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Levan can be used for hair care and skin whitening. In hair care products, levan acts to form a film which creates a hair holding effect utilized in various gels and mousses. Levan is used as a skin whitener as well because it has been tested to show inhibition on melanin production by decreasing the activity of the en... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sub-cellular fractions of photosynthetic organisms, such as purified thylakoid membranes, can also be used in biological photovoltaic systems. A benefit of using material that contains both photosystem II and photosystem I is that electrons extracted from water by photosystem II can be donated to the anode at a more n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Decroocq, S and Casserino, M, Polybutenes, Chapter 17 in Rudnick (Ed), Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, CRC Press (2005), Print , eBook . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider two uniform distributions, with the support of enclosed within (). Then the information gain is:
Intuitively, the information gain to a times narrower uniform distribution contains bits. This connects with the use of bits in computing, where bits would be needed to identify one element of a long stream. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there are many other molecular display technologies, such as phage display, bacterial display, yeast display, and ribosome display, mRNA display technology has many advantages over the others. The first three biological display libraries listed have polypeptides or proteins expressed on the respective microorg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lithium tert-butoxide is commercially available as a solution and as a solid, but it is often generated in situ for laboratory use because samples are so sensitive and older samples are often of poor quality. It can be obtained by treating tert-butanol with butyl lithium. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA is a major example of a supramolecular polymer. protein Much effort has been develoted to related but synthetic materials. At the same time, their reversible and dynamic nature make supramolecular polymers bio-degradable, which surmounts hard-to-degrade issue of covalent polymers and makes supramolecular polymers a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Karl Jasmund, Gerhard Lagaly (editors): Tonminerale und Tone. Struktur, Eigenschaften, Anwendungen und Einsatz in Industrie und Umwelt. Steinkopf Verlag, Darmstadt, 1993.
*Gerhard Lagaly, Oliver Schulz, Ralf Zimehl: Dispersionen und Emulsionen: eine Einführung in die Kolloidik feinverteilter Stoffe einschließlich der ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Structure and Matter, 20%
* States of Matter, 20%
* Reactions, 35–40%
* Descriptive Chemistry, 10–15%
* Laboratory, 5–10% | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chelating agents, natural zeolite, activated carbon, resins, and liquid organics impregnated with chelating agents are all used to exchange cations or anions with the solution. Selectivity and recovery are a function of the reagents used and the contaminants present. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pitch is a viscoelastic polymer which can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar, or plants. Pitch produced from petroleum may be called bitumen or asphalt, while plant-derived pitch, a resin, is known as rosin in its solid form. Tar is sometimes used interchangeably with pitch, but generally refe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main drawback of the aperture mode is that the small aperture size reduces the signal intensity and is difficult to fabricate. Recently, researchers have focused on the apertureless mode, which utilizes SPR theory to produce stronger signals. There are two techniques supporting this mode: SERS and TERS. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DRAM-v is the standard for AMG annotation of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) identified as viruses. DRAM-v searches the following databases for AMGs that match the input MAGs: Pfam, KEGG, UniProt, CAZy, MEROPS, VOGDB, and NCBI Viral RefSeq. KEGG can then be referenced to classify annotated AMGs through VIBRANT. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* King Chandra and the Mehrauli Pillar, M.C. Joshi, S.K. Gupta and Shankar Goyal, Eds., Kusumanjali Publications, Meerut, 1989.
* The Rustless Wonder – A Study of the Iron Pillar at Delhi, T.R. Anantharaman, Vigyan Prasar New Delhi, 1996.
* Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights. R. Balasubramaniam, Aryan Books International,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One application of the Weber number is the study of heat pipes. When the momentum flux in the vapor core of the heat pipe is high, there is a possibility that the shear stress exerted on the liquid in the wick can be large enough to entrain droplets into the vapor flow. The Weber number is the dimensionless parameter t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PA is a unique phospholipid in that it has a small highly charged head group that is very close to the glycerol backbone. PA is known to play roles in both vesicle fission and fusion, and these roles may relate to the biophysical properties of PA.
At sites of membrane budding or fusion, the membrane becomes or is highl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enzyme promiscuity is the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a fortuitous side reaction in addition to its main reaction. Although enzymes are remarkably specific catalysts, they can often perform side reactions in addition to their main, native catalytic activity. These promiscuous activities are usually slow relative t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sir Robert Howson Pickard FRS (27 September 1874 – 18 October 1949) was a chemist who did pioneering work in stereochemistry and also for the cotton industry in Lancashire. He was also involved in educational administration and was Vice Chancellor of the University of London from 1937-1939. He was Principal of Batterse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene sequence-based methods depend on the recognition of exclusive gene sequences particular to specific strains of organisms. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are gene sequence-based methods currently being used to detect specific strains of indicator bacteria. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon has 2 stable isotopes, carbon-12 (C) and carbon-13 (C). The ratio between the two is denoted , and represents a number of factors.
Because organic matter preferentially takes up the lighter C, an increase in productivity increases the of the rest of the system, and vice versa. Some carbon reservoirs are very i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2011, a record outbreak of blooming microcystis occurred in Lake Erie, in part related to the wettest spring on record, and expanded lake bottom dead zones, reduced fish populations, fouled beaches, and damaged the local tourism industry, which generates more than $10 billion in revenue annually.
In August 2014, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although glyceroneogenesis was first found in adipose tissues, it was not recognized in the liver until 1998. This finding was unexpected because triglyceride synthesis in the liver was thought not to occur due to the amount of gluconeogenesis taking place, and because the liver was believed to have sufficient glycero... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphonate esters are generally susceptible to hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. Cleavage of the P-C bond is harder but can be achieved under aggressive conditions.
:O=PC(OR) + 2 HO → O=PC(OH) + 2 ROH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triplet fluorenylidene reacts with olefins in a stepwise fashion to produce a racemic mixture, provided that the rate of spin inversion (intersystem crossing) is not significantly faster than rates of intermediate bond rotation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, Möbius aromaticity is a special type of aromaticity believed to exist in a number of organic molecules. In terms of molecular orbital theory these compounds have in common a monocyclic array of molecular orbitals in which there is an odd number of out-of-phase overlaps, the opposite pattern compar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O through electron carriers. The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O is required to phosphorylate ADP and once... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on the properties of intercalating molecules, i.e. fluorescing upon binding to DNA and unwinding of DNA base-pairs, in 2016, a single-molecule technique has been introduced to directly visualize individual plectonemes along supercoiled DNA which would further allow to study the interactions of DNA processing prot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T5 retrofit conversion is a means of converting light fittings designed to use T8 format lamps, so that they can use more energy-efficient T5 lamps. This is done by electronically converting the luminaires to high frequency operation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase, is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenase enzymes, the protein has 494 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 55,000. This enzyme is at most 28% homologous to other P-450 enzymes that have been studied.
Structurally, the protein contains an evolutionarily conserved core ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although it is relatively simple to demonstrate that the electron and proton begin and end in different orbitals, it is more difficult to prove that they do not move sequentially. The main evidence that PCET exists is that a number of reactions occur faster than expected for the sequential pathways. In the initial el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
γ-Amylase () (alternative names: Glucan 1,4-a-glucosidase; amyloglucosidase; exo-1,4-α-glucosidase; glucoamylase; lysosomal α-glucosidase; 1,4-α--glucan glucohydrolase) will cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α-1,4 glycosidic bond at the nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The only SI derived unit with a special name derived from the mole is the katal, defined as one mole per second of catalytic activity. Like other SI units, the mole can also be modified by adding a metric prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10:
One femtomole is exactly 602,214,076 molecules; attomole and smaller qu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A PFD can be computer generated from process simulators (see List of Chemical Process Simulators), CAD packages, or flow chart software using a library of chemical engineering symbols. Rules and symbols are available from standardization organizations such as DIN, ISO or ANSI. Often PFDs are produced on large sheets of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TRIM28 has been shown to interact with:
* CBX5,
* CEBPB,
* Glucocorticoid receptor,
* SETDB1 and
* ZNF10. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cryosurgery is also used to treat internal and external tumors as well as tumors in the bone. To cure internal tumors, a hollow instrument called a cryoprobe is used, which is placed in contact with the tumor. Liquid nitrogen or argon gas is passed through the cryoprobe. Ultrasound or MRI is used to guide the cryoprobe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Percoll was previously used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) to select sperm from semen by density gradient centrifugation, for use in techniques such as in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination. However, in 1996, Pharmacia sent out a letter to laboratories stating that Percoll should be used for re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mauveine is a mixture of four related aromatic compounds differing in number and placement of methyl groups. Its organic synthesis involves dissolving aniline, p-toluidine, and o-toluidine in sulfuric acid and water in a roughly 1:1:2 ratio, then adding potassium dichromate.
Mauveine A () incorporates 2 molecules of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bukele founded four mosques during his lifetime, including the first mosque in El Salvador in 1992. He served as imam of the Salvadoran Islamic Community and was part of the Islamic Organization for Latin America and the Caribbean. He was a founding member of the Council of Religions for Peace of El Salvador. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly semi-permanently screwed into the valve body or bolted onto it. During manufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to hold everything together inside. To access internal parts of a valve, a user would take ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Explosive decomposition of organo nitro compounds are redox reactions, wherein both the oxidant (nitro group) and the fuel (hydrocarbon substituent) are bound within the same molecule. The explosion process generates heat by forming highly stable products including molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide, and water. The... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vanadates can behave as structural mimics of phosphates, and in this way they exhibit biological activity.
Ammonium metavanadate is used to prepare Mandelin reagent, a qualitative test for alkaloids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova (on 2 April) in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In particle physics, spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cross ventilation works well in climates with hotter temperatures, where the system allows continual changes of the air within the building, refreshing it and reducing the temperature inside the structure and also when the window on the windward side of the building is not opened as much as the one on the leeward side.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cosmetic implants — often prosthetics — attempt to bring some portion of the body back to an acceptable aesthetic norm. They are used as a follow-up to mastectomy due to breast cancer, for correcting some forms of disfigurement, and modifying aspects of the body (as in buttock augmentation and chin augmentation). Examp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*PPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D
*PPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E
*PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F
*PPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G
*PPIH Cyclophilin H
*CANX Calnexin. Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum
*CAPN1 Calpain subunit
*CAPN7
*CAPNS1 Calpain proteas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Human-transcriptome DataBase for Alternative Splicing (H-DBAS) is a database of alternatively spliced human transcripts based on H-Invitational. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of sputtering occurring at the cathode, the colors emitted from regions near the cathode are quite different from the anode. Particles sputtered from the cathode are excited and emit radiation from the metals and oxides that make up the cathode. The radiation from these particles combines with radiation from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil. Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions ( or, more precis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnesium is anodized primarily as a primer for paint. A thin (5 μm) film is sufficient for this. Thicker coatings of 25 μm and up can provide mild corrosion resistance when sealed with oil, wax, or sodium silicate. Standards for magnesium anodizing are given in AMS 2466, AMS 2478, AMS 2479, and ASTM B893. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For certain classes of molecules, the general formula can be simplified or rewritten more clearly. For example:
where
:a = number of carbon atoms in the compound
:b = number of hydrogen atoms in the compound
:c = number of nitrogen atoms in the compound
:f = number of halogen atoms in the compound
or
where C = number o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
16 October 1918 MHWC were converted into second Moscow State University. The first rector of the 2nd Moscow State University was appointed academician S. S. Nametkin who worked since 1913 as a head of the Department of Organic Chemistry of MHWC. As rector, he remained until 1924. As part of the 2nd Moscow State Univers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PT has been shown to affect the innate immune response. It inhibits the early recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, and interferes with early chemokine production and neutrophil chemotaxis. Chemokines are signalling molecules produced by infected cells and attract neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophil chemotaxi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A crystalline solid has been traditionally viewed as a static entity where the movements of its atomic components are limited to its vibrational equilibrium. As seen by the transformation of graphite to diamond, solid to solid transformation can occur under physical or chemical pressure. It has been proposed that the t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Newton's various surviving alchemical notebooks clearly show that he made no distinctions between alchemy and what we today consider science. Optics experiments were written on the same pages as recipes from arcane sources. Newton did not always record his chemical experiments in the most transparent way. Alchemists we... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Malonyl-CoA is formed in the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) from malonic acid by malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cantons of Switzerland perform tests to assess the presence of genetically modified organisms in foodstuffs. In 2008, 3% of the tested samples contained detectable amounts of GMOs. In 2012, 12% of the samples analysed contained detectable amounts of GMOs (including 2.4% of GMOs forbidden in Switzerland). Except one... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals tend to be less reactive than most elements. They include gold and silver, but also the so-called platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum (see prec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the temperature in the joint increases, polymer begins to melt and a fusion zone is formed. The molten polymer in the fusion zone exerts an outward force on the surrounding solid polymer material, referred to as "cold zones". These cold zones cause a pressure to develop in the molten fusion zone. The pressure in the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetic anhydride is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate in a process that is similar to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis. Methyl acetate is used in place of methanol as a source of methyl iodide.
: CHCOCH + CO → (CHCO)O
In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric carbon dioxide has risen from 280 to 409 ppm since the industrial revolution. This increase in carbon dioxide has led to a 0.1 decrease in pH, and it could decrease by 0.5 by 2100. When carbon dioxide meets seawater, it forms carbonic acid; the molecules dissociate into hydrogen, bicarbonate, and carbonate,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As long ago as 1890, Hiorns observed as follows:
:"Noble Metals. Gold, Platinum, Silver, and a few rare metals. The members of this class have little or no tendency to unite with oxygen in the free state, and when placed in water at a red heat do not alter its composition. The oxides are readily decomposed by heat in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triparental mating is a form of bacterial conjugation where a conjugative plasmid present in one bacterial strain assists the transfer of a mobilizable plasmid present in a second bacterial strain into a third bacterial strain. Plasmids are introduced into bacteria for such purposes as transformation, cloning, or trans... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid inclusions trapped in veins and minerals have been used as a proxy to explore the deformation history in orogenic belts. As fluid activities are considerably more in shear zones in an orogenic belt, the fluid inclusions in a shear zone have been also used to explore the seismic activities during the evolution of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the advent of the high-throughput DNA and RNA sequence identification methods (such as Illumina sequencing), it became possible to efficiently analyse nucleotide sequences of large numbers of relatively short DNA and RNA fragments. Sequences of these fragments can be superimposed to reconstruct the source. Alterna... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.). The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean. It was first produced in 1994 (based on the earlier Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, 1982... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are various methods of introducing foreign DNA into a eukaryotic cell: some rely on physical treatment (electroporation, cell squeezing, nanoparticles, magnetofection); others rely on chemical materials or biological particles (viruses) that are used as carriers. There are many different methods of gene delivery ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The range and degree of human health effects seems to vary annually and temporally in coastal regions, depending on the red tide density as well as variation in toxicity differences among dinoflagellate strains and their subsequent consumers. The Gulf of Mexico, and in particular the west coast of Florida, is the most ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Computational analysis tools such as t-test, hierarchical clustering, self-organizing maps, regulatory network reconstruction, BLAST searches, pattern-motif discovery, protein structure prediction, structure-based protein annotation, etc.
* Visualization of gene expression (heatmaps, volcano plot), molecular intera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Meanwhile, the oxygen atom has lone pairs of nonbonded electrons that render it weakly basic in the presence of strong acids such as sulfuric acid. For example, with methanol:
Upon treatment with strong acids, alcohols undergo the E1 elimination reaction to produce alkenes. The reaction, in general, obeys Zaitsev's Rul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given the genetic makeup of an organism, the complete set of possible reactions constitutes its reactome. Reactome, located at http://www.reactome.org is a curated, peer-reviewed resource of human biological processes/pathway data. The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The neutral molecule can be formed in a low pressure gas discharge tube.
A neutral beam of H can be formed from a beam of ions passing through gaseous potassium, which donates an electron to the ion, forming K. Other gaseous alkali metals, such as caesium, can also be used to donate electrons. ions can be made in a d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fe–Ni metal clusters are crucial for energy production in many bacteria. A primary source of energy in bacteria is the oxidation and reduction of H which is performed by hydrogenase enzymes.
These enzymes are able to create a charge gradient across the cell membrane which serves as an energy store. In aerobic environme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radioactive decay modes of electron capture and internal conversion are known to be slightly sensitive to chemical and environmental effects that change the electronic structure of the atom, which in turn affects the presence of 1s and 2s electrons that participate in the decay process. A small number of nuclides a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source: [https://www.science.org.au/opportunities-scientists/recognition/honorific-awards/career-awards/macfarlane-burnet-medal-and Australian Academy of Science] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Michael Ramsey attended Bowling Green State University for his undergraduate studies where he obtained his Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with dual minors in Physics and Mathematics in June 1974.
He then went on to obtain his Doctor of Philosophy in Analytical chemistry from Indiana University Bloomington in January ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two ways the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may benefit plants are the deterrence of herbivores and the attraction of natural enemies. Synthetic products could replicate the distinct VOC profiles released by different plants; these products could be applied to plants suffering from pests that are targeted... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Various cellular reactions to ultrasound indicate the mechanism of molecular uptake via endocytosis. These observed reactionary phenomena include ion exchange, hydrogen peroxide, and cell intracellular calcium concentration. Studies have used patch clamping techniques to monitor membrane potential ion exchange for the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Continuous reactors are typically tube-like and manufactured from non-reactive materials such as stainless steel, glass, and polymers. Mixing methods include diffusion alone (if the diameter of the reactor is small e.g. <1 mm, such as in microreactors) and static mixers. Continuous flow reactors allow good control over... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a chemical reaction , the rate equation or rate law is a mathematical expression used in chemical kinetics to link the rate of a reaction to the concentration of each reactant. For a closed system at constant volume, this is often of the form
For reactions that go to completion (which implies very small ), or if o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a pure wave motion in fluid dynamics, the Stokes drift velocity is the average velocity when following a specific fluid parcel as it travels with the fluid flow. For instance, a particle floating at the free surface of water waves, experiences a net Stokes drift velocity in the direction of wave propagation.
More g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CK1ε and CK1δ are essential in the genetic transcription-translation (and post-translation) feedback loops that generate circadian rhythm in mammals.
The previously-characterized CK1ε isoform was first implicated as a clock gene when its Drosophila homolog, double-time (Doubletime (gene)), was discovered in 1998. Doubl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sara Rietti (Buenos Aires, 3 December 1930 – Buenos Aires, 28 May 2017), also known as Sara Bartfeld de Rietti, was the first nuclear chemist from Argentina. She was Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Science and Technology during the government of President Raúl Alfonsín. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kenneth H. Cooper conducted a study for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. One of the results of this was the Cooper test in which the distance covered running in 12 minutes is measured. Based on the measured distance, an estimate of V̇O max [in mL/(kg·min)] can be calculated by inverting the linear regress... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a cycloalkene or cycloolefin is a type of alkene hydrocarbon which contains a closed ring of carbon atoms and either one or more double bonds, but has no aromatic character. Some cycloalkenes, such as cyclobutene and cyclopentene, can be used as monomers to produce polymer chains. Due to geometric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NMMO monohydrate is used as a solvent in the lyocell process to produce lyocell fiber. It dissolves cellulose to form a solution called dope, and the cellulose is reprecipitated in a water bath to produce a fiber. The process is similar but not analogous to the viscose process. In the viscose process, cellulose is made... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the invention of agriculture, humans have directly and gradually influenced the carbon cycle over century-long timescales by modifying the mixture of vegetation in the terrestrial biosphere. Over the past several centuries, direct and indirect human-caused land use and land cover change (LUCC) has led to the loss... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipofuscin quantification is used for age determination in various crustaceans such as lobsters and spiny lobsters. Since these animals lack bony parts, they cannot be aged in the same way as bony fish, in which annual increments in the ear-bones or otoliths are commonly used. Age determination of fish and shellfish is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The azo group in DEAD is a Michael acceptor. In the presence of a copper(II) catalyst, DEAD assists conversion of β-keto esters to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives.
The substitution of boronic acid esters proceeds similarly: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salahuddin was President of Society of Biological Chemists SBC (India) from 1989 to 1990; a Member of the editorial board of Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics(1985–1988); Visiting Associate Professor, University of Maryland 1975; Member of Protein Society, Bethesda, USA(1995-1997); Member of the New York Ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Impossible Foods, producers of plant-based meat substitutes, use an accelerated heme synthesis process involving soybean root leghemoglobin and yeast, adding the resulting heme to items such as meatless (vegan) Impossible burger patties. The DNA for leghemoglobin production was extracted from the soybean root nodules a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turbulent diffusion is the transport of mass, heat, or momentum within a system due to random and chaotic time dependent motions. It occurs when turbulent fluid systems reach critical conditions in response to shear flow, which results from a combination of steep concentration gradients, density gradients, and high vel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2008 (150 years after his birth), Auer von Welsbach was selected as a main motif for a high-value collectors' coin: the Austrian €25 Fascination Light. The reverse has a partial portrait of Auer on the left-hand side. The sun shines in the middle of the green niobium pill, while several methods of illumination from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conceptually, the in vivo bioreactor was borne from complications in a repair method of bone fracture, bone loss, necrosis, and tumor reconstruction known as bone grafting. Traditional bone grafting strategies require fresh, autologous bone harvested from the iliac crest; this harvest site is limited by the amount of b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ordinary spectroscopy is concerned with the spectra of single atoms or molecules. Here we outline the very different spectra of complexes consisting of two or more interacting atoms or molecules: the "interaction-induced" or "collision-induced" spectroscopy. Both ordinary and collision-induced spectra may be observed i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When exposed to water, the metal oxide that was previously an inner sphere complex will become saturated with water, which is known as a dissolution reaction. This can also be observed in cases where hydroxyl groups are also present.
pH is a consideration within these reactions, but the symmetrical, molecular adsorptio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brian Harford Robinson (24 April 1940 – 30 August 2016) was a New Zealand inorganic chemist. He is noted for his contribution to cluster chemistry and the design of organometallic compounds with biomedical applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zeolites are natural or synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates, which have a repeating pore network and release water at high temperature. Zeolites are polar in nature.
They are manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis of sodium aluminosilicate or another silica source in an autoclave followed by ion exchange with certai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
, about a quarter of annual global greenhouse gas emissions is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus methane leaks from the industry). Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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