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The chemical composition of tall oil varies with the species of trees used in pulping, and in turn with geographical location. For example, the coastal areas of the southeastern United States have a high proportion of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii); inland areas of the same region have a preponderance of Loblolly Pine (P... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One product of fatty acid metabolism are the prostaglandins, compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid. Every prostaglandin ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
V̇O max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption attainable during physical exertion. The name is derived from three abbreviations: "V̇" for volume (the dot over the V indicates "per unit of time" in Newton's notation), "O" for oxygen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As noted above, J.R. Partington points out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is stable against small transient perturbations. Without this condition, in general, experiments intended to study systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are in severe difficulties. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1969, Pinewood film studios hired a chemistry laboratory at Fulmer for use as a film set for the film "The Chairman" (also known as "The Most Dangerous Man in the World"), starring Gregory Peck. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dibutylboron trifluoromethanesulfonate (also called dibutylboron triflate or DBBT) is a reagent in organic chemistry. Its chemical formula is CHBFOS. It is used in asymmetric synthesis for example in the formation of boron enolates in the aldol reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organotantalum chemistry is the chemistry of chemical compounds containing a carbon-to-tantalum chemical bond. A wide variety of compound have been reported, initially with cyclopentadienyl and CO ligands. Oxidation states vary from Ta(V) to Ta(-I). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such that... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1946–1962 Ernest Basil Verney
* 1962–1971 Arnold Burgen
* 1973–1978 Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
* 1979–1999 Alan Cuthbert
* 1999–2013 Peter Anthony McNaughton
* 2017–2022 John Michael Edwardson
* 2022–present Mark Howarth | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Delivery systems are primarily divided into polymer-based delivery systems (microspheres and liposomes) and live delivery systems (gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and viruses) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grahams law of effusion (also called Grahams law of diffusion) was formulated by Scottish physical chemist Thomas Graham in 1848. Graham found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of its particles. This formula is stated as:
where:
:Rate is the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maternal overnutrition can have detrimental effects on the health of the offspring later in life. This area is less well studied and understood but some progress has been made in identifying specific genes that are affected. Studies have investigated hypermethylation of DNA and found it to be higher in obese mothers to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Governments may alter the flow or course of an urban stream to prevent localized flooding by river engineering: lining stream beds with concrete or other hardscape materials, diverting the stream into culverts and storm sewers, or other means. Some urban streams, such as the subterranean rivers of London, run completel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Identifying the pH associated with any stage in the titration process is relatively simple for monoprotic acids and bases. A monoprotic acid is an acid that donates one proton. A monoprotic base is a base that accepts one proton. A monoprotic acid or base only has one equivalence point on a titration curve.
A diprotic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ylides can be formed from münchnones, which are mesoionic heterocycles, and act as cyclic azomethine ylides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the synthesis of nanocrystalline feedstocks in the form of foils, powders, and wires is relatively straightforward, the tendency of nanocrystalline feedstocks to coarsen upon extended exposure to elevated temperatures means that low-temperature and rapid densification techniques are necessary to consolidate these... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The two principal methods of measuring total dissolved solids are gravimetric analysis and conductivity. Gravimetric methods are the most accurate and involve evaporating the liquid solvent and measuring the mass of residues left. This method is generally the best, although it is time-consuming. If inorganic salts comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is uncertain whether the oxhide ingots served as a form of currency. Ingots found in excavations at Mycenae are now part of the exhibits of the Numismatic Museum of Athens. Cemal Pulak argues that the weights of the Uluburun ingots are similar enough to have allowed "a rough but quick reckoning of a given quantity o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Born in Oklahoma in 1942, Richard Allan Andersen was raised and educated in the small town of Yankton, South Dakota. He obtained his bachelors degree in 1965 from the University of South Dakota. Andersen pursued graduate studies at the University of Wyoming, working under the supervision of Professor Geoffrey Coates. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoprotection is the biochemical process that helps organisms cope with molecular damage caused by sunlight. Plants and other oxygenic phototrophs have developed a suite of photoprotective mechanisms to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by excess or fluctuating light conditions. Humans and other a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon cell entry, a tether about 24 nucleotides in length that attaches the viral protein NS1, essential in replication, to the virion is cleaved off the virion to be reattached later. After cell entry, virions accumulate in the cell nucleus while the genome is still contained within the capsid. These capsids may be rec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The carboxyl radical, •COOH, only exists briefly. The acid dissociation constant of •COOH has been measured using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The carboxyl group tends to dimerise to form oxalic acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progress in isolating the element was slowed by the exceptional dangers of generating fluorine: several 19th century experimenters, the "fluorine martyrs", were killed or blinded. Humphry Davy, as well as the notable French chemists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, experienced severe pains from inhal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1969, he left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor. He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division, from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971. He continued his work on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sputter deposition is a method of depositing thin films by sputtering that involves eroding material from a "target" source onto a "substrate", e.g. a silicon wafer, solar cell, optical component, or many other possibilities. Resputtering, in contrast, involves re-emission of the deposited material, e.g. SiO during the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1954, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) established the definition of the Kelvin as 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature of the triple point of water. Waters with different isotopic compositions had slightly different triple points. Thus, the International Committee for Weights and Measures... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
N,-Diisopropylcarbodiimide is a carbodiimide used in peptide synthesis. As a liquid, it is easier to handle than the commonly used N,-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, a waxy solid. In addition, N,-diisopropylurea, its byproduct in many chemical reactions, is soluble in most organic solvents, a property that facilitates work-u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic form of the apothecaries system is essentially a subset of the Roman weight system. An apothecaries pound normally consisted of 12 ounces. (In France this was changed to 16 ounces, and in Spain, the customary unit was the , a mark of 8 ounces.) In the south of Europe and in France, the scruple was generally d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the physical realm, many irreversible processes are present to which the inability to achieve 100% efficiency in energy transfer can be attributed. The following is a list of spontaneous events which contribute to the irreversibility of processes.
* Ageing (this claim is disputed, as aging has been demonstrated to b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of using D-PUFAs to inhibit LPO has been tested in numerous cell and animal
models, including:
* Parkinson's disease (MPTP and a-Syn models in mice and rats)
* Huntington's disease (in mice)
* Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1 and ALDH2 mouse models)
* Diabetic retinopathy (Akita mice)
* Age-related macular dege... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HCN is obtainable from fruits that have a pit, such as cherries, apricots, apples, and bitter almonds, from which almond oil and flavoring are made. Many of these pits contain small amounts of cyanohydrins such as mandelonitrile and amygdalin, which slowly release hydrogen cyanide. One hundred grams of crushed apple se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The practical performances of polycrystalline materials are strongly affected by the formed microstructure inside, which is mostly dominated by grain growth behaviors. For example, most materials exhibit the Hall–Petch effect at room-temperature and so display a higher yield stress when the grain size is reduced (assum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The zinc coating, when intact, prevents corrosive substances from reaching the underlying iron. Additional electroplating such as a chromate conversion coating may be applied to provide further surface passivation to the substrate material. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Discovered in 1953 by Jacques Monod and colleagues, the trp operon in E. coli was the first repressible operon to be discovered. While the lac operon can be activated by a chemical (allolactose), the tryptophan (Trp) operon is inhibited by a chemical (tryptophan). This operon contains five structural genes: trp E, tr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, conditioning is a process in which chemical reaction factors are stabilized or enhanced. Examples include increasing the quality of a material by using another material (a conditioner) or improving the ability of solids to capture and physically or chemically treat water. There are three main conditioning... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrophilic aminating reagents rely on the presence of an electron-withdrawing functional group attached to nitrogen. A variety of hydroxylamine derivatives have been used for this purpose. Sulfonylhydroxylamines are able to aminate a wide array of carbanions.
Azo compounds afford hydrazines after addition to the N=N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Samples are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail" containing a solvent (historically aromatic organics such as xylene or toluene, but more recently less hazardous solvents are used), typically some form of a surfactant, and "fluors" or scintillators which produce the light measured by the detector. Scintillators can b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experiment... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triflic acid is one of the strongest acids. Contact with skin causes severe burns with delayed tissue destruction. On inhalation it causes fatal spasms, inflammation and edema.
Like sulfuric acid, triflic acid must be slowly added to polar solvents to prevent thermal runaway. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnetic nanoparticles conjugated to an antibody against an antigen of interest are not always available, but there is a way to circumvent it. Since fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are much more prevalent, it is possible to use magnetic nanoparticles coated with anti-fluorochrome antibodies. They are incubated with t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hypermetabolism is defined as an elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) > 110% of predicted REE. Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms, most notably extreme weight loss, and can also be a symptom in itself. This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitochondrial diseases are usually caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA. These genes regulate different proteins synthesis, including carrier proteins and certain enzymes.
The replication of mitochondrial DNA follows binary fission. In this process, 1 set of genes would divide into 2 sets. The mitochondrial gene of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unbound AR is mainly located in the cytoplasm, like a typical steroid receptor, and is associated with a complex of heat shock proteins (HSP) through interactions with LBD. Androgens, either agonists or antagonists, position themselves in the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the cytosolic AR and bind to the LBD, see figu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron working came into prominence from about 1,200 BCE. In the 10th century BCE, glass production began in ancient Near East. In the 3rd century BCE, people in ancient India developed wootz steel, the first crucible steel. In the 1st century BCE, glassblowing techniques flourished in Phoenicia. In the 2nd century, CE s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*How to model it: Problem Solving for the Computer Age (1990) ISBN 978-0808779704
*Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom (1991) ISBN 978-0939603145
*Cooperative learning: Increasing college faculty instructional productivity (1991) ISBN 978-1878380095
*New paradigms for College Teaching (1997) ISBN 978-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With increasing number of fluorine atoms on the same (geminal) carbon the other bonds become stronger and shorter. This can be seen by the changes in bond length and strength (BDE) for the fluoromethane series, as shown on the table below; also, the partial charges (q and q) on the atoms change within the series. The p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug discovery and development are very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government-appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Mole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As access to an ionized calcium is not always available a corrected calcium may be used instead. To calculate a corrected calcium in mmol/L one takes the total calcium in mmol/L and adds it to ((40 minus the serum albumin in g/L) multiplied by 0.02). There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, scientists place the reporter gene and the gene of interest in the same DNA construct to be inserted into the cell or organism. For bacteria or prokaryotic cells in culture, this is usually in the form of a circular DNA molecule called a plasmid. For viruses, this is known... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom. These ligands are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most important features introduced by Eyring, Polanyi and Evans was the notion that activated complexes are in quasi-equilibrium with the reactants. The rate is then directly proportional to the concentration of these complexes multiplied by the frequency (kT/h) with which they are converted into products. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most interesting questions is if there is a threshold in reaction energy and/or volume size which needs to be exceeded in order to form a domain in which quarks can move freely. It is natural to expect that if such a threshold exists the particle yields/ratios we have shown above should indicate that. One of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon inhalation aerosol labeled with technetium-99m (Technegas) is indicated for the visualization of pulmonary ventilation and the evaluation of pulmonary embolism. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found, but never in commerciall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Cunningham correction factor, or Cunningham slip correction factor (denoted ), is used to account for non-continuum effects when calculating the drag on small particles. The derivation of Stokes' law, which is used to calculate the drag force on small particles, assumes a no-slip condition which ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nuclear fuel can swell during use, this is because of effects such as fission gas formation in the fuel and the damage which occurs to the lattice of the solid. The fission gases accumulate in the void that forms in the center of a fuel pellet as burnup increases. As the void forms, the once-cylindrical pellet deg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A crystal system is a set of point groups in which the point groups themselves and their corresponding space groups are assigned to a lattice system. Of the 32 point groups that exist in three dimensions, most are assigned to only one lattice system, in which case the crystal system and lattice system both have the sam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paludiculture is wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands. Paludiculture combines the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from drained peatlands through rewetting with continued land use and biomass production under wet conditions. “Paludi” comes from the Latin “palus” meaning “swamp, morass” and "paludiculture" as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The YoctoReactor (yR) is a 3D proximity-driven approach which exploits the self-assembling nature of DNA oligonucleotides into 3, 4 or 5-way junctions to direct small molecule synthesis at the center of the junction. Figure 5 illustrates the basic concept with a 4-way DNA junction.
The center of the DNA junction consti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:
: ·10 + 2 HCl → 4 + 2 NaCl + 5
It is also formed as a by product of hydrolysis of boron trihalides and diborane:
: + 3 → + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dispersive adhesion, also called adsorptive adhesion, is a mechanism for adhesion which attributes attractive forces between two materials to intermolecular interactions between molecules of each material. This mechanism is widely viewed as the most important of the five mechanisms of adhesion due to its presence in ev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pervaporation is effective for dilute solutions containing trace or minor amounts of the component to be removed. Based on this, hydrophilic membranes are used for dehydration of alcohols containing small amounts of water and hydrophobic membranes are used for removal/recovery of trace amounts of organics from aqueous ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In simple manual columns, the eluent is collected in constant volumes, known as fractions. The more similar the particles are in size the more likely they are in the same fraction and not detected separately. More advanced columns overcome this problem by constantly monitoring the eluent.
The collected fractions are of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resazurin is reduced to resorufin by aerobic respiration of metabolically active cells, and it can be used as an indicator of cell viability. It was first used to quantify bacterial content in milk by Pesch and Simmert in 1929. It can be used to detect the presence of viable cells in mammalian cell cultures. It was int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bees can use trail pheromones to mark food sources and the entrance of their hives. Oftentimes, when finding a source, bees will mark that exact location as well as secreting pheromones along the flight back to their hives. Employment of trail pheromones is extensively studied in honey bees and stingless bees, for both... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general form of the Eyring–Polanyi equation somewhat resembles the Arrhenius equation:
where is the rate constant, is the Gibbs energy of activation, is the transmission coefficient, is the Boltzmann constant, is the temperature, and is the Planck constant.
The transmission coefficient is often assumed to be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glass bottles and jars are infinitely recyclable. The use of recycled glass in manufacturing conserves raw materials and reduces energy consumption. Because the chemical energy required to melt the raw materials has already been expended, the use of cullet can significantly reduce energy consumption compared with manuf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Karlsruhe meeting started with no firm agreement on the vexing problem of atomic and molecular weights. However, on the meetings last day reprints of Stanislao Cannizzaros 1858 paper on atomic weights, in which he utilized earlier work by Amedeo Avogadro and André-Marie Ampère, were distributed. Cannizzaros efforts... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* G. Reginald Bashforth, The manufacture of iron and steel, vol. 2: Steel production, London, Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1951, 461 p.
* Thomas Turner (dir.), The metallurgy of iron: By Thomas Turner...: Being one of a series of treatises on metallurgy written by associates of the Royal school of mines, C. Griffin & company, l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gene for EH4, EPHX4, is projected to encode an epoxide hydrolase closely related in amino acid sequence and structure to mEH, sEH, and EH3. The activity and function of EH4 has not yet been defined. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
5-Bromouracil (5-BrU, 5BrUra, or br5Ura) is a brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite or base analog, substituting for thymine in DNA, and can induce DNA mutation in the same way as 2-aminopurine. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside derivative (5-bromo-2-deoxy-urid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Though separated from one another within the cell, nuclear genes and those of mitochondria and chloroplasts can affect each other in a number of ways. Nuclear genes play major roles in the expression of chloroplast genes and mitochondrial genes. Additionally, gene products of mitochondria can themselves affect the expr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fresh blastocyst (day 5 to 6) stage transfer seems to be more effective than cleavage (day 2 or 3) stage transfer in assisted reproductive technologies. The Cochrane study showed a small improvement in live birth rate per couple for blastocyst transfers. This would mean that for a typical rate of 31% in clinics that us... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutron spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method of measuring atomic and magnetic motions by measuring the kinetic energy of emitted neutrons. The measured neutrons may be emitted directly (for example, by nuclear reactions), or they may scatter off cold matter before reaching the detector. Inelastic neutron scattering o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dispersion relation describes the relationship between wavelength and frequency in waves. Distinction can be made between pure capillary waves – fully dominated by the effects of surface tension – and gravity–capillary waves which are also affected by gravity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zhong Zhong (, born 27 November 2017) and Hua Hua (, born 5 December 2017) are a pair of identical crab-eating macaques (also referred to as cynomolgus monkeys) that were created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the same cloning technique that produced Dolly the sheep in 1996. They are the first cloned pri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (G, also referred to as deiodination capacity, total deiodinase activity or, if calculated from levels of thyroid hormones, as SPINA-GD) is the maximum amount of triiodothyronine produced per time-unit under conditions of substrate saturation. It is assumed to reflect the acti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For introduction of radionuclides into organism, ingestion is the most important route. Insoluble compounds are not absorbed from the gut and cause only local irradiation before they are excreted. Soluble forms however show wide range of absorption percentages. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical amphiphilic flexible surfactant can form aggregates through a self-assembly process that results of specific interactions between the molecules of the amphiphilic mesogen and those of the non-mesogenic solvent.
In aqueous media, the driving force of the aggregation is the "hydrophobic effect". The aggregates ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexafluorophosphazene is an inorganic compound with the formula . It takes the form of a white powder or lumps. It is sensitive to moisture and heat. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the pendant drop test, a drop of liquid is suspended from the end of a tube or by any surface by surface tension. The force due to surface tension is proportional to the length of the boundary between the liquid and the tube, with the proportionality constant usually denoted . Since the length of this boundary is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All transcriptomic techniques have been particularly useful in identifying the functions of genes and identifying those responsible for particular phenotypes. Transcriptomics of Arabidopsis ecotypes that hyperaccumulate metals correlated genes involved in metal uptake, tolerance, and homeostasis with the phenotype. Int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P-NMR spectroscopy is useful to assay purity and to assign structures of phosphorus-containing compounds because these signals are well resolved and often occur at characteristic frequencies. Chemical shifts and coupling constants span a large range but sometimes are not readily predictable. The Gutmann-Beckett method ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodosobenzene is prepared from iodobenzene. It is prepared by first oxidizing iodobenzene by peracetic acid. Hydrolysis of resulting diacetate affords "PhIO":
The structure of iodosobenzene has been verified by crystallographically. Related derivatives are also oligomeric. Its low solubility in most solvents and vibra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction requires metal catalysts. Most commercially important processes employ heterogeneous catalysts. The heterogeneous catalysts are often prepared by in-situ activation of a metal halide (MCl) using organoaluminium or organotin compounds, e.g. combining MCl–EtAlCl. A typical catalyst support is alumina. Com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers at the Université de Montréal are working with Photon etc. and Optina Diagnostics to test the use of hyperspectral photography in the diagnosis of retinopathy and macular edema before damage to the eye occurs. The metabolic hyperspectral camera will detect a drop in oxygen consumption in the retina, which ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phosphaethynolate anion is the heavier isoelectronic congener of the cyanate anion. It has been shown that it behaves in a similar way to its lighter analogue, as an ambidentate nucleophile. This ambidentate character of the anion means that it is able to bind via both the phosphorus and oxygen atoms depending on t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction between tricarbonylchromium complexes Cr(CO)L and electron-rich or electron-neutral aromatic rings produces tricarbonyl(arene)chromium complexes (arene)Cr(CO). Complexation to chromium(0) activates the side chain of the arene, facilitating dissociation of a benzylic proton, leaving group, or nucleophilic a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopes which undergo this decay and thereby emit positrons include, but are not limited to: carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, copper-64, gallium-68, bromine-78, rubidium-82, yttrium-86, zirconium-89, sodium-22, aluminium-26, potassium-40, strontium-83, and iodine-124. As an example, the following equati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other examples of non-Kekulé molecules are the biradicaloid quinodimethanes, that have a six-membered ring with methylene substituents.
Non-Kekulé polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are composed of several fused six-membered rings. The simplest member of this class is triangulene. After unsuccessful attempts by Erich Cl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kang is a native of Busan. He aspired to be a musician since childhood but his parents had been against it. Instead, he focused on his studies and was admitted to Pusan National University on a scholarship, eventually graduating with a degree in chemical engineering.
After completing his mandatory military service and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Settling is the process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are also present and distributed throughout the local nervous system, in post-synaptic and pre-synaptic positions. There is also some evidence for postsynaptic receptors on sympathetic neurons allowing the parasympathetic nervous system to inhibit sympathetic effects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To act as glycosyl donors, those monosaccharides should exist in a highly energetic form. This occurs as a result of a reaction between nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) and glycosyl monophosphate (phosphate at anomeric carbon). The recent discovery of the reversibility of many glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions calls... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The offset phase can be defined as the amount of time in between the conclusion of the peak and shifting into a sober state. This is colloquially referred to as "coming down." | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This vast scope of functionality for a single protein makes it the ideal model for research regarding other zinc proteases of unknown structure. Recent biomedical research on collagenase, enkephalinase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme used carboxypeptidase A for inhibitor synthesis and kinetic testing. For example,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical physics is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation, the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter, especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The C5 fragment 24 required for the synthesis of the C ring (scheme 3) was prepared from 2,3-dibromopropene (20) by reaction with ethyl acetate (21), n-butyllithium and a copper salt, followed by organic reduction of acetate 22 to alcohol 23 (lithium aluminium hydride) and its TES silylation. Michael addition of 24 wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemical engineering, sparging can remove low-boiling liquids from a solution. The low-boiling components evaporate more rapidly, so the gas bubbles remove more of them from the bulk solution containing higher-boiling components. It is an alternative to distillation, and it does not require heat. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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