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Initiation in archaea is governed by TATA-binding protein (TBP), Archaeal transcription factor B (TFB), and Archaeal transcription factor E (TFE) that are homologous to eukaryotic TBP, TFIIB, and TFIIE respectively. These factors recognize the promoter core sequence (TATA box, B recognition element) upstream of the cod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each of the functional regions of TFIIB interacts with different parts of RNA polymerase II. The amino terminal B ribbon is located on dock domain of RNA polymerase II and extends in to the cleft towards the active site. Extending the B ribbon is the B reader that extends via the RNA exit tunnel to the binding site of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1850, Clausius, responding to Joule's experimental demonstrations of heat production by friction, rejected the caloric doctrine of conservation of heat, writing:
:::::If we assume that heat, like matter, cannot be lessened in quantity, we must also assume that it cannot be increased; but it is almost impossible to e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic peroxides are classified (i) by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl (-OH) terminus and (ii) by the presence of alkyl vs acyl substituents.
One gap in the classes of organic peroxides is diphenyl peroxide. Quantum chemical calculations predict that it undergoes a nearly barrierless reaction akin to the benzi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scrubbers are material washers used to break down and disperse clays in order to prepare mineral ores or construction aggregates for further processing. Sepro Tyre Drive Scrubbers are manufactured up to 3.6m in diameter and are capable of processing up to 1500 tonnes per hour of material. Shell supported Scrubbers such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A ligand is a molecule utilized for cell-signaling that binds to a target tissue for cellular communication. There are many different types of ligands including: internal receptors, cell-surface receptors, Ion-channel receptors, G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), and enzyme-linked receptors. Ligands can be divided in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* First - 1699
* Second - 1722
* Third - 1735
* Fourth - 1744
* Fifth - 1756
* Sixth - 1774
* Seventh - 1783
* Eighth - 1792
* Ninth - 1803
* Revised Ninth - 1805
* Tenth - 1817
* Eleventh (first in English) - 1839
* Twelfth (second in English) - 1841 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He married Catherine Connelly (also a biochemist) in Holyoke, Massachusetts, On September 16, 1961. He raised a family of four children: Miguel Luis, Juan Ignacio, Jorge Eduardo and Maria Amparo and has 13 grandchildren.
With his wife, Catherine Connelly, he was on sabbatical at the University of California at San Dieg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MG-RAST, an open-source web application server, facilitates automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. It stands as one of the largest repositories for metagenomic data, employing the acronym for Metagenomic Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (MG-RAST). This platform utilizes a pipeline t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joule heating is caused by interactions between charge carriers (usually electrons) and the body of the conductor.
A potential difference (voltage) between two points of a conductor creates an electric field that accelerates charge carriers in the direction of the electric field, giving them kinetic energy. When the ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lateral manipulation means moving an adsorbate on the surface by making a temporary chemical or physical bond between the STM tip and the adsorbate. A typical lateral manipulation sequence begins by positioning the tip close to the adsorbate, bringing the tip close to the surface by increasing the tunneling current set... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to create wrought iron or steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the iron without the fuel coming into direct contact with the iron, a system generally known as a reverberatory furnace or open hearth ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phillips obtained his bachelor's degree in Biochemistry and Chemistry from Rice University in 1974 and followed it with a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the same institution in 1976. He also held a Robert A. Welch Predoctoral Fellowship from 1974 to 1976 and received a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Institutes o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a (redox) non-innocent ligand is a ligand in a metal complex where the oxidation state is not
clear. Typically, complexes containing non-innocent ligands are redox active at mild potentials. The concept assumes that redox reactions in metal complexes are either metal or ligand localized, which is a simp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stereocontrol for cyclohexane rings is well established in organic chemistry, in large part due to the axial/equatorial preferential positioning of substituents on the ring. Macrocyclic stereocontrol models the substitution and reactions of medium and large rings in organic chemistry, with remote stereogenic elements p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*POLR1C
*POLR1D
*POLR1E
*POLR2A
*POLR2B
*POLR2C
*POLR2D
*POLR2E
*POLR2F
*POLR2G
*POLR2H
*POLR2I
*POLR2J
*POLR2K
*POLR2L
*POLR3C
*POLR3E
*POLR3GL
*POLR3K | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrometallurgy is the field concerned with the processes of metal electrodeposition. There are seven categories of these processes:
*Electrolysis
*Electrowinning, the extraction of metal from ores
*Electrorefining, the purification of metals. Metal powder production by electrodeposition is included in this categor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequences of their DNA. If the level of similarity exceeds a minimum value, one can conclude that the genes descend from a common ancestor; they are homologous. Genes that are related by direct descent from a common ancestor are orthologous genes - they ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transitions between redox species Cu and Cu fractionate Cu isotopes. Cu is preferentially reduced over Cu, leaving the residual Cu enriched in Cu. The equilibrium fractionation factor for speciation between Cu and Cu (α) is 1.00403 (i.e., dissolved Cu is enriched in Cu by ~+4‰ relative to Cu). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non-governmental institution (established under the aegis of the UN) bridging public and private sectors. ISO is an international standard setter for “business, government and society,” through its pursuit of voluntary standards. These standards range from those... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In principle, the M-NX group could be pyramidal or planar. The pyramidal geometry is not observed.
In many complexes, the amido is a bridging ligand. Some examples have both bridging and terminal amido ligands. Bulky amide ligands have a lesser tendency to bridge. Amide ligands may participate in metal-ligand π-bondin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatilization methods can be either direct or indirect. Water eliminated in a quantitative manner from many inorganic substances by ignition is an example of a direct determination. It is collected on a solid desiccant and its mass determined by the gain in mass of the desiccant.
Another direct volatilization method i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phenol is readily alkylated at the ortho positions using alkenes in the presence of a Lewis acid such as aluminium phenoxide:
: CH=CR + CHOH → RCHCH-2-CHOH
More than 100,000 tons of tert-butyl phenols are produced annually (year: 2000) in this way, using isobutylene (CH=CMe) as the alkylating agent. Especially imp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lattice confinement fusion (LCF) is a type of nuclear fusion in which deuteron-saturated metals are exposed to gamma radiation or ion beams, such as in an IEC fusor, avoiding the confined high-temperature plasmas used in other methods of fusion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Fred Morrison Scholarship (1994)
* Thieme Journal Award (2012)
* American Chemical Society Young Academic Investigator Award (2013)
* Boston University Ignition Award (2013)
* Boston University Materials Science and Engineering Innovation Award (2013)
* National Science Foundation CAREER Award (2013)
* Alfred P. Sloa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Outside and far from the tube, the liquid reaches a ground level in contact with the atmosphere. Liquids in communicating vessels have the same pressures at the same heights, so a point , inside the tube, at the same liquid level as outside, would have the same pressure . Yet the pressure at this point follows a vertic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy uses the fluorescence of a molecule for obtaining information on its environment, structure, and position. The technique affords the ability of obtaining information otherwise not available due to ensemble averaging (that is, a signal obtained when recording many molecules at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complex is a large integral membrane protein composed of several metal prosthetic sites and 14 protein subunits in mammals. In mammals, eleven subunits are nuclear in origin, and three are synthesized in the mitochondria. The complex contains two hemes, a cytochrome a and cytochrome a, and two copper centers, the C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Change in physical interactions can be utilized for the solidification process, and the fibrous state is usually achieved outside of the extrusion nozzle. Due to the reversibility of those physical interactions, subsequent crosslinking is traditionally required. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liu was born on 1925 in Anyuan District of Pingxiang to Liu Shaoqi and He Baozhen. When he was two years old, he was sent back to Liu Shaoqi's hometown in Ningxiang County, Hunan for foster care. In 1934, his mother was executed while in captivity by the Kuomintang.
In July 1938, the Chinese Communist Party brought Liu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The notion of energy quality was also recognised in the economic sciences. In the context of biophysical economics energy quality was measured by the amount of economic output generated per unit of energy input (C.J. Cleveland et al. 2000). The estimation of energy quality in an economic context is also associated with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is stable to air. It is, however, unstable in the thermodynamic sense with a positive enthalpy of formation of +460 kJ/mol. This endothermic enthalpy of formation originates in the difference in energy of compared to its highly stable decomposition products:
Because one of its decomposition products is a gas, can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a transition where a single charged particle changes state from to , the transition dipole moment is
where q is the particles charge, r is its position, and the integral is over all space ( is shorthand for ). The transition dipole moment is a vector; for example its x'-component is
In other words, the transition... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Research on thyroid cancer has elucidated the theory that paracrine signaling may aid in creating tumor microenvironments. Chemokine transcription is upregulated when Ras is in the GTP-bound state. The chemokines are then released from the cell, free to bind to another nearby cell. Paracrine signaling between neighb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed by chemisorbing reactive reagents with metal surfaces. A famous example involves thiols (RS-H) adsorbing onto the surface of gold. This process forms strong Au-SR bonds and releases H. The densely packed SR groups protect the surface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Moureu was widely respected for his research work. As part of his research on acrylic acid and its derivatives, he was the first to synthesize acrylonitrile in 1893.
In addition, he studied acetylene compounds, phenolic compounds, plant essences, and rare gases found in wells and mines.
During the war, Moureu researche... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the crystal diffracts to high resolution (<1.2 Å), the initial phases can be estimated using direct methods. Direct methods can be used in x-ray crystallography, neutron crystallography, and electron crystallography.
A number of initial phases are tested and selected by this method. The other is the Patterson meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Long-distance athletes, such as marathon runners, cross-country skiers, and cyclists, often experience glycogen depletion, where almost all of the athlete's glycogen stores are depleted after long periods of exertion without sufficient carbohydrate consumption. This phenomenon is referred to as "hitting the wall" in ru... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hydraulic diameter, , is a commonly used term when handling flow in non-circular tubes and channels. Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as
where
: is the cross-sectional area of the flo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the study of plants' photorespiration, the labeling of atmosphere by oxygen-18 allows for the measurement of oxygen uptake by the photorespiration pathway. Labeling by gives the unidirectional flux of uptake, while there is a net photosynthetic evolution. It was demonstrated that, under preindustrial atmosphere, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Rutherford Memorial Medal (2009)
*OMCOS Award (2009)
*Sloan Research Fellowship (2008)
*Merck Process Award (2008)
*Eli Lilly Grantee (2007–2009)
*NSERC Discovery Accelerator Supplement Award (2007–2009)
*Amgen Young Investigator's Award (2007)
*Astra Zeneca Award for Chemistry (2007)
*University of Ottawa Research Ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anthocyanins have been used in organic solar cells because of their ability to convert light energy into electrical energy. The many benefits to using dye-sensitized solar cells instead of traditional p-n junction silicon cells, include lower purity requirements and abundance of component materials, as well as the fact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones (1895–1970) was an Australian organic chemist and academic, notable for his pioneering work in the field of essential oils from Queensland flora natural products. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pierre Sinaÿ's scientific work focuses on the chemistry of carbohydrates and the understanding of the role of oligosaccharides in the living world. In the mid-1970s, Pierre Sinaÿ discovered and developed an effective method for oligosaccharide synthesis known as imidate glycosylation. This, by now allowing access to in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Distribution of stop codons within the genome of an organism is non-random and can correlate with GC-content. For example, the E. coli K-12 genome contains 2705 TAA (63%), 1257 TGA (29%), and 326 TAG (8%) stop codons (GC content 50.8%). Also the substrates for the stop codons release factor 1 or release factor 2 are st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tyres, sometimes called riding rings, usually consist of a single annular steel casting, machined to a smooth cylindrical surface, which attach loosely to the kiln shell through a variety of "chair" arrangements. These require some ingenuity of design, since the tyre must fit the shell snugly, but also allow thermal m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hahn and Strassmann isolated the three radium isotopes (verified by their half-lives) and used fractional crystallisation to separate it from its barium carrier by adding barium bromide crystals in four steps. Since radium precipitates preferentially in a solution of barium bromide, at each step the fraction drawn off ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biodiesel is a diesel fuel derived from animal or plant lipids (oils and fats). Studies have shown that some species of algae can produce 60% or more of their dry weight in the form of oil. Because the cells grow in aqueous suspension, where they have more efficient access to water, and dissolved nutrients, microalgae... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The usual definition of a splash zone is the area just above and just below the average water level of a body of water. It also includes areas that may be subject to water spray and mist.
A significant amount of corrosion of fences is due to landscaper tools scratching fence coatings and irrigation sprinklers spraying ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Systems Biology Pathway Exchange (SBPAX) allows SBO terms to be added to Biological Pathway Exchange (BioPAX). This links BioPAX to information useful for modelling, especially by adding quantitative descriptions described by SBO. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mesophillic Thermoproteota were recently placed into a new phylum of Archaea called the Nitrososphaerota (formerly Thaumarchaeota). However there are very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of archaea from the phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). A detailed phylogenetic study using the CSI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aqueous zinc chloride reacts with zinc oxide to form an amorphous cement that was first investigated in 1855 by Stanislas Sorel. Sorel later went on to investigate the related magnesium oxychloride cement, which bears his name. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The time-of-flight principle can be applied for mass spectrometry. Ions are accelerated by an electric field of known strength. This acceleration results in an ion having the same kinetic energy as any other ion that has the same charge. The velocity of the ion depends on the mass-to-charge ratio. The time that it subs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vaporization (from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called evaporation, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called boiling. However there is no such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical garden relies on most transition metal silicates being insoluble in water and colored.
When a metal salt, such as cobalt chloride, is added to a sodium silicate solution, it will start to dissolve. It will then form insoluble cobalt silicate by a double displacement reaction. This cobalt silicate is a semi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Bayer was facing competition in all its major markets from local ASA producers as well as other German drug firms (particularly Heyden and Hoechst). The British market was immediately closed to the German companies, but British manufacturing could not meet the demand—especially w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Firstly, Ca-looping offers greater cost advantage compared to conventional amine-scrubbing technologies. The cost/metric ton for CO captured through Ca-looping is ~$23.70 whereas that for CO captured through amine scrubbing is about $35–$96. This can be attributed to the high availability and low cost of the CaO sorbe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ella Jones (born 1955) is an American chromatographer, pastor, and politician who serves as the 12th mayor of Ferguson, Missouri. A former member of the Ferguson City Council, Jones is the first African-American and woman elected mayor of the city. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In context of x-rays, opacifiers are additives with high absorption of x-rays; typically these are particles or compounds of lead, barium (often barium sulfate), tungsten, or other high atomic weight elements. Sometimes opacifiers are added to medical implants to make them visible under X-ray imaging. This is especiall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rosenthal's reagent can be prepared by reduction of titanocene or zirconocene dichloride with magnesium in the presence of bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene in THF. The illustrated product for a titanocene complex can be represented by the resonance structures A and B. If zirconium is used as central atom, additional ligand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The common trend in all examples of protein adsorption in the food industry is that of adsorption to minerals adsorbed to the surface first. This phenomenon has been studied but it is not well understood. Spectroscopy of proteins adsorbed onto clay-like minerals show variations in the C=O and N-H bond stretches, meanin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bolaamphiphiles (also known as bolaform surfactants,
bolaphiles, or alpha-omega-type surfactants) are amphiphilic molecules that have hydrophilic groups at both ends of a sufficiently long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain. Compared to single-headed amphiphiles, the introduction of a second head-group generally induces a h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In aircraft (other than lighter-than-air balloons and blimps), the added mass is not usually taken into account because the density of the air is so small. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH)NH. The compound is a derivative of aniline, consisting of an amine bound to two phenyl groups. The compound is a colorless solid, but commercial samples are often yellow due to oxidized impurities. Diphenylamine dissolves well in many common organic solvents, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nahal Mishmar (Hebrew:נחל משמר) or Wadi Mahras (Arabic:مَحْرَس) is a small seasonal stream in the Judean Desert in Israel. A hoard of rare Chalcolithic artifacts (the Nahal Mishmar hoard) was discovered in a cave near the stream bed which was dubbed the "Treasure Cave". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process for developing a pharmacophore model generally involves the following steps:
# Select a training set of ligands – Choose a structurally diverse set of molecules that will be used for developing the pharmacophore model. As a pharmacophore model should be able to discriminate between molecules with and withou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micro RNAs are involved in regulating the expression of many proteins. Med1 is targeted by miR-1, which is important in gene regulation in cancers. The tumor suppressor miR-137 also regulates MED1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As reagents in organic chemistry, organocerium compounds are typically prepared in situ by treatment of cerium trichloride with organolithium or Grignard reagent. Reagents are derived from alkyl, alkynyl, and alkenyl organometallic reagents as well as enolates have been described. The most common cerium source for this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*PSMA1 NM_002786
*PSMA2 NM_002787
*PSMA3 NM_002788
*PSMA4 NM_002789
*PSMA5 NM_002790
*PSMA6 NM_002791
*PSMA7 NM_002792 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 7 (PSMA7),
*PSMB1 NM_002793 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 (PSMB1), mRNA
*PSMB2 NM_0... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Müllerian mimicry was proposed by the German zoologist and naturalist Fritz Müller (1821–1897). An early proponent of evolution, Müller offered the first explanation for resemblance between certain butterflies that had puzzled the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates in 1862. Bates, like Müller, spent a significant pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A river siphon occurs when part of the water flow passes under a submerged object like a rock or tree trunk. The water flowing under the obstruction can be very powerful, and as such can be very dangerous for kayaking, canyoning, and other river-based watersports. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cells are very sensitive to nanotopographical features, so optimization of surfaces in tissue engineering has pushed towards implantation. Under appropriate conditions, a carefully crafted 3-dimensional scaffold is used to direct cell seeds toward artificial organ growth. The 3-D scaffold incorporates various nanoscale... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bottromycins contain a C-terminal decarboxylated thiazole in addition to a macrocyclic amidine.
There are currently six known bottromycin compounds, which differ in the extent of side chain methylation, an additional characteristic of the bottromycin class. The total synthesis of bottromycin A2 was required to definiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yttrium is found in most rare-earth minerals, it is found in some uranium ores, but is never found in the Earths crust as a free element. About 31 ppm of the Earths crust is yttrium, making it the 43rd most abundant element. Yttrium is found in soil in concentrations between 10 and 150 ppm (dry weight average of 23 ppm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet, but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO or ZnO. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper is almost non-existent for most of the interior of East Africa, with a few exceptions particularly Kilwa and medieval sites in Nubia and Fostat, and there is not enough information yet to reconstruct copper on the Swahili Coast. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes
*SPAG7
*SRM Spermidine synthase
*TEGT Bax-1 inhibitor
*DAZAP2 Deleted in azoospermia
*MEA1 Male enhanced antigen | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beevers–Lipson strips were a computational aid for early crystallographers in calculating Fourier transforms to determine the structure of crystals from crystallographic data, enabling the creation of models for complex molecules. They were used from the 1930s until computers with enough power became generally availabl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thymidine monophosphate (TMP), also known as thymidylic acid (conjugate base thymidylate), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), or deoxythymidylic acid (conjugate base deoxythymidylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in DNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTMP consists of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The affinity of an antagonist for its binding site (K), i.e. its ability to bind to a receptor, will determine the duration of inhibition of agonist activity. The affinity of an antagonist can be determined experimentally using Schild regression or for competitive antagonists in radioligand binding studies using the Ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Keller's reagent can refer to either of two different mixtures of acids.
In metallurgy, Keller's reagent is a mixture of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid, used to etch aluminum alloys to reveal their grain boundaries and orientations. It is also sometimes called Dix–Keller reagent, after E. H. Dix,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Liquid–liquid extraction
** Acid-base extraction
** Supercritical fluid extraction
* Solid-liquid extraction
** Solid-phase extraction
** Maceration
** Ultrasound-assisted extraction
** Microwave-assisted extraction
** Heat reflux extraction
** Instant controlled pressure drop extraction (Détente instantanée contrôlé... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another way to find the capillary length is using different pressure points inside a sessile droplet, with each point having a radius of curvature, and equate them to the Laplace pressure equation. This time the equation is solved for the height of the meniscus level which again can be used to give the capillary length... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aldol reactions may proceed by two distinct mechanisms. Carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, can be converted to enols or enol ethers. These species, being nucleophilic at the α-carbon, can attack especially reactive protonated carbonyls such as protonated aldehydes. This is the enol mechanism. Carbonyl c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers at BI discovered that using a buty-2-nyl group resulted in a potent candidate, called BI-1356 (Figure 10). In 2008 BI-1356 was undergoing phase III clinical trials; it was released as linagliptin in May 2011. X-ray crystallography has shown that that xanthine type binds the DPP-4 complex in a different way ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cold fusion researchers were for many years unable to get papers accepted at scientific meetings, prompting the creation of their own conferences. The International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF) was first held in 1990 and has met every 12 to 18 months since. Attendees at some of the early conferences were described ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium–potassium alloy, colloquially called NaK (commonly pronounced ), is an alloy of the alkali metals sodium (Na, atomic number 11) and potassium (K, atomic number 19) that is normally liquid at room temperature. Various commercial grades are available. NaK is highly reactive with water (like its constituent element... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean acidification can also lead to increased sea surface temperature. An increase of about 1 or 2 °C can cause the collapse of the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae, possibly leading to bleaching. The average sea surface temperature in the Great Barrier Reef is predicted to increase between 1 and 3 °C by 2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All of the derivations given treat the initial binding step in terms of the law of mass action, which assumes free diffusion through the solution. However, in the environment of a living cell where there is a high concentration of proteins, the cytoplasm often behaves more like a viscous gel than a free-flowing liquid,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of the depth–slope product — in computing the bed shear-stress — specifically refers to two assumptions that are widely applicable to natural river channels: that the angle of the channel from horizontal is small enough that it can be approximated as the slope by the small-angle formula, and that the channel is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The site was opened in 1931 by the Lindsay Light and Chemical Company. It processed ores like monazite to produce elements, including thorium and uranium. It also made gaslight mantles, and during World War II, hydrofluoric acid.
In 1958, it became owned by American Potash and Chemical Company (AMPOT), which at one poi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AOAC International, informally the AOAC, was founded September 8, 1884, as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to establish uniform chemical analysis methods for analyzing fertilizers. In 1927, sponsorship was moved to the newly formed Food, Drug and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adsorption process can be characterized by determining what amount of the ions or molecules are adsorbed to the surface. This amount can be determined experimentally by the construction of an adsorption isotherm. An adsorption isotherm is a graph of Γ(P,T) versus partial pressure of the adsorbate(P/P) for a given c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to write down relativistic quantum Boltzmann equations for relativistic quantum systems in which the number of particles is not conserved in collisions. This has several applications in physical cosmology, including the formation of the light elements in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the production of dark m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adriaan "Ad" Bax (born 1956) is a Dutch-American molecular biophysicist. He was born in the Netherlands and is the Chief of the Section on Biophysical NMR Spectroscopy at the National Institutes of Health. He is known for his work on the methodology of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One ancient process for extracting the silver from lead was cupellation. Lead was melted in a bone ash test or cupel and air blown across the surface. This oxidised the lead to litharge, and also oxidised other base metals present, the silver (and gold if present) remaining unoxidised.
In the 18th century, the proces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to combine the summation with the connectivity theorems to obtain closed expressions that relate the control coefficients to the elasticity coefficients. For example, consider the simplest non-trivial pathway:
We assume that and are fixed boundary species so that the pathway can reach a steady state. L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hypophosphorous acid (and its salts) are used to reduce metal salts back into bulk metals. It is effective for various transition metals ions (i.e. those of: Co, Cu, Ag, Mn, Pt) but is most commonly used to reduce nickel. This forms the basis of electroless nickel plating (Ni–P), which is the single largest industrial ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some scientists have used the evidence of alarm-calling behaviour to challenge the theory that "evolution works only/primarily at the level of the gene and of the genes interest' in passing itself along to future generations." If alarm-calling is truly an example of altruism, then human understanding of natural selecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the non-covalent host-guest interaction, the polymer backbone can have enough flexibility to diffuse. If a crack exists in the materials, after compressing the two materials around the crack, because of the fast exchange of the host-guest molecular structure, the crack will rejoin again revealing good self-h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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