text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Dendrimers are unique hyper-branched synthetic polymers with monodispersed size, well-defined structure, and a highly functionalized terminal surface. They are typically composed of synthetic or natural amino acid, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Therapeutics can be loaded with relative ease onto the interior of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SAW chemosensor is nonionic and nonspecific. It directly measures the total mass of each chemical compound as it exits the gas chromatography column and condenses on the crystal surface, thus causing a change in the fundamental acoustic frequency of the crystal. Odor concentration is directly measured with this int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jerry March, Ph.D. (August 1, 1929 – December 25, 1997) was an American organic chemist and a professor of chemistry at Adelphi University.
March authored the Marchs Advanced Organic Chemistry' text, which is considered to be a pillar of graduate-level organic chemistry texts. The book was prepared in its fifth edit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sediment chemistry provides information on contamination, however it does not provide information of biological effects (Chapman, 1990). Sediment chemistry is used as a screening tool to determine the contaminants that are most likely to be destructive to organisms present in the benthic community at a specific site. D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Gross-Pitaevskii mean field theory, one replaces the field operators with c-number functions:
. To find the mean-field
ground states, one then minimises the resulting energy with respect to these c-number functions.
For a spatially uniform system spin-one system, there are two possible mean-field ground states.
W... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioleaching is in general simpler and, therefore, cheaper to operate and maintain than traditional processes, since fewer specialists are needed to operate complex chemical plants. And low concentrations are not a problem for bacteria because they simply ignore the waste that surrounds the metals, attaining extraction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Beridze TG, Odintsova MS, Sissakian NM (1967) Distribution of bean leaf DNA components in the cell organelle fractions. Molek.Biol.USSR. 1,142-153
*Beridze TG (1972) DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Phaseolus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 262,393-396
*Beridze TG (1975) DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Brassica: v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool to employ before any of the above analyses that may result in loss of the original material since it can be used to check for daughter minerals or vapor bubbles and help determine the best technique that should be chosen for melt inclusion analysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spot tests are performed by placing a small amount of the desired reagent on the portion of the lichen to be tested. Often, both the cortex and medulla of the lichen are tested, and at times it is useful to test other structures such as soralia. One method is to draw up a small amount of the chemical into a glass capil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The soil is a rich source of bacterial and fungal genera. Common Gram-positive species are those belonging to the Actinomycetales and species of the genera Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Nocardia. Many of these organisms produce and secrete ferrioxamines which lead to growth promotion of not only the producing organisms, b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phenomenon is generally named un mascaret in French. but some other local names are preferred.
* Seine had a significant bore until the 1960s, locally named la barre. Since then, it has been practically eliminated by dredging and river training.
* Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel including Couesnon, Sélune, and Sée
* Argue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On 3 and 4 March 2016, unusually high levels of caesium-137 were detected in the air in Helsinki, Finland. According to STUK, the country's nuclear regulator, measurements showed 4,000 μBq/m – about 1,000 times the usual level. An investigation by the agency traced the source to a building from which STUK and a radioac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PGC-1α is thought to be a master integrator of external signals. It is known to be activated by a host of factors, including:
# Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, both formed endogenously in the cell as by-products of metabolism but upregulated during times of cellular stress.
#Fasting can also incr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The name Aspirin was derived from the name of the chemical ASA—Acetylspirsäure in German. Spirsäure (salicylic acid) was named for the meadowsweet plant, Spirea ulmaria, from which it could be derived. Aspirin took a- for the acetylation, -spir- from Spirsäure, and added -in as a typical drug name ending to make it eas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leaves which have a petiole (leaf stalk) are said to be petiolate.
Sessile (epetiolate) leaves have no petiole and the blade attaches directly to the stem. Subpetiolate leaves are nearly petiolate or have an extremely short petiole and may appear to be sessile.
In clasping or decurrent leaves, the blade partially surro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A selenonic acid is an organoselenium compound containing the SeOH functional group. Selenonic acids are the selenium analogs of sulfonic acids. Examples of the acid are rare. Benzeneselenonic acid is a white solid. It can be prepared by the oxidation of benzeneselenol. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flucloxacillin was developed in the 1960s following an increase in penicillin-resistant (beta-lactamase producing) staphylococcal infections due to the widespread use of benzylpenicillin by 1960. All the natural penicillins and first semi-synthetic penicillins were destroyed by staphylococcal beta-lactamase, leading Be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidised copper ores include carbonates such as azurite and malachite, the silicate chrysocolla, and sulfates such as atacamite. In some cases, sulfide ores are allowed to degrade to oxides. Such ores are amenable to hydrometallurgy. Specifically, such oxide ores are usually extracted into aqueous sulfuric acid, usuall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosgene reacts with water to release hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide:
Analogously, upon contact with ammonia, it converts to urea:
Halide exchange with nitrogen trifluoride and aluminium tribromide gives carbonyl fluoride| and carbonyl bromide|, respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born in Christchurch on 24 April 1940, Robinson was the son of Jack Robinson and Lurline Robinson (née Cross). He was educated at Christchurch Boys High School, and then studied at the University of Canterbury, graduating Master of Science with second-class honours in chemistry in 1962. He completed a PhD at the same i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Twice a year the EBF brings together representatives all member companies to discuss subjects well prepared in advance. The topics range from procedural to regulatory often resulting in internal benchmarking or surveys. Next to these general meetings, topic specific specialists meetings are also organized. All member c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phase separation is the creation of two distinct phases from a single homogeneous mixture. The most common type of phase separation is between two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. This type of phase separation is known as liquid-liquid equilibrium. Colloids are formed by phase separation, though not all phas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the quasi-steady-state hypothesis is assumed in addition to BFEI hypothesis, then the complex concentration can be assumed to be in a stationary (steady) state according to the Briggs–Haldane hypothesis, and the GEBIK equations become
which are written in a form similar to the classical Micaelis-Menten equations for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription is when RNA is copied from DNA. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. This process differs slightly in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. One notable difference is that prokaryotic RNA polymerase associates with DNA-processing enzymes during transcription so ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many physicists simply give up on a microscopic approach, and make informed guesses of the expected phases (perhaps based on NJL model results). For each phase, they then write down an effective theory for the low-energy excitations, in terms of a small number of parameters, and use it to make predictions that could al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The partial specific volume express the variation of the extensive volume of a mixture in respect to composition of the masses. It is the partial derivative of volume with respect to the mass of the component of interest.
where is the partial specific volume of a component defined as:
The PSV is usually measured in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All atoms bigger than hydrogen are formed in stars or supernovae through nucleosynthesis, when gravity, temperature and pressure reach levels high enough to fuse protons and neutrons together. Protons and neutrons form the atomic nucleus, which accumulates electrons to form atoms. The number of protons in the nucleus, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the similarity in mass and nuclear properties between the proton and neutron, they are sometimes considered as two symmetric types of the same object, a nucleon. While only the proton has an electric charge, this is often negligible due to the weakness of the electromagnetic interaction relative to the strong nu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first boundary condition is
which constrains the sum of a and b. The second equation is
with the notable limit as (and ) of
The mixing rules become
The cross term still must be specified by a combining rule, either
or | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant defenses can be classified as constitutive or induced. Constitutive defenses are always present, while induced defenses are produced or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured. There is wide variation in the composition and concentration of constitutive defenses; these range from mechanical defenses to di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current Organic Chemistry is indexed in the following databases:
* British Library
* Cabell's Directory
* Chemical Abstracts Service/SciFinder
* Chemistry Citation Index®
* ChemWeb
* CNKI Scholar
* Current Contents®/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
* Dimensions
* EBSCO
* Engineering Village/Chimica
* ERA 2018
* Gena... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lot of research has been conducted on Vectorette PCR and the applications it has in the field of biology. Scientists used Vectorette PCR to take the transgene flanking DNA and isolate it. They used this technique on the DNA belonging to mice that was next to transgene sections. From this the scientists were able to s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volatility itself has no defined numerical value, but it is often described using vapor pressures or boiling points (for liquids). High vapor pressures indicate a high volatility, while high boiling points indicate low volatility. Vapor pressures and boiling points are often presented in tables and charts that can be u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some systems in fluid dynamics involve a fluid being subject to conservative body forces. Since a conservative body force is the gradient of some potential function, it has the same effect as a gradient in fluid pressure. It is often convenient to define a modified pressure equal to the true fluid pressure plus the pot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acids also affect insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes, fatty acids are able to potentiate insulin release to compensate the increment need of insulin. It was found that the β-cells express free fatty acid receptors at their surface, through which fatty acids can impact the function of β-cells. Long-chain acyl-C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some such phenomena resisting the tendency to thermalize include (see, e.g., a quantum scar):
* Conventional quantum scars, which refer to eigenstates with enhanced probability density along unstable periodic orbits much higher than one would intuitively predict from classical mechanics.
* Perturbation-induced quantum ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Greek-Russian archaeologist, Sarianidi, who explored the tepes, Gonurtepe was the "capital or the imperial city of a complex Bronze Age state, one that stretched at least a thousand square miles and encompassing hundreds of satellite settlements". He also called it the "worlds fifth center of ancient ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) is a chloroformate ester. It is used to introduce the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protecting group as the Fmoc carbamate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biophysics, the Kautsky effect (also fluorescence transient, fluorescence induction or fluorescence decay) is a phenomenon consisting of a typical variation in the behavior of a plant fluorescence when exposed to light. It was discovered in 1931 by H. Kautsky and A. Hirsch.
When dark-adapted photosynthesising cells ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Automation is an essential element in HTSs usefulness. Typically, an integrated robot system consisting of one or more robots transports assay-microplates from station to station for sample and reagent addition, mixing, incubation, and finally readout or detection. An HTS system can usually prepare, incubate, and analy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because they operate at low pressure and rely on gravity to move fluids (and entrained solids), drain-waste-vent systems use fittings whose interior surfaces are as smooth as possible. The fittings may be "belled" (expanded slightly in diameter) or otherwise shaped to accommodate the insertion of pipe or tubing without... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Tipson–Cohen reaction is a name reaction first discovered by Stuart Tipson and Alex Cohen at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C. The Tipson–Cohen reaction occurs when two neighboring secondary sulfonyloxy groups in a sugar molecule are treated with zinc dust (Zn) and sodium iodide (NaI) in a refluxi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of splat quenching involves rapid quenching or cooling of molten metal. A typical procedure for splat quenching involves pouring the molten metal between two cooled copper rollers that are circulated with water to transfer the heat away from the metal, causing it to almost instantaneously solidify.
A more e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Can be made from any organic material using proven technology going through syngas. There is no need to use food crops and compete with food production. The amount of methanol that can be generated from biomass is much greater than ethanol.
* Can compete with and complement ethanol in a diversified energy marketplace... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantitative measures of exposure are used: in risk assessment, together with inputs from toxicology, to determine risk from substances released to the environment, to establish protective standards, in epidemiology, to distinguish between exposed and control groups, and to protect workers from occupational hazards. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TET dioxygenase isoforms include at least two isoforms of TET1, one of TET2 and three isoforms of TET3. The full-length canonical TET1 isoform appears virtually restricted to early embryos, embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). The dominant TET1 isoform in most somatic tissues, at least in the mouse, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isobutyryl chloride (2-methylpropanoyl chloride) is the organic compound with the formula . A colorless liquid, it the simplest branched-chain acyl chloride. It is prepared by chlorination of isobutyric acid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flow focusing in fluid dynamics is a technology whose aim is the production of drops or bubbles by straightforward hydrodynamic means. The output is a dispersed liquid or gas, frequently in the form of a fine aerosol or an emulsion. No other driving force is required, apart from traditional pumping, a key difference wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anisotropic terahertz microspectrosopy (ATM) has found applications in structural biology and molecular fingerprinting of DNA and proteins. The technique is also suitable for drug discovery and studying THz frequency properties of thin film solid state materials.
Special attention is given to molecular motions in prot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To the published books of Ernst Homburg belong:
* (dissertation)
In his dissertation, Homburg described the important transformations during the first half of the nineteenth century in the character and the organization of the chemical industries in Europe. The leading positions in the management of the factories were... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, the skeletal formula of hexane (top) is shown below. The carbon atom labeled C appears to have only one bond, so there must also be three hydrogens bonded to it, in order to make its total number of bonds four. The carbon atom labelled C has two bonds to other carbons and is therefore bonded to two hydrog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PIV can also be used to measure the velocity field of the free surface and basal boundary in a granular flows such as those in shaken containers, tumblers and avalanches.
This analysis is particularly well-suited for nontransparent media such as sand, gravel, quartz, or other granular materials that are common in geoph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bumblebee nest differs in size and structure from that of a honeybee. Bumblebee nests are smaller and contain far fewer individuals which is mostly due to differences in the method of colony reproduction. Honeybee colonies can contain up to 50,000 individuals, whereas bumblebee colonies usually only contain a few hun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The foundations of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe were laid down by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley around the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The oxy-hydrogen blowpipe itself was developed by the Frenchman Bochard-de-Saron, the English mineralogist Edward Daniel Clarke and the American chemist Robert Hare... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three observations that can be made when looking at a generalized compressibility chart. These observations are:
# Gases behave as an ideal gas regardless of temperature when the reduced pressure is much less than one (P ≪ 1).
# When reduced temperature is greater than two (T > 2), ideal-gas behavior can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cannabinoid CP55,940 and △-tetrahydrocannabinol (△-THC) can induce the release of dynorphin B, which in return acts as an agonist of κ-opioid receptors, resulting in the production of antinociception. Similarly, Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Sar (TAPS) is capable of promoting a release of dynorphin B through the simulation of μ-opioid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Paredes and Quiles concluded that chloroplasts under stress from water deficit rely on processes like the opening of stomata to disperse excess heat accumulated via metabolic processes within plant cells. These metabolic processes are responsible for chemical energy synthesis that can be achieved via chlororespiratory... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain species of plants are considered indicators of high selenium content of the soil, since they require high levels of selenium to thrive. The main selenium indicator plants are Astragalus species (including some locoweeds), princes plume (Stanleya sp.), woody asters (Xylorhiza sp.), and false goldenweed (Oonopsis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photochemical reactions require a light source that emits wavelengths corresponding to an electronic transition in the reactant. In the early experiments (and in everyday life), sunlight was the light source, although it is polychromatic. Mercury-vapor lamps are more common in the laboratory. Low-pressure mercury-vapor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dissolution of cellulose by ILs has attracted interest. A patent application from 1930 showed that 1-alkylpyridinium chlorides dissolve cellulose. Following in the footsteps of the lyocell process, which uses hydrated N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide as a solvent for pulp and paper. The "valorization" of cellulose, i.e.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In jaundice owing to hemolysis (prehepatic, or hemolytic, jaundice), the pathophysiology is that overproduction of bilirubin from the extravascular or intravascular hemolysis overwhelms the capacity of the liver to excrete it. The bilirubin present in the plasma is largely unconjugated in this setting as they haven't b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials involving hirudin and other DTIs versus heparin in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) it was found that hirudin has a significantly higher incidence of bleeding compared with heparin. Hirudin is therefore not recommended for treatment of ACS and currently it has no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These isotopes are used in positron emission tomography, a technique used for medical imaging. The energy emitted depends on the isotope that is decaying; the figure of applies only to the decay of carbon-11.
The short-lived positron emitting isotopes C (T = ), N (T = ), O (T = ), and F (T = ) used for positron emissi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methyl chloroformate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the methyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is an oily colorless liquid, although aged samples appear yellow. It is also known for its pungent odor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The physical properties of the isomers of xylene differ slightly. The melting point ranges from (m-xylene) to (p-xylene)—as usual, the para isomer's melting point is much higher because it packs more readily in the crystal structure. The boiling point for each isomer is around . The density of each isomer is around ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GEOTRACES is an international research programme that aims to improve an understanding of biogeochemical cycles in the oceans.
The concept of cycle describes the pathway by which a chemical element moves through the three major compartments of Earth (such as continents, atmosphere, and ocean). Because these cycles are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kyoung-Shin Choi () is a professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Choi's research focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of electrode materials, for use in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical devices. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterocyclic analogs of cyclohexane are pervasive in sugars, piperidines, dioxanes, etc. They exist generally follow the trends seen for cyclohexane, i.e. the chair conformer being most stable. The axial–equatorial equilibria (A values) are however strongly affected by the replacement of a methylene by O or NH. Illust... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water coats particles in aerosols, making them activated, usually in the context of forming a cloud droplet (such as natural cloud seeding by aerosols from trees in a forest). Following the Kelvin equation (based on the curvature of liquid droplets), smaller particles need a higher ambient relative humidity to maintain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Joseph Chatt (6 November 1914 – 19 May 1994) was a renowned British researcher in the area of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. His name is associated with the description of the pi-bond between transition metals and alkenes, the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model.
Chatt received his Ph.D. at the University of Cambrid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cells observed under the electron microscope after a technique involving rapid freezing of the cells followed by substitution of water with a polymer (Fast-freeze Fixation/Freeze Substitution) contain a large number of electron dense bodies around the cell periphery. These structures correspond in size and location to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This involves sampling first onto a sorbent tube. The most widely used tubes are those following the pattern laid out by WG5 (see above). After sampling (for which a variety of accessories are available), the tube is desorbed to transfer the analytes to the focusing trap before the second desorption stage transfers the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In viruses and bacteriophages, the DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein capsid, sometimes further enveloped by a lipid membrane. Double-stranded DNA is stored inside the capsid in the form of a spool, which can have different types of coiling leading to different types of liquid-crystalline packing. This packing can c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The depolarized voltage opens additional voltage-dependent potassium channels, and some of these do not close right away when the membrane returns to its normal resting voltage. In addition, further potassium channels open in response to the influx of calcium ions during the action potential. The intracellular concentr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modelling system for building and simulating surface water flow and groundwater flow. MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs. MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Euro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. Thin-film thermoelectric materials are grown by conventional semiconductor deposition methods and fabricated using conventional semiconductor micro-fabrication techniques.
Thin-film thermoelectrics have been d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An acetyl group of acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, releasing the coenzyme group (CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment. Some organophosphorus compounds are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboximidates (or more general imidates) are organic compounds, which can be thought of as esters formed between a imidic acid (R-C(=NR)OH) and an alcohol, with the general formula R-C(=NR)OR".
They are also known as imino ethers, since they resemble imines (>C=N-) with an oxygen atom connected to the carbon atom of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plot of the Hammett equation is typically seen as being linear, with either a positive or negative slope correlating to the value of rho. However, nonlinearity emerges in the Hammett plot when a substituent affects the rate of reaction or changes the rate-determining step or reaction mechanism of the reaction. Fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxygen blast furnace (OBF) process has been extensively studied theoretically because of the potentials of promising energy conservation and emission reduction. This type may be the most suitable for use with CCS. The main blast furnace has of three levels; the reduction zone (), slag formation zone (), and the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After granulation, a final lubrication step is used to ensure that the tableting blend does not stick to the equipment during the tableting process. This usually involves low shear blending of the granules with a powdered lubricant, such as magnesium stearate or stearic acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Even though μ-opioid receptor (MOR) targeting drugs have been used for a long time, not much is known about the structure-activity relationship and the ligand-receptor interactions on the basis of well-defined biological effects on receptor activation or inhibition. Also, the distinction in the receptor-ligand interact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrical steel is one material that uses decarburization in its production. To prevent the atmospheric gases from reacting with the metal itself, electrical steel is annealed in an atmosphere of nitrogen, hydrogen, and water vapor, where oxidation of the iron is specifically prevented by the proportions of hydrogen a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", although this is not its original meaning. It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1957, then published in 1958:
He re-stated it in a Nature paper p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spans:
* Sorbitan monolaurate
* Sorbitan monostearate
* Sorbitan tristearate
Tweens:
* Tween 20
* Tween 40
* Tween 60
* Tween 80 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anisomycin is used as a component of Martin Lewis agar, an in vitro diagnostic product which is used extensively in the United States for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. The antimicrobial can also be used in buffered charcoal yeast extract media for the selective isolation o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientists in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, took cubes of bioactive glass and implanted them into the tibias of guinea pigs in 1986. After 8, 12, and 16 weeks of implantation, the guinea pigs were euthanized and their tibias were harvested. The implants and tibias were then subjected to a shear strength test to determine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Botanical gardens, zoos, and aquariums are the most conventional methods of ex situ conservation. Also in ex situ conservation, all of which house whole, protected specimens for breeding and reintroduction into the wild when necessary and possible. These facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of end... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GESTIS Substance Database is a freely accessible online information system on chemical compounds. It is maintained by the Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance). Information on occupational medi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mice were first used systematically to determine a drug's central nervous system side effects by S. Irwin in 1962 and then again in 1968. Its use in the pharmaceutical industry has become ingrained since then, as below.
The National Academy of Sciences issued in 1975 a position paper on the "Principles for Evaluating ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Survivin has been a target of attention in recent years for cancer immunotherapy, as it is an antigen that is expressed mostly in cancer cells and absent in normal cells. This is because survivin is deemed to be a crucial player in tumour survival. There has been much evidence accumulated over the years that shows surv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Blake number in fluid mechanics is a nondimensional number showing the ratio of inertial force to viscous force.
It is used in momentum transfer in general and in particular for flow of a fluid through beds of solids. It is a generalisation of the Reynolds number for flow through porous media.
Expressed mathematica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Comins' reagent is a triflyl-donating reagent that is used to synthesize vinyl triflates from the corresponding ketone enolates or dienolates.
It was first reported in 1992 by Daniel Comins. The vinyl triflates prepared are useful as substrates in the Suzuki reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The proton-motive force is derived from the Gibbs free energy. Let N denote the inside of a cell, and P denote the outside. Then
where
* is the Gibbs free energy change per unit amount of cations transferred from P to N;
* is the charge number of the cation ;
* is the electric potential of N relative to P;
* and a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solar energy production in the U.S. has doubled from 2013 to 2019. This was driven first by the falling price of quality silicon, and later simply by the globally plunging cost of photovoltaic modules. In 2018, the U.S. added 10.8GW of installed solar photovoltaic energy, an increase of 21%.
Latin America : Latin Ameri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combining an adsorbent with a refrigerant, adsorption chillers use heat to provide a cooling effect. This heat, in the form of hot water, may come from any number of industrial sources including waste heat from industrial processes, prime heat from solar thermal installations or from the exhaust or water jacket heat of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Turbofans differ from turbojets in that they have an additional fan at the front of the engine, which accelerates air in a duct bypassing the core gas turbine engine. Turbofans are the dominant engine type for medium and long-range airliners.
Turbofans are usually more efficient than turbojets at subsonic speeds, but a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Helium-3 nuclear magnetic resonance (He-NMR) is an analytical technique used to identify helium-containing compounds. Because a helium atom, or even two helium atoms, can be encased in fullerene-like cages, the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of this element can be a sensitive probe for changes of the carbon fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States, Valeant raised the cost of the medication from about US$500 to US$24,000 per month in 2016. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.