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Isothiocyanates occur widely in nature and are of interest in food science and medical research. Vegetable foods with characteristic flavors due to isothiocyanates include bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, wasabi, horseradish, mustard, radish, Brussels sprouts, watercress, papaya seeds, nasturtiums, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, DPP-4 inhibitors are not very stable compounds. Therefore, many researchers focus on enhancing the stability for cyanopyrrolidines. The most widespread technique to improve chemical stability is to incorporate a steric bulk. The two cyanopyrrolidines that have been most pronounced, vildagliptin and saxaglip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drugs are also used to inhibit enzymes needed for the survival of pathogens. For example, bacteria are surrounded by a thick cell wall made of a net-like polymer called peptidoglycan. Many antibiotics such as penicillin and vancomycin inhibit the enzymes that produce and then cross-link the strands of this polymer toge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) is a long-term oceanographic study by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS). Based on regular (monthly or better) research cruises, it samples an area of the western Atlantic Ocean nominally at the coordinates . The cruise programme routinely samples physical pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of pH was defined in 1909 by S. P. L. Sørensen, and electrodes were used for pH measurement in the 1920s.
In October 1934, Arnold Orville Beckman registered the first patent for a complete chemical instrument for the measurement of pH, U.S. Patent No. 2,058,761, for his "acidimeter", later renamed the pH me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The initial stage of the natural transition process is known as the Receptivity phase and consists of the transformation of environmental disturbances – both acoustic (sound) and vortical (turbulence) – into small perturbations within the boundary layer. The mechanisms by which these disturbances arise are varied and i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloroformates are a class of organic compounds with the formula ROC(O)Cl. They are formally esters of chloroformic acid. Most are colorless, volatile liquids that degrade in moist air. A simple example is methyl chloroformate, which is commercially available.
Chloroformates are used as reagents in organic chemistry.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
No heterogeneous catalyst has been commercialized for asymmetric hydrogenation.
The first asymmetric hydrogenation focused on palladium deposited on a silk support. Cinchona alkaloids have been used as chiral modifiers for enantioselectivity hydrogenation.
An alternative technique and one that allows more control over ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scrutiny of the land includes examination of potential soil contamination, groundwater quality, surface water quality, vapor intrusion, and sometimes issues related to hazardous substance uptake by biota. The examination of a site may include: definition of any chemical residues within structures; identification of po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acylsilanes are a group of chemical compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure RC(O)-SiR. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface (Direct-EI LC-MS interface) is a technique for coupling liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the direct introduction of the liquid effluent into an electron ionization (EI) source. Library searchable mass spectra are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is an example of an irreversible protease inhibitor (see the "DFP reaction" diagram). The enzyme hydrolyses the phosphorus–fluorine bond, but the phosphate residue remains bound to the serine in the active site, deactivating it. Similarly, DFP also reacts with the active site of acetylc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydroamination reactions are atom-efficient processes that generally use readily available and cheap starting materials, therefore a general catalytic strategy is highly desirable. Also, direct catalytic hydroamination strategies have in principle significant benefits over more classical methods to prepare amine contai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleotides can undergo enzyme-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization in order to produce several important biological molecules. These cyclizations typically proceed through an oxocarbenium intermediate. An example of this reaction can be seen in the cyclization cyclic ADP ribose, which is an important molecule for intr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiols show little association by hydrogen bonding, both with water molecules and among themselves. Hence, they have lower boiling points and are less soluble in water and other polar solvents than alcohols of similar molecular weight. For this reason also, thiols and their corresponding sulfide functional group isomer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics. The major chapters of this history begin with the emergence of quantum ideas to explain individual phenomena—blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, solar emission spectra—an era called the Old or Older quantum theories. Bui... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where nine atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a gyroelongated square pyramid. The symmetry group of the resulting object is C
The gyroelongated square pyramid is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multiresponse technique that analyzes the evolution of the absorption spectra in UV-Vis regions during an electrode process. This technique provides information from an electrochemical and spectroscopic point of view. In this way, it enables a b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To lower the concentration of airborne dust concentrations during woodworking, dust extraction systems are used. These can be divided into two types. The first are local exhaust ventilation systems, the second are room ventilation systems. Use of personal respirators, a form of personal protective equipment, can also i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Croatian Society of Medical Biochemists (CSMB) was founded in 1953. Until 1988, CSMB had been part of the Croatian Pharmaceutical Society and afterwards became an autonomous association. In 2012, it changed its name to the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CSMBLM), in line with the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BLOSUM scores was used to predict and understand the surface gene variants among hepatitis B virus carriers and T-cell epitopes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Children with acute otitis media who are younger than six months of age are generally treated with amoxicillin or other antibiotics. Although most children with acute otitis media who are older than two years old do not benefit from treatment with amoxicillin or other antibiotics, such treatment may be helpful in child... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a Compton scattering process, an incident photon collides with an electron in a material. The amount of energy exchanged varies with angle, and is given by the formula:
or
* E is the energy of the incident photon.
* E ' is the energy of the outgoing photon, which escapes the material.
* is the mass of the electron.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This concept was suggested by the 19th-century chemist Emil Fischer. He proposed that the active site and substrate are two stable structures that fit perfectly without any further modification, just like a key fits into a lock. If one substrate perfectly binds to its active site, the interactions between them will be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiosulfines, also called thiocarbonyl S-sulfides, are compounds with the formula RCSS. Although superficially appearing to be cumulenes, with the linkage RC=S=S, they are more usefully classified as 1,3-dipoles and indeed participate in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Thiosulfines are proposed to exist in equilibrium with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula (MeC)CHN. This colourless, oily liquid is derived from pyridine by replacement of the two H atoms with tert-butyl groups. It is a hindered base. For example, it can be protonated, but it does not form an adduct with boron trifluoride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given n genes and k replicates, let the rank of gene g in the i-th replicate.
Compute the rank product via the geometric mean: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deulinoleate ethyl is recognized by cells as identical to the natural linoleic acid. But when taken up, it is converted into 13,13-d-arachidonic acid, a heavy isotope version of arachidonic acid, that gets incorporated into lipid membranes. The deuterated compound resists the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) thro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Topochemical polymerization can also be triggered by pressure. It has been reported that the cocrystal of diododiacetylene (guest) and bispyridyl oxalamide (host) could be polymerized under pressure. Interestingly, no polymerization was observed under light or heat due to the unfavorable distance between diacetylene un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the Middle Ages, between the 5th and 16th century AD, Western Europe saw a period of growth in the mining industry. The first important mines were those at Goslar in the Harz mountains, taken into commission in the 10th century. Another notable mining town is Falun in Sweden where copper has been mined since at ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Allinger, Cava, de Jongh, Johnson, Lebel, Stevens: Organische Chemie, 1. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1980, , p. 749.
* Beyer / Walter: Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie, 19. Auflage, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1981, , pp. 98–99, 122.
* K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil E. Schore: Organische Chemie, 4. Auflage, Wiley-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yeasts naturally harbour various plasmids. Notable among them are 2 μm plasmids—small circular plasmids often used for genetic engineering of yeast—and linear pGKL plasmids from Kluyveromyces lactis, that are responsible for killer phenotypes.
Other types of plasmids are often related to yeast cloning vectors that incl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 1940s, Bradley reported the observation of sidebands around the Bragg peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern of a Cu-Ni-Fe alloy that had been quenched and then annealed inside the miscibility gap. Further observations on the same alloy were made by Daniel and Lipson, who demonstrated that the sidebands co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most oxyanions are weak bases and can be protonated to give acids or acid salts. For example, the phosphate ion can be successively protonated to form phosphoric acid.
The extent of protonation in aqueous solution will depend on the acid dissociation constants and pH. For example, AMP (adenosine monophosphate) has a pK... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If an elastic band is first stretched and then subjected to heating, it will shrink rather than expand. This effect was first observed by John Gough in 1802, and was investigated further by Joule in the 1850s, when it then became known as the Gough–Joule effect.
<br />Examples in Literature:
* Popular Science magazine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method reported by Beemelmanns & Reissig (racemic, 2010) is another formal synthesis leading to the Rawal pentacycle (see amine 5 in the Rawal method). In this method indole 1 was converted to tetracycle 2 (together with by-product) in a single cascade reaction using samarium diiodide and HMPA. Raney nickel/ H redu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In late 1891, she left Poland for France. In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word is an Algonquian word referring to a village at a big river. It is the seventh-oldest surviving English placename in the United States, first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may also refer to the Chesapeake people o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ouabain or (from Somali waabaayo, "arrow poison" through French ouabaïo) also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hyp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rare-cutter enzyme is a restriction enzyme with a recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome. An example is NotI, which cuts after the first GC of a 5-GCGGCCGC-3 sequence; restriction enzymes with seven and eight base pair recognition sequences are often also called rare-cutter enzymes (six bp recogni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientists Francisco Gasulla, Leonardo Casano and Alfredo Guéra, observed the lichen's metabolic response when placed in dark conditions. The light harvesting complex (LHC) inside the chloroplasts of Lichen is activated when subjected to darkness. Gasulla, Casano and Guéra, noticed that this increase in LHC activity c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hull with a blunt bow has to push the water away very quickly to pass through, and this high acceleration requires large amounts of energy. By using a fine bow, with a sharper angle that pushes the water out of the way more gradually, the amount of energy required to displace the water will be less. A modern variati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The white allotrope can be produced using several methods. In the industrial process, phosphate rock is heated in an electric or fuel-fired furnace in the presence of carbon and silica. Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under phosphoric acid. An idealized equation for this carbothe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid foams can be used in fire retardant foam, such as those that are used in extinguishing fires, especially oil fires.
In some ways, leavened bread is a foam, as the yeast causes the bread to rise by producing tiny bubbles of gas in the dough. The dough has traditionally been understood as a closed-cell foam, in wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many different systems for detecting mutagen have been developed. Animal systems may more accurately reflect the metabolism of human, however, they are expensive and time-consuming (may take around three years to complete), they are therefore not used as a first screen for mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolites are the substrates, intermediates and products of metabolism. Within the context of metabolomics, a metabolite is usually defined as any molecule less than 1.5 kDa in size. However, there are exceptions to this depending on the sample and detection method. For example, macromolecules such as lipoproteins an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A possible nutrient source is wastewater from the treatment of sewage, agricultural, or flood plain run-off, all currently major pollutants and health risks. However, this waste water cannot feed algae directly and must first be processed by bacteria, through anaerobic digestion. If waste water is not processed before ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SBPase and FBPase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, EC 3.1.3.11) are both phosphatases that catalyze similar during the Calvin cycle. The genes for SBPase and FBPase are related. Both genes are found in the nucleus in plants, and have bacterial ancestry. SBPase is found across many species. In addition to being universally... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drospirenone is a progestin and antiandrogen medication which is used in birth control pills to prevent pregnancy and in menopausal hormone therapy, among other uses. It is available both alone under the brand name Slynd and in combination with an estrogen under the brand name Yasmin among others. The medication is an ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alexander Butlerov showed in 1861 that the formose reaction created sugars including tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses when formaldehyde is heated under basic conditions with divalent metal ions like calcium. R. Breslow proposed that the reaction was autocatalytic in 1959. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1998, Andrew Fire at Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC and Craig Mello at University of Massachusetts in Worcester discovered the RNAi mechanism while working on the gene expression in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. They won the Nobel prize for their research with RNAi in 2006. siRNAs and thei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The biosynthesis of fatty acids begins with acetyl-CoA precursors that are brought together to make long straight chain lipids. Acetyl-CoA is produced in aerobic organisms by pyruvate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that has been shown to express a large, 2.3% isotope effect on the C2 site of pyruvate and a small fractionatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In protein folding, a native contact is a contact between the side chains of two amino acids that are not neighboring in the amino acid sequence (i.e., they are more than four residues apart in the primary sequence in order to remove trivial i to i+4 contacts along alpha helices) but are spatially close in the protein'... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disulfide binding of the inhibitor takes place in the luminal sector of the H/K ATPase were 2 mol of inhibitor is bound per 1 mol of active site H/K ATPase.
All PPIs react with cysteine 813 in the loop between TM5 and TM6 on the H/K ATPase, fixing the enzyme in the E2 configuration. Omeprazole reacts with cysteine ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA condensation can be induced in vitro either by applying external force to bring the double helices together, or by inducing attractive interactions between the DNA segments. The former can be achieved e.g. with the help of the osmotic pressure exerted by crowding neutral polymers in the presence of monovalent salts... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectrum analyzer types are distinguished by the methods used to obtain the spectrum of a signal. There are swept-tuned and fast Fourier transform (FFT) based spectrum analyzers:
*A swept-tuned analyzer uses a superheterodyne receiver to down-convert a portion of the input signal spectrum to the center frequency of a n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemfluence was started in the year 1994 by the students of The Department of Chemical Engineering of Anna University. Since then, Chemfluence had been a massive success and been attracting more participants and has become a phenomenal hit among the events by other Chemical Engineers around the country. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A rather intuitive route to cyclic isomers is the intramolecular conjugate addition to α,β–unsaturated carbonyls (intramolecular Michael addition or IMA). Competent Michael acceptors include conjugated enones, enals or nitroalkene derivatives and examples of other acceptors are sparse. Despite IMA reactions being ubiq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interfering with insects' reproduction can be accomplished by sterilizing males of the target species and releasing them, so that they mate with females but do not produce offspring. This technique was first used on the screwworm fly in 1958 and has since been used with the medfly, the tsetse fly, and the gypsy moth. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene. TILLING was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and expanded on into other uses and methodologies by a small group of scientists includin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a nondimensionalization of a shear stress, and is typically denoted or . This parameter has been developed by Albert F. Shields, and is ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The terms isoelectric point (IEP) and point of zero charge (PZC) are often used interchangeably, although under certain circumstances, it may be productive to make the distinction.
In systems in which H/OH are the interface potential-determining ions, the point of zero charge is given in terms of pH. The pH at which th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a given cation, Pauling defined the electrostatic bond strength to each coordinated anion as , where z is the cation charge and ν is the cation coordination number. A stable ionic structure is arranged to preserve local electroneutrality, so that the sum of the strengths of the electrostatic bonds to an anion equal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BARDS has significant potential as an analytical technique. Applications researched so far include:
* Batch consistency analysis
* Blend uniformity analysis
* Polymorph and pseudopolymorph discrimination
* Monitoring of supersaturation of solutions and rates of outgassing | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BC200 RNA is the product of an unprocessed monomeric Alu sequence. It is 200 nucleotides long and non-translatable.
BC200 has three distinct structural domains. The 5 region of the RNA defines one domain and consists of Alu repeat elements. The other two structural domains are a central A-rich region, and a C-rich ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers from Britain and Switzerland have previously found antibodies that work in Group 1 influenza A viruses or against most Group 2 viruses (CR8020), but not against both.
This team developed a method using single-cell screening to test very large numbers of human plasma cells, to increase their odds of finding ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytidine diphosphate glucose, often abbreviated CDP-glucose, is a nucleotide-linked sugar consisting of cytidine diphosphate and glucose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many different microscopy techniques are used in metallographic analysis.
Prepared specimens should be examined with the unaided eye after etching to detect any visible areas that have responded to the etchant differently from the norm as a guide to where microscopical examination should be employed. Light optical micr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The pH of a natural soil depends on the mineral composition of the parent material of the soil, and the weathering reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid environments, soil acidification occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by water moving laterally or downwards through the so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the process of extracting the DNA/RNA, there are a number of essential guidelines. This includes a description of the extraction process done, a statement on what DNA extraction kit was used and any changes made to the directions, details on whether any DNase or RNase treatment was used, a statement on whether any ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside cytidine. CDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase cytosine.
In Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, CDP-activated glycerol and ribitol are n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Froth flotation depends on the selective adhesion of air bubbles to mineral surfaces in a mineral/water slurry. The air bubbles attach to more hydrophobic particles, as determined by the interfacial energies between the solid, liquid, and gas phases. This energy is determined by the Young–Dupré equation:
where:
* γ is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Arc discharge: this is a high power thermal discharge of very high temperature (≈10,000 K). It can be generated using various power supplies. It is commonly used in metallurgical processes. For example, it is used to smelt minerals containing AlO to produce aluminium.
*Corona discharge: this is a non-thermal discharge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
; Nausea and vomiting
:This is not a general side effect of radiation therapy, and mechanistically is associated only with treatment of the stomach or abdomen (which commonly react a few hours after treatment), or with radiation therapy to certain nausea-producing structures in the head during treatment of certain head... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
STAT1 loss of function, therefore STAT1 deficiency can have many variants. There are two main genetic impairments that can cause response to interferons type I and III. First there can be autosomal recessive partial or even complete deficiency of STAT1. That causes intracellular bacterial diseases or viral infections a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecules have various states referred to as energy levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy is primarily concerned with electronic and vibrational states. Generally, the species being examined has a ground electronic state (a low energy state) of interest, and an excited electronic state of higher energy. Within each of thes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The so-called Sedov-Taylor solution has become useful in astrophysics. For example, it can be applied to quantify an estimate for the outcome from supernova-explosions. The Sedov-Taylor expansion is also known as the Blast Wave phase, which is an adiabatic expansion phase in the life cycle of supernova. The temperatur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Fast ignition" appeared in the late nineties, as part of a push by LLE to build the Omega EP system, which finished in 2008. Fast ignition showed dramatic power savings and moved ICF into the race for energy production. The HiPER experimental facility became dedicated to fast ignition.
In 2001 the United States, China... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Engineers have studied the various heat-engine cycles to improve the amount of usable work they could extract from a given power source. The Carnot cycle limit cannot be reached with any gas-based cycle, but engineers have found at least two ways to bypass that limit and one way to get better efficiency without bending... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The density of water is about 1000 kg/m or 1 g/cm, because the size of the gram was originally based on the mass of a cubic centimetre of water.
In chemistry, g/cm is more commonly used. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A phonovoltaic (pV) cell converts vibrational (phonons) energy into a direct current much like the photovoltaic effect in a photovoltaic (PV) cell converts light (photon) into power. That is, it uses a p-n junction to separate the electrons and holes generated as valence electrons absorb optical phonons more energetic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These sweet glycosides found in the stevia plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni have 40–300 times the sweetness of sucrose. The two primary glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, are used as natural sweeteners in many countries. These glycosides have steviol as the aglycone part. Glucose or rhamnose-glucose combinations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ligand-based methods typically require a fraction of a second for a single structure comparison operation. Sometimes a single CPU is enough to perform a large screening within hours. However, several comparisons can be made in parallel in order to expedite the processing of a large database of compounds. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To track the progress of a SELEX reaction, the number of target bound molecules, which is equivalent to the number of oligonucleotides eluted, can be compared to the estimated total input of oligonucleotides following elution at each round. The number of eluted oligonucleotides can be estimated through elution concentr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been proposals for reactors that consume nuclear waste and transmute it to other, less-harmful or shorter-lived, nuclear waste. In particular, the integral fast reactor was a proposed nuclear reactor with a nuclear fuel cycle that produced no transuranic waste and, in fact, could consume transuranic waste. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Among the diverse range of defense strategies plants utilize against pathogens, Ca signaling is very common. Free Ca levels in the cytoplasm increases in response to a pathogenic infection. Ca signatures of this nature usually activate the plant defense system by inducing defense-related genes and the hypersensitive ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vasdev grew up in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. He attended Oakville Trafalgar High School and graduated from McMaster University in 1998 with double bachelor degrees, summa cum laude, Hon. BSc in chemistry and B.A. in psychology. He concurrently worked as chemist at Astra Pharma and Glaxo-Wellcome. He then earned his Doc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The photovoltaic effect was experimentally demonstrated first by French physicist Edmond Becquerel. In 1839, at age 19, he built the worlds first photovoltaic cell in his fathers laboratory. Willoughby Smith first described the "Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current" in a 20 February 187... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two principal groups which were involved in the conflict over element naming were:
* An American group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
* A Russian group at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna.
and, as a kind of arbiter,
* The IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, which introduced its o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The power required to run a supersonic wind tunnel is enormous, of the order of 50 MW per square meter of test section cross-sectional area. For this reason most wind tunnels operate intermittently using energy stored in high-pressure tanks. These wind tunnels are also called intermittent supersonic blowdown wind tunne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strontium-90 () is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years. It undergoes β decay into yttrium-90, with a decay energy of 0.546 MeV. Strontium-90 has applications in medicine and industry and is an isotope of concern in fallout from nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist, but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid. It can effuse through porous solids like a gas, overcoming the mass transfer limitations that slow liquid t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like most other community analysis methods, TRFLP is also based on PCR amplification of a target gene. In the case of TRFLP, the amplification is performed with one or both the primers having their 5’ end labeled with a fluorescent molecule. In case both primers are labeled, different fluorescent dyes are required. Whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mycosubtilin has strong antifungal and hemolytic activities. It is active against fungi and yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium notatum, and Fusarium oxysporum.
Its antibacterial activity is quite limited to bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and temperature... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following oral administration, dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood–brain barrier.
At therapeutic doses, dextromethorphan acts centrally (meaning that it acts on the brain) as opposed to locally (on the respiratory tract). It elevate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In water-borne coatings, an aqueous polymer dispersion creates a film on the substrate once the solvent has evaporated. Surface functionalization of the polymer particles is a key component of a coating formulation allowing control over such properties as dispersion, film formation temperature, and the coating rheology... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arslantepe was first investigated by the French archaeologist Louis Delaporte from 1932 to 1939. From 1946 to 1951 Claude F.A. Schaeffer carried out some soundings.
The first Italian excavations at the site of Arslantepe started in 1961, and were conducted under the direction of Professors Piero Meriggi and Salvatore M... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) are similar to MSNs. They have a similar structure and share key physical properties and characteristics. However, it has been found that MCNs can exhibit lower toxicity that MSNs. To date, not much research has been done on MCNs. The Du lab based in Nanjing, China took made MSN te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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