American Physical Society since 1965. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding work in atomic physics or surface physics". The prize is named after Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer, who first measured electron diffr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since FFT based analyzers are only capable of considering narrow bands, one technique is to combine swept and FFT analysis for consideration of wide and narrow spans. This technique allows for faster sweep time.
This method is made possible by first down converting the signal, then digitizing the intermediate frequency... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first oral ACE inhibitor found for the treatment of hypertension. It does not cause fatigue as associated wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Kroll process, the TiCl is reduced by liquid magnesium to give titanium metal:
The reduction is conducted at 800–850 °C in a stainless steel retort. Complications result from partial reduction of the TiCl, giving to the lower chlorides TiCl and TiCl. The MgCl can be further refined back to magnesium. The res... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
#Isolate the fly genome.
#Undergo a light digest (using an enzyme [enzyme 1] known NOT to cut in the reporter gene), giving fragments of a few kilobases, a few with the insertion and its flanking DNA.
#Self ligate the digest (low DNA concentration to ensure self ligation) giving a selection of circular DNA fragments, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surface diffusion kinetics can be thought of in terms of adatoms residing at adsorption sites on a 2D lattice, moving between adjacent (nearest-neighbor) adsorption sites by a jumping process. The jump rate is characterized by an attempt frequency and a thermodynamic factor that dictates the probability of an attempt r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physalaemin (PHY) is known to take on both a linear and helical three dimensional structure. Grace et al. (2010) have shown that in aqueous environments, PHY preferentially takes on the linear conformation whereas in an environment that simulates a cellular membrane, PHY takes on a helical confirmation from the Pro re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states that the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of certain chemical elements is constant for temperatures far from the absolute zero.
In modern terms, Dulong and Petit found ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The types of gel most typically used are agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Each type of gel is well-suited to different types and sizes of the analyte. Polyacrylamide gels are usually used for proteins and have very high resolving power for small fragments of DNA (5-500 bp). Agarose gels, on the other hand, have low... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Until recent years, the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) contended that trichloroethylene had little-to-no carcinogenic potential and was probably a co-carcinogen—that is, it acted in concert with other substances to promote the formation of tumors.
State, federal, and international agencies ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Porous carbons (PCs) are versatile materials with a wide range of applications, including sensors, actuators, thermal insulation, and energy conversion. Some examples of PCs are graphene and carbon nanotube-based aerogel. Physical properties that make PCs unique are their low density, high conductivity, mechanical flex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kirsch and co-workers were able to hydroxylate keto compounds with IBX in α-position under mild conditions. This method could be extended to β-keto esters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metallic glasses based on the Mg-Zn-Ca ternary alloy system only consist of the elements which already exist inside the human body. As such, it is being explored as a potential bioresorbable biomaterial for use in orthopaedic applications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A plants leaves and stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns or trichomes- hairs on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Plant structural features like spines, thorns and awns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores (e.g. kudu, impala, and goats) by restricting the h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supramolecular catalysts can accelerate reactions not only by placing the two reactants in close proximity but also by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction and reducing activation energy. While this fundamental principle of catalysis is common in small molecule or heterogeneous catalysts, supramolecular cat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrical resistance heating is used by the environmental restoration industry for remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. ERH consists of constructing electrodes in the ground, applying alternating current (AC) electricity to the electrodes and heating the subsurface to temperatures that promote the evapor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unlike LPB, traditional burnishing tools consist of a hard wheel or fixed lubricated ball pressed into the surface of an asymmetrical work piece with sufficient force to deform the surface layers, usually in a lathe. The process does multiple passes over the work pieces, usually under increasing load, to improve surfa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GTPases function as molecular switches or timers in many fundamental cellular processes.
Examples of these roles include:
* Signal transduction in response to activation of cell surface receptors, including transmembrane receptors such as those mediating taste, smell and vision.
* Protein biosynthesis (a.k.a. translat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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