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All organisms metabolize sulfur, and it is incorporated into the structure of proteins, polysaccharides, steroids, and many coenzymes. The biological pathway by which an organism takes up and/or removes sulfur can have significant impacts on the sulfur isotope composition of the organism and its environment.
Microorgan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a variety of architectures possible for nonlinear copolymers. Beyond grafted and star polymers discussed below, other common types of branched copolymers include brush copolymers and comb copolymers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are commonly used by civil engineers in their structures. FRPs respond linear-elastically to axial stress, making them a great material to hold a load. FRPs are usually in a laminate formation with each lamina having unidirectional fibers, typically carbon or glass, embedded within a lay... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a light source and linearly polarized by a polarizer. It can pass through an optional compensator (retarder, quarter wave plate) and falls onto the sample. After reflection the radiation passes a compensator (optional) and a second polarizer, which is called an analyzer, and fall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The intake of radioactive material can occur through four pathways:
*inhalation of airborne contaminants such as radon
*ingestion of contaminated food or liquids
*absorption of vapours such as tritium oxide through the skin
*injection of medical radioisotopes such as technetium-99m
Some artificial radioisotopes such as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative determination of peroxides. A simple qualitative detection of peroxides is carried out with the iodine-starch reaction. Here peroxides, hydroperoxides or peracids oxidize the added potassium iodide into iodine, which reacts with starch producing a dee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resonance frequency of a nuclear spin depends on the strength of the magnetic field at the nucleus, which can be modified by isotropic (e.g. chemical shift, isotropic J-coupling) and anisotropic interactions (e.g. chemical shift anisotropy, dipolar interactions). In a classical liquid-state NMR experiment, molecula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shang et al. discovered the decarboxylative coupling of potassium oxalate monoesters with aryl halides to obtain aryl or alkenyl esters. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most pharmaceuticals are small molecules, although some drugs can be proteins (e.g., insulin and other biologic medical products). With the exception of therapeutic antibodies, many proteins are degraded if administered orally and most often cannot cross cell membranes. Small molecules are more likely to be absorbed, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was agreed that there would be a World Congress every three years, with each Chapter organizing its own conference in the intervening two years. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rare earth oxides exhibit intrinsic hydrophobicity, and hence can be used in thermally stable heat exchangers and other applications involving high-temperature hydrophobicity. The presence of oxygen vacancies at surfaces of ceria or other rare earth oxides is instrumental in governing surface wettability. Adsorption of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Melted fusible alloys can be used as coolants as they are stable under heating and can give much higher thermal conductivity than most other coolants; particularly with alloys made with a high thermal conductivity metal such as indium or sodium. Metals with low neutron cross-section are used for cooling nuclear reactor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A screw displacement (also screw operation or rotary translation) is the composition of a rotation by an angle φ about an axis (called the screw axis) with a translation by a distance d along this axis. A positive rotation direction usually means one that corresponds to the translation direction by the right-hand rule.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, commonly associated with cell damage. ROS form as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling.
Two important oxygen-centered radicals are superoxide and hydroxyl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urine testing is the most common method of testing for ketones. Urine test strips utilize a nitroprusside reaction with acetoacetate to give a semi-quantitative measure based on color change of the strip. Although beta-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant circulating ketone, urine test strips only measure acetoacetate. U... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When Rockwell International purchased North American Aviation, it also gained ownership of the NATWT. The NATWT was then gifted to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1998, with the intention of NATWT becoming a university research facility. It became known as the Micro Craft Trisonic Wind Tunnel. In 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Persons with certain genetic variations in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are under increased risk of developing skin reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), but also severe ones such as Stevens–Johnson and DRESS syndrome, under treatment with carbamazepine and drugs with related chemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the known actions of Ang II are mediated through the AT receptors, for example vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, renal sodium reabsorption and vasopressin secretion. The AT receptor also takes part in regulation of blood pressure and renal function but mediates antagonistic effects compared to the AT recep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radioactive waste comes from a number of sources. In countries with nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear fuel treatment plants, the majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Other sources include medical and industrial wastes, as well as naturally occurring... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate electrons, and therefore form positive ions; thus, it is antipode to electronegativity.
Mainly, this is an attribute of metals, meaning that, in general, the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity. Therefore, the al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Current capacity limited by anode mass and self consumption at low current density.
* Lower driving voltage means the anodes may not work in high-resistivity environments.
* Often requires that the protected structure be electrically isolated from other structures and ground.
* Anodes are heavy and will increase wate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, pipe flow is a type of fluid flow within a closed conduit, such as a pipe, duct or tube. It is also called as Internal flow. The other type of flow within a conduit is open channel flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways, but differ in one important aspect. Pipe flow does not have a f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are also reports of antihomoaromatic compounds. Just as aromatic compounds exhibit exceptional stability, antiaromatic compounds, which deviate from Huckel's rule and contain a closed loop of 4n π electrons, are relatively unstable. The bridged bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl cation contains only 4 π electrons, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further alloys with low melting points are at , at and at . The alloy consisting of 40.8 % caesium, 11.8 % sodium and 47.4 % potassium has a melting point of . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CTCF binds to the consensus sequence CCGCGNGGNGGCAG (in IUPAC notation). This sequence is defined by 11 zinc finger motifs in its structure. CTCF's binding is disrupted by CpG methylation of the DNA it binds to. On the other hand, CTCF binding may set boundaries for the spreading of DNA methylation. In recent studies, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lineatin is a monoterprene with unique tricyclic acetal structure. Most of the studies regarding lineatin were focused on the total synthesis; little attentions were put on its biosynthesis. It is suggested that lineatin is derived through oxidation and cyclization of a monoterponid precursor, but no experimental has b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several other minerals, such as the gemstone topaz, contain fluoride. Fluoride is not significant in seawater or brines, unlike the other halides, because the alkaline earth fluorides precipitate out of water. Commercially insignificant quantities of organofluorines have been observed in volcanic eruptions and in geot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mander returned to Australia in 1966 to become a lecturer in organic chemistry at the University of Adelaide. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in organic chemistry in 1970, where he remained until 1975. During this time Mander visited the University of Cambridge to research "...pathways to the pigments of life". In 1... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metallurgy, materials science and structural geology, subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation. It involves the rotation of initially low-angle sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient for t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Jean-Claude Duplessy was one of the lead authors of the "paleoclimatology" chapter of the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was published in 2007.
* His mission was to coordinate the activities of some twenty scientists from the international community with the objective of showing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, work output is the work done by a simple machine, compound machine, or any type of engine model. In common terms, it is the energy output, which for simple machines is always less than the energy input, even though the forces may be drastically different.
In [thermodynamics], work output can refer to the th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydroamination is well-established technology for generating fragrances from myrcene. In this conversion, diethylamine adds across the diene substituent, the reaction being catalyzed by lithium diethylamide. Intramolecular hydroaminations were reported by Tobin J. Marks in 1989 using metallocene derived from rare-earth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One might expect that larger side chains would result in more restrictions and consequently a smaller allowable region in the Ramachandran plot, but the effect of side chains is small. In practice, the major effect seen is that of the presence or absence of the methylene group at Cβ. Glycine has only a hydrogen atom fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfonamides can be prepared in the laboratory in many ways. The classic approach entails the reaction of sulfonyl chlorides with an amine.
A base such as pyridine is typically added to absorb the HCl that is generated. Illustrative is the synthesis of sulfonylmethylamide.
The reaction of primary and secondary amine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biofuels that are produced through hydrothermal liquefaction are carbon neutral, meaning that there are no net carbon emissions produced when burning the biofuel. The plant materials used to produce bio-oils use photosynthesis to grow, and as such consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The burning of the biofuels ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of Pd supported by silica-coated FeO/FeO nanoparticles allows the reaction to be heated by electrical induction, and also allows facile magnetic separation of catalyst and product post-reaction. Copper ferrite has been reported as a heterocycle arylation catalyst and can be similarly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the cyclone is essentially a two phase particle-fluid system, fluid mechanics and particle transport equations can be used to describe the behaviour of a cyclone. The air in a cyclone is initially introduced tangentially into the cyclone with an inlet velocity . Assuming that the particle is spherical, a simple anal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Third-generation fusion fuels produce only charged particles in the primary reactions, and side reactions are relatively unimportant. Since a very small amount of neutrons is produced, there would be little induced radioactivity in the walls of the fusion chamber. This is often seen as the end goal of fusion research. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A type of ion exchange chromatography, membrane exchange is a relatively new method of purification designed to overcome limitations of using columns packed with beads. Membrane Chromatographic devices are cheap to mass-produce and disposable unlike other chromatography devices that require maintenance and time to reva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for gilding objects such as armor and mirrors with precious metals... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Induced gas flotation (IGF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by injecting gas bubbles into the water or wastewater in a flotation tank or basin. The small bubbles adhere to the suspended matter cau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Borate anions are largely in the form of the undissociated acid in aqueous solution at physiological pH. No further metabolism occurs in either animals or plants. In animals, boric acid/borate salts are essentially completely absorbed following oral ingestion. Absorption occurs via inhalation, although quantitative dat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adsorbent is separated from the now treated effluent in the sedimentation zone where the density of the adsorbent allows separation by gravitational sedimentation. The treated effluent is allowed to overflow out of the cell. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ilu is a large plesiosaur-like sea creature that is ridden by the Metkayina Clan in place of the Direhorse. Sleek and lithe aquatic reptilian specimen with a long neck, six flippers and rudder-like tail, closely resembling Earths extinct plesiosaur species. Four eyes and two kuru/queue antennae-like neural whips ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Large temperature gradients exist in the electrofusion joint during the fusion cycle. The low thermal conductivity of polymers is the main cause of these large gradients. Recent efforts to model the thermal history at various locations using finite element modeling have been successful. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A compositional domain in genetics is a region of DNA with a distinct guanine (G) and cytosine (C) G-C and C-G content (collectively GC content). The homogeneity of compositional domains is compared to that of the chromosome on which they reside. As such, compositional domains can be homogeneous or nonhomogeneous domai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is highly flammable. MDI and TDI are much less flammable. Flammability of materials is a consideration in furniture design. The specific flammability hazard is noted on the safety data sheet (SDS) for specific isocyanates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to isolate clones that contain regions of interest from a library, the library must first be screened. One method of screening is hybridization. Each transformed host cell of a library will contain only one vector with one insert of DNA. The whole library can be plated onto a filter over media. The filter and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes.
If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isoelectric points (IEP) of metal oxide ceramics are used extensively in material science in various aqueous processing steps (synthesis, modification, etc.). In the absence of chemisorbed or physisorbed species particle surfaces in aqueous suspension are generally assumed to be covered with surface hydroxyl speci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reversible solid oxide cells are receiving increased attention as energy storage solutions for the weekly or the monthly scale. Other technologies for large scale electrical storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity and compressed air energy storage are characterized by geographical limitations. On the other hand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes that carry out the detoxification of methylglyoxal and the other reactive aldehydes that are produced as a normal part of metabolism. This system has been studied in both bacteria and eukaryotes. This detoxification is accomplished by the sequential action of two thiol-dependen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide containing linked chitin-derived residues and is widely studied as a biomaterial due to its high compatibility with numerous proteins in the body. Chitosan is cationic and thus electrostatically reacts with numerous proteoglycans, anionic GAGs, and other molecules possessing a negati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities. Each photon emitted will be "red"- or "blue"-shifted by the Doppler effect depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer. The higher the temperature of the gas, the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas. S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The USBM index is theoretically unbounded and can vary from negative infinity to positive infinity. Since other wettability indices such as Amott-Harvey, Lak wettability index and modified Lak are bounded in the range of -1 to 1, Abouzar Mirzaei-Paiaman highlighted the bounded form of USBM (called USBM*) as a replaceme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of entities, commonly atoms or molecules.
Monolayers can also be made out of cells.
Self-assembled monolayers form spontaneously on surfaces.
Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Principally retrofitting describes the measures taken in the manufacturing industry to allow new or updated parts to be fitted to old or outdated assemblies (like blades to wind turbines).
Retrofitting parts are necessary for manufacture when the design of a large assembly is changed or revised. If, after the changes h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fatty acyl-CoA esters are fatty acid derivatives formed of one fatty acid, a 3'-phospho-AMP linked to phosphorylated pantothenic acid (vitamin B) and cysteamine.
Long-chain acyl-CoA esters are substrates for a number of important enzymatic reactions and play a central role in the regulation of metabolism as allosteric... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While most failures in practice have been through fast failure, there is experimental evidence that hydrogen also affects the fatigue properties of steels. This is entirely expected given the nature of the embrittlement mechanisms proposed for fast fracture. In general hydrogen embrittlement has a strong effect on high... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with increasing gas pressure. When the external pressure is reduced, the excess gas comes out of solution.
Fizzy drinks are made by subjecting the liquid to carbon dioxide, under pressure. In champagne the CO is produced naturally in the final stage of fermentation. When th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
REMS technology performance has been evaluated through multicentre clinical studies. The work of Di Paola et al. has investigated precision and diagnostic accuracy of REMS in comparison with DXA on a sample of 2000 patients. A very high correlation has been observed between the T-Score values obtained by both technolog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, thioenols (also known as alkenethiols) are alkenes with a thiol group () affixed to one of the carbon atoms composing the double bond (i.e. ). They are the sulfur analogs of enols (hence the thio- prefix). Alkenes with a thiol group on both atoms of the double bond are called enedithiols. Deproton... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion, Zeldovich–Liñán model is a two-step reaction model for the combustion processes, named after Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich and Amable Liñán. The model includes a chain-branching and a chain-breaking (or radical recombination) reaction. The model was first introduced by Zel'dovich in 1948 and later analysed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1987 Pedro Cuatrecasas and Meir Wilchek were awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine for the invention and development of affinity chromatography and its applications to biomedical sciences. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the results. Example reference ranges are listed below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Humic substances in soils and sediments can be divided into three main fractions: humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin.
Humic and fulvic acids are extracted from soil and other solid phase sources into a strongly basic aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
*Humic acids are precipitated from this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnum opus – great work of alchemy consisting of:
*Nigredo
*Albedo
*Citrinitas (sometimes excluded)
*Rubedo
Alchemists also engaged in practical and symbolic processes including:
*Calcination
*Ceration
*Cohobation
*Congelation
*Digestion
*Distillation
*Fermentation
*Filtration
*Fixation
*Multiplicatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioactive metallic glass is a subset of bioactive glass, wherein the bulk material is composed of a metal-glass substrate and is coated with bioactive glass in order to make the material bioactive. The reasoning behind the introduction of the metallic base is to create a less brittle, stronger material that will be per... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2015, scientists at the Z Pulsed Power Facility announced the creation of metallic deuterium using dense liquid deuterium, an electrical insulator-to-conductor transition associated with an increase in optical reflectivity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic ionic plastic crystals – are a type organic salts exhibiting mesophases (i.e. a state of matter intermediate between liquid and solid), in which mobile ions are orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure. They have various forms of di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Biochemical engineering
* Biomedical engineering
* Biotechnology
* Ceramics
* Chemical process modeling
* Chemical Technologist
* Chemical reactor
* Chemical reaction engineering
* Distillation Design
* Electrochemistry
* Fluid dynamics
* Food engineering
* Heat transfer
* Mass transfer
* Materials science
* Microflu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rationale for IORT is to deliver a high dose of radiation precisely to the targeted area with minimal exposure of surrounding tissues which are displaced or shielded during the IORT. Conventional radiation techniques such as external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) following surgical removal of the tumor have several draw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry, transition metal imido complexes is a coordination compound containing an imido ligand. Imido ligands can be terminal or bridging ligands. The parent imido ligand has the formula NH, but most imido ligands have alkyl or aryl groups in place of H. The imido ligand ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chan King-ming earned his Bachelor of Science and Master of Philosophy degrees at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and his doctoral degree from Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
He is now director of the Environmental Science Program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kowalski was the founding editor of the Journal of Chemometics, the first issue of which came out in January 1987. The editorial of the first issue, written by Kowalski, Steven Brown and Bernard Vandeginst, explains that after 10 years of the founding of the field of chemometrics and 20 years of researchers actually do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Based on the tetrahedral units, FK crystallographic structures are classified into low and high polyhedral groups denoted by their coordination numbers (CN) referring to the number of atom centering the polyhedron.
Some atoms have an icosahedral structure with low coordination, labeled CN12. Some others have higher coo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These are extremely light-sensitive vacuum tubes with a coated photocathode inside the envelope. The photo cathode contains combinations of materials such as cesium, rubidium, and antimony specially selected to provide a low work function, so when illuminated even by very low levels of light, the photocathode readily r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If one assumes infinite shunt resistance, the characteristic equation can be solved for V:
Thus, an increase in I produces a reduction in V proportional to the inverse of the logarithm of the increase. This explains mathematically the reason for the reduction in V that accompanies increases in temperature described abo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymer properties depend of their structure and they are divided into classes according to their physical bases. Many physical and chemical properties describe how a polymer behaves as a continuous macroscopic material. They are classified as bulk properties, or intensive properties according to thermodynamics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diazirines are often used as photoreactive crosslinking reagents, as the reactive carbenes they form upon irradiation with UV light can insert into C-H, N-H, and O-H bonds. This results in proximity dependent labeling of other species with the diazirine containing compound.
Diazirines are often preferred to other photo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A 1971 study published by the Harvard Medical School identified methylglyoxal, a form of glycerol, as a product of lethal synthesis in a specific E.coli mutant. In E.coli, the synthesis of triose phosphate from glycerol is a reaction regulated by the synthesis rate of glycerol kinase and by feedback inhibition by fruct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosgene oxime can be prepared by reduction of chloropicrin using a combination of tin metal and hydrochloric acid as the source of the active hydrogen reducing agent:
The observation of a transient violet color in the reaction suggests intermediate formation of trichloronitrosomethane (ClCNO). Early preparations, usin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small molecule sensors are an effective way to detect the presence of metal ions in solution. Although many types exist, most small molecule sensors comprise a subunit that selectively binds to a metal that in turn induces a change in a fluorescent subunit. This change can be observed in the small molecule sensor's spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anodizing was first used on an industrial scale in 1923 to protect Duralumin seaplane parts from corrosion. This early chromic acid–based process was called the Bengough–Stuart process and was documented in British defence specification DEF STAN 03-24/3. It is still used today despite its legacy requirements for a comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1980, McPhee traveled with his daughter on a canoe trip on the Atchafalaya River due to her fascination with the novelist Walker Percy. He had conversations with natives about the efforts made by the Army Corps of Engineers in monitoring riverflow in the area. In Vicksburg, Mississippi, a man recommended to McPhee t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The role of angiogenesis in the support of myeloma was first discovered by Vacca in 1994. They discovered increased bone marrow angiogenesis correlates with myeloma growth and supporting stromal cells are a significant source for angiogenic molecules in myeloma. This is believed to be a main component of the mechanism ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early second generation cephalosporins are very similar in basic structure to the first generation. Loracarbef however does not have the normal dihydrothiazine ring but is a carbacephem that has a carbon atom in the ring instead of a sulfur atom making it a tetrahydropyridine ring. This chemical property gives loracarb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tentative evidence in Alzheimer's disease showed that lithium may slow progression. It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but a study showed lithium had no effect on ALS outcomes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many compounds and complexes adopt bitetrahedral structures. In this motif, the two tetrahedra share a common edge. The inorganic polymer silicon disulfide features an infinite chain of edge-shared tetrahedra. In a completely saturated hydrocarbon system, bitetrahedral molecule CH has been proposed as a candidate for t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In typical engineering applications, there will be a set of given or known quantities. The acceleration of gravity and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid are known, as are the diameter of the pipe and its roughness height . If as well the head loss per unit length is a known quantity, then the friction factor ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He is considered by many to be the preeminent synthetic organic chemist of the twentieth century, having made many key contributions to the subject, especially in the synthesis of complex natural products and the determination of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common method of freezing lesions is by using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The liquid nitrogen may be applied to lesions using a variety of methods; such as dipping a cotton or synthetic material tipped applicator in liquid nitrogen and then directly applying the cryogen onto the lesion. The liquid nitrogen can al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1989, Alan Mackay suggested that if chemical synthesis could be used to make L-protein and D-protein enantiomers, it would enable the use of racemic mixtures to crystallize proteins in centrosymmetric space groups. He stated that, because in the X-ray diffraction data obtained from a centrosymmetric crystal the off-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After World War II ended in 1945, Bruno Tesch and Karl Weinbacher of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans. Gerhard Peters, who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Major categories of bio-compounds:
**Carbohydrates : sugar – disaccharide – polysaccharide – starch – glycogen
**Lipids : fatty acid – fats – essential oils – oils – waxes – cholesterol
**Nucleic acids : DNA – RNA – mRNA – tRNA – rRNA – codon – adenosine – cytosine – guanine – thymine – uracil
**Proteins :
***amino ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM). In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions). Alternatively, iron ions ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although research is ongoing, treatment options are currently limited; vitamins are frequently prescribed, though the evidence for their effectiveness is limited.
Pyruvate has been proposed in 2007 as a treatment option. N-acetyl cysteine reverses many models of mitochondrial dysfunction. In the case of mood disorders,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acid amplification is a technique used to produce several copies of a specific segment of RNA/DNA. Amplified RNA and DNA can be used for a variety of applications, such as genotyping, sequencing, and detection of bacteria or viruses. There are two different types of amplification, non-isothermal and isothermal.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reflectivity deviates from the other properties in that it is bidirectional in nature. In other words, this property depends on the direction of the incident of radiation as well as the direction of the reflection. Therefore, the reflected rays of a radiation spectrum incident on a real surface in a specified direction... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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