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β-blockers can be selective for either β, β adrenergic receptor, or to be non-selective. By blocking β receptor it is possible to reduce heart rate, conduction of velocity and contractility. The blocking of β receptor promotes vascular smooth muscle contraction, which results in increase of peripheral resistance. Block... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The committee established an acceptable daily intake of 0.02 mg/kg/day in a meeting on pesticide residues. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an electrolyte or a colloidal suspension, the Debye length for a monovalent electrolyte is usually denoted with symbol κ
where
* I is the ionic strength of the electrolyte in number/m units,
* ε is the permittivity of free space,
* ε is the dielectric constant,
* k is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Retention distance, or R, is a concept in thin layer chromatography, designed for quantitative measurement of equal-spreading of the spots on the chromatographic plate and one of the Chromatographic response functions. It is calculated from the following formula:
where n is the number of compounds separated, R are the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different definitions have been put forward for secondary flow in turbomachinery, such as "Secondary flow in broad terms means flow at right angles to intended primary flow".
Secondary flows occur in the main, or primary, flowpath in turbomachinery compressors and turbines (see also unrelated use of term for flow in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the limit of local stability with respect to small fluctuations is clearly defined by the condition that the second derivative of Gibbs free energy is zero.
The locus of these points (the inflection point within a G-x or G-c curve, Gibbs free energy as a function of composition) is known as the spino... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon Nanofoams have been shown to have great application as solar steam generators. They possess excellent light absorption, good thermal stability, low density, and low thermal conductivity, all factors important to solar generators. In experiments done, carbon nanofoams showed superior solar photo-thermal performan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Burks-Houck was dedicated to the establishment of the NOBCChE on the West Coast and its national endeavours. She was invited to Dakar, Senegal to represent NOBCChE as an environmental chemist and deliver a presentation titled: "Environmental Applications and Regulatory Reporting". She served as the first chair of the S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many early scientists who studied the IR spectra of compounds had to develop and build their own instruments to be able to record their measurements making it very difficult to get accurate measurements. During World War II, the U.S. government contracted different companies to develop a method for the polymerization o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isozymes were first described by R. L. Hunter and Clement Markert (1957) who defined them as different variants of the same enzyme having identical functions and present in the same individual. This definition encompasses (1) enzyme variants that are the product of different genes and thus represent different loci (de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Light microscopes are designed for placement of the specimen's polished surface on the specimen stage either upright or inverted. Each type has advantages and disadvantages. Most LOM work is done at magnifications between 50 and 1000X. However, with a good microscope, it is possible to perform examination at higher mag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To calculate the elastic response of a rubber sample, the three chain force models (regimes Ia, Ib and II) and the network morphology must be combined in a micro-mechanical network model. Using the joint probability distribution in equation () and the force extension models, it is possible to devise numerical algorithm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Thionyl chloride can engage in a range of different electrophilic addition reactions. It adds to alkenes in the presence of to form an aluminium complex which can be hydrolysed to form a sulfinic acid. Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chlori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Greece, Hippocrates (born 460 BC) was a philosopher later known as the Father of Medicine. He founded a school of medicine that focused on treating the causes of disease rather than its symptoms. Disease was dictated by natural laws and therefore could be treated through close observation of symptoms. His treatises,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Payne rearrangement occurs with inversion of stereochemistry at C-2. Substrates containing multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups may undergo "cascade" epoxide migrations with inversion at each site of nucleophilic attack. In one example, inversion of three contiguous stereocenters results after two epoxide migrations, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atmospheric concentrations are determined by the balance between sources (emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems) and sinks (the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound or absorption by bodies of water). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William Zismans contribution of what is called today as the Zisman Plot revolutionized the world of adhesive bonding and surface chemistry by giving a fast, effective, and quantitative way to measure the wettability or critical surface tension of a solid. This spawned the work of many others over the past few decades. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biohydrometallurgy represents the overlap of the world of microorganisms to the process of hydrometallurgy. The usage of microorganisms can be used for recovery and extraction of metals. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the word for calcium hydroxide is nextli. In a process called nixtamalization, maize is cooked with nextli to become , also known as hominy. Nixtamalization significantly increases the bioavailability of niacin (vitamin B3), and is also considered tastier and easier to digest. Ni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Source: [https://www.biochemistry.org/grants-and-awards/awards/the-portland-press-excellence-in-science-award/ Biochemical Society]
; Novartis Medal and Prize
* 2021: Bart Vanhaesebroeck
* 2019: Caroline Dean
* 2018: Laurence Pearl
* 2017: Doreen Cantrell
* 2014: Jeff Errington
* 2013: Tony Kouzarides
* 2010: D. Grah... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The half-life of delta bilirubin is equivalent to that of albumin since the former is bound to the latter, yields 2–3 weeks.
A free-of-bound bilirubin has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method combines the reactions of copper ions with the peptide bonds under alkaline conditions (the Biuret test) with the oxidation of aromatic protein residues. The Lowry method is based on the reaction of Cu, produced by the oxidation of peptide bonds, with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (a mixture of phosphotungstic aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yves Jeannin is a French chemist born on 11 April 1931 in Boulogne sur Seine. He is the son of Raymond Jeannin, architect, and Suzanne Armynot du Chatelet. He married Suzanne Bellé in 1956 and has two children, Philippe and Sylvie, born in 1961 and 1969.
He is a corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LHASA (Logic and Heuristics Applied to Synthetic Analysis) is a computer program developed in 1971 by the research group of Elias James Corey at the Harvard University Department of Chemistry. The program uses artificial intelligence techniques to discover sequences of reactions which may be used to synthesize a molecu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1990s, paroxysmal depolarizing shift-type interictal epileptiform discharges has been suggested to be primarily dependent on autaptic activity for solitary excitatory hippocampal rat neurons grown in microculture.
More recently, in human neocortical tissues of patients with intractable epilepsy, the GABAergic ou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Keepers are substances (typically solvents, but sometimes adsorbent solids) added in relatively small quantities during an evaporative procedure in analytical chemistry, such as concentration of an analyte-solvent mixture by rotary evaporation. The purpose of a keeper is to reduce losses of a target analyte during the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monitoring the biological pump is critical to understanding how the Earth's carbon cycle is changing. A variety of techniques are used to monitor the biological pump, which can be deployed from various platforms such as ships, autonomous vehicles, and satellites. At present, satellite remote sensing is the only tool av... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the p-i stimulation resulted in T cell expansion and activation (MPE, DRESS), some of the p-i-activated T cells might continue to react in the absence of drug: their TCR may be cross-reactive with unmodified, self HLA presenting exogenous peptides (mainly of herpes virus origin) or some self-peptides: this kind of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The largest and one of the fastest growing human impacts on the carbon cycle and biosphere is the extraction and burning of fossil fuels, which directly transfer carbon from the geosphere into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also produced and released during the calcination of limestone for clinker production. Clinke... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of the link between chlorophyll content and nitrogen content in leaves, chlorophyll fluorometers can be used to detect nitrogen deficiency in plants, by several methods.
Based on several years of research and experimentation, polyphenols can be the indicators of nitrogen status of a plant. For instance, when a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mineralogy, an inclusion is any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its formation. In gemology, an inclusion is a characteristic enclosed within a gemstone, or reaching its surface from the interior.
According to Hutton's law of inclusions, fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT, HDTUL, or DTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load. This property of a given plastic material is applied in many aspects of product design, engineering and manufacture of products using thermoplasti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several differences in the regulation of metabolic control in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes vary the numbers of specific enzymes made in their cells in order to regulate gene expression, which is slow metabolic control, and also regulate enzymatic pathways through mechanisms such as feedback inhi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The behavior of pipe flow is governed mainly by the effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow. Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number, the flow can be either laminar or turbulent. For circular pipes of different surface roughnes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At least for vitiligo, narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) nanometer phototherapy is now used more commonly than PUVA since it does not require the use of the psoralen. As with PUVA, treatment is carried out 2 to 3 times a week in a clinic or every day at home, and there is no need to use psoralen.
Narrowband UVB therapy is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stereochemical control within [4+4] reactions is not common, however it does exist. Enol-exo stereoselectivity is possible using certain cross-linking techniques and has been met with moderate success.
Control over the configuration at newly established bridgehead centers by use of preexisting stereocenters has been la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts. The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typically, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scholarly information about the use of gold in early Philippine history comes mostly from artifacts that have been discovered in various sites in the Philippines, and from historical accounts from the early Spanish colonial period. Archeological excavation sites include ones in Batangas, Mindoro, Luzon, Samar, Butuan a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Jayko, A.S., et al. (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45331 Methods and Spatial Extent of Geophysical Investigations, Mono Lake, California, 2009 to 2011.] Reston, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Researchers at Utah State University compared measurements for PPF and YPF using different types of equipment. They measured the PPF and YPF of seven common radiation sources with a spectroradiometer, then compared with measurements from six quantum sensors designed to measure PPF, and three quantum sensors designed to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boiler water treatment is used to control alkalinity, prevent scaling, correct pH, and to control conductivity. The boiler water needs to be alkaline and not acidic, so that it does not ruin the tubes. There can be too much conductivity in the feed water when there are too many dissolved solids. These correct treatment... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
His academic career began in 1948 with a teaching position at Iowa State College; he served as Assistant Professor of Chemistry. In his capacity there he published his eponymous postulate which is now widely known as the most important publication in the field of organic photochemistry. He moved to the University of Ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modeling eddy development, as it relates to turbulence and fate transport phenomena, is vital in grasping an understanding of environmental systems. By understanding the transport of both particulate and dissolved solids in environmental flows, scientists and engineers will be able to efficiently formulate remediation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The in the atmosphere transfers to the ocean by dissolving in the surface water as carbonate and bicarbonate ions; at the same time the carbonate ions in the water are returning to the air as . This exchange process brings from the atmosphere into the surface waters of the ocean, but the thus introduced takes a long... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrosilylation, also called catalytic hydrosilation, describes the addition of Si-H bonds across unsaturated bonds. Ordinarily the reaction is conducted catalytically and usually the substrates are unsaturated organic compounds. Alkenes and alkynes give alkyl and vinyl silanes; aldehydes and ketones give silyl ethers.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PPA is a metastable polymer known for its ease of synthesis and rapid depolymerization. In addition, its properties can be easily influenced and manipulated upon either functionalizing the phthalaldehyde monomer with different groups, most efficiently, electron withdrawing groups, or employing different functional grou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As sea ice freezes, it rejects increasingly salty water, which drains through narrow brine channels that thread through the ice. The brine flowing through the brine channels and out of the bottom of the ice is very cold and salty, so it sinks in the warmer, fresher seawater under the ice, forming a plume. The plume is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface roughness and texture has an undeniable influence on protein adsorption on all materials, but with the ubiquity of metal machining processes, it is useful to address how these impact protein behavior. The initial adsorption is important, as well as maintained adhesion and integrity. Research has shown that surf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a type of long-term birth control that releases the progestin into the uterine cavity. Levonorgestrel is released at a constant, gradual rate of 0.02 mg per day by the polydimethylsiloxane membrane of the device, which renders it effective for up to five years. Becaus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amount of transcription factories found per nucleus appears to be determined by cell type, species and the type of measurement. Cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts have been found to have roughly 1500 factories through immunofluorescence detection of RNAP II however cells taken from different tissues of the same m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Microarray-Based Study by Metal Nanoparticle Probes
Recently, studies by using metal nanoparticle probes to detect the carbohydrate–protein interactions were reported. Use of gold and silver nanoparticle probes in resonant light scattering (RLS) gives particular high sensitivity. Zhenxin Wang and coworker the same pri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermal expansion of liquids is usually higher than in solids because the intermolecular forces present in liquids are relatively weak and its constituent molecules are more mobile. Unlike solids, liquids have no definite shape and they take the shape of the container. Consequently, liquids have no definite length ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (MAP4K) is a family of proteins involved in cellular signal transduction.
* MAP4K1 (aka HPK1)
* MAP4K2 (aka GCK)
* MAP4K3 (aka GLK)
* MAP4K4 (aka HGK)
* MAP4K5 (aka KHS)
* MAP4K6 (aka MINK) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Étang de Berre (, "Lagoon of Berre"; in Provençal Occitan: estanh de Bèrra / mar de Bèrra according to classical orthography, estang de Berro / mar de Berro according to Mistralian orthography) is a brackish water lagoon on the Mediterranean coast of France, about north-west of Marseille. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Longer stretches of DNA are entropically elastic under tension. When DNA is in solution, it undergoes continuous structural variations due to the energy available in the thermal bath of the solvent. This is due to the thermal vibration of the molecule combined with continual collisions with water molecules. For entropi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal carbon dioxide complexes are coordination complexes that contain carbon dioxide ligands. Aside from the fundamental interest in the coordination chemistry of simple molecules, studies in this field are motivated by the possibility that transition metals might catalyze useful transformations of CO. This research i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A figure is achiral with an orthogonal matrix and a vector . The determinant of is either 1 or −1 then. If it is −1 the isometry is orientation-reversing, otherwise it is orientation-preserving.
A general definition of chirality based on group theory exists. It does not refer to any orientation concept: a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Androstanedione, also known as 5α-androstanedione or as 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, is a naturally occurring androstane (5α-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of androgens like testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione. It is the C5 epimer of etiocholanedion... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A drain field may be designed to offer several separate disposal areas for effluent from a single septic tank. One area may be "rested" while effluent is routed to a different area. The nematode community in the resting drain field continues feeding on the accumulated biofilm and fats when the anaerobic septic tank e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used in salves and dressings, such as boracic lint. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash. Boric acid vaginal suppositories can be used for recurrent candidiasis due to non-albicans candida as a second line treatme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycosides are also classified according to the chemical nature of the aglycone. For purposes of biochemistry and pharmacology, this is the most useful classification. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since these drugs may cause paralysis of the diaphragm, mechanical ventilation should be at hand to provide respiration.
In addition, these drugs may exhibit cardiovascular effects, since they are not fully selective for the nicotinic receptor and hence may have effects on muscarinic receptors. If nicotinic receptors ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes regulate gene expression by either moving, ejecting or restructuring nucleosomes. These protein complexes have a common ATPase domain and energy from the hydrolysis of ATP allows these remodeling complexes to reposition nucleosomes (often referred to as "nucleosome sliding")... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With rapid developments in the field of biomarker research, many infections and disorders that have not been possible to diagnose via in vitro testing, are becoming increasingly possible. SOFIA is predicted to be of broader use in diagnostic assay development for infections and disorders beyond the scope of prion disea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A lateral flow test (LFT), is an assay also known as a lateral flow device (LFD), lateral flow immunochromatographic assay, or rapid test. It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment. LFTs are widely used in medica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically, two catalysts are needed for this reaction: a zerovalent palladium complex and a copper(I) halide salt. Common examples of palladium catalysts include those containing phosphine ligands such as Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)|. Another commonly used palladium source is [, but complexes containing bi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Production of CPs for industrial use started in the 1930s, with global production in 2000 being about 2 million tonnes. Currently, over 200 CP formulations are in use for a wide range of industrial applications, such as flame retardants and plasticisers, as additives in metal working fluids, in sealants, paints, adhesi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a drug is used therapeutically, it is important to understand the margin of safety that exists between the dose needed for the desired effect and the dose that produces unwanted and possibly dangerous side-effects (measured by the TD, the dose that produces toxicity in 50% of individuals). This relationship, terme... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A recent area of work has been the destruction of toxic organic compounds by irradiation; after irradiation, "dioxins" (polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins) are dechlorinated in the same way as PCBs can be converted to biphenyl and inorganic chloride. This is because the solvated electrons react with the organic compound to fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorine-18 is usually produced by irradiation of O-enriched water (HO) with high-energy (about 18 MeV) protons prepared in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator, yielding an aqueous solution of F fluoride. This solution is then used for rapid synthesis of a labeled molecule, often with the fluorine atom replacing a hydr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical COC material has a higher modulus than HDPE and PP, similar to PET or PC. COC also has a high moisture barrier for a clear polymer along with a low moisture absorption rate. In medical and analytical applications, COC is noted to be a high purity product with low extractables. COC is also a halogen-free and BP... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkalinity measures the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate, defined as pH 4.5 for many oceanographic/limnological studies. The alkalinity is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In most Earth surface waters carbonate alkalinity tends to m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In EPR spectroscopy, g-strain refers to broadening of g-values owing to small sample inhomogeneity owing to slight variations in the orientation of the paramagnetic centers. The phenomenon is indicated by broadening of the g-values that depends on the frequency of the spectrometer, such as X- or Q-band. If the line w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Simple alkylcerium reagents are well known. One example is .
Although they are described as RCeCl, their structures are far more complex.. Furthermore, the solvent seems to alter the solution structure of the complex, with differences noted between reagents prepared in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. There is evide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) is a technique for studying viscoelastic solids in both bending and torsion. It provides the ability to measure viscoelastic behavior over eleven decades (orders of magnitude) of time and frequency: from 10 to 10 Hz. BVS is typically either used to investigate viscoelastic prop... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ex situ conservation, while helpful in humankinds efforts to sustain and protect our environment, is rarely enough to save a species from extinction. It is to be used as a last resort, or as a supplement to in situ conservation because it cannot recreate the habitat as a whole: the entire genetic variation of a species... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stokes's law is actually an asymptotic approximation for low frequencies of a more general formula involving relaxation time :
The relaxation time for water is about per radian, corresponding to an angular frequency of radians (500 gigaradians) per second and therefore a frequency of about . | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anthocyanins may have a protective role in plants against extreme temperatures. Tomato plants protect against cold stress with anthocyanins countering reactive oxygen species, leading to a lower rate of cell death in leaves. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Donnan potential is the difference in the Galvani potentials which appears as a result of Donnan equilibrium, named after Frederick G. Donnan, which refers to the distribution of ion species between two ionic solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane or boundary. The boundary layer maintains an unequal distribut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many woody plants regrow around injuries, such as those caused by pruning. In time, such regrowth often completely covers the damaged area as the cambium growth layer produces new tissues. Well-pruned trees with undamaged branch collars often recover well, where poorly-pruned trees rot below the wound. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reversible work is the maximal useful work which can be obtained, , and can only be fully utilized in an ideal reversible process. An irreversible process produces some work , which is less than . The lost work is then ; in other words, is the work which was lost or not exploited during the process due to irrevers... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes an oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes an oxygen atom from water, and releases two hydrogen atoms. The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, the reciprocal lattice emerges from the Fourier transform of another lattice. The direct lattice or real lattice is a periodic function in physical space, such as a crystal system (usually a Bravais lattice). The reciprocal lattice exists in the mathematical space of spatial frequencies, known as reciprocal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Part Two aired 24 April 2006 and is set a year later, dealing with more long-term repercussions such as the social and economic climate. The main characters are revisited and interviewed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the acetalisation reaction, under acidic or basic conditions, an alcohol adds to the carbonyl group and a proton is transferred to form a hemiacetal. Under acidic conditions, the hemiacetal and the alcohol can further react to form an acetal and water. Simple hemiacetals are usually unstable, although cyclic ones su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-W has a cubic A15 structure with space group , which belongs to the Frank–Kasper phases family. Each unit cell contains eight tungsten atoms. The structure can be seen as a cubic lattice with one atom at each corner, one atom in the center, and two atoms on each face. There are two inequivalent tungsten sites corresp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1935, H. Staudinger and co-workers found that the reaction of butadiene and SO at room temperature gives a second product in addition to 3-sulfolene. This second product is an amorphous solid polymer. By free-radical polymerization of 3-sulfolene in peroxide-containing diethyl ether, up to 50% insoluble high-molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The OR gate is based on the activation of molecule A, and thus pass electron / photon to molecule Cs excited state orbitals (C*). The electron from molecule A inter system crosses to C* via the excited state orbitals of B, eventually utilised as a signal in the C* emission. The OR gate uses two inputs of light (photon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since EosFP can be used in fusion constructs while maintaining functionality of the protein of interest, it is a popular choice for multi-colour labelling studies. In a dual-colour labelling experiment to map the stages of mitosis, HEK293 cells were first stably transfected with tubulin-binding protein cDNA fused to E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geology, igneous differentiation, or magmatic differentiation, is an umbrella term for the various processes by which magmas undergo bulk chemical change during the partial melting process, cooling, emplacement, or eruption. The sequence of (usually increasingly silicic) magmas produced by igneous differentiation is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the general case of two convex bodies, the effective radius can be expressed as follows
where R and R" are the principal radii of curvature for the surfaces i' = 1 and 2, evaluated at points of closest approach distance, and φ is the angle between the planes spanned by the circles with smaller curvature radii. W... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become stratified. On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is divided into a series of layers. Going upwards from the ground, these are the tropos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some hydrogen sulfide gas diffuses into the headspace environment above the wastewater. Moisture evaporated from warm sewage may condense on unsubmerged walls of sewers, and is likely to hang in partially formed droplets from the horizontal crown of the sewer. As a portion of the hydrogen sulfide gas and oxygen gas f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A methylene blue active substances assay, or MBAS assay, is a colorimetric analysis test method that uses methylene blue to detect the presence of anionic surfactants (such as a detergent or foaming agent) in a sample of water. An anionic surfactant detected by the color reaction is called a methylene blue active subst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biolistic transformation involves the integration of a functional fragment of DNA—known as a DNA construct—into target cells. A gene construct is a DNA cassette containing all required regulatory elements for proper expression within the target organism. While gene constructs may vary in their design depending on the d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The arrangement of atoms and ions within a material is one of the most important structural properties of a biomaterial. The atomic structure of a material can be viewed at different levels, the sub atomic level, atomic or molecular level, as well as the ultra-structure created by the atoms and molecules. Intermolecula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After initial sporadic work, archaeometallurgy was more widely institutionalised in the 1960s and 70s, with research groups in Britain (The British Museum, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the Institute for Archeo-Metallurgical Studies (iams)), Germany (Deutsches Bergbau Museum) and the US (MIT and Harvard).
Specialis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A perfectly inelastic collision occurs when the maximum amount of kinetic energy
of a system is lost. In a perfectly inelastic collision, i.e., a zero coefficient of restitution, the colliding particles stick together. In such a collision, kinetic energy is lost by bonding the two bodies together. This bonding energy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the decades after the discovery of the Conia-ene reaction, several improvements allowed for milder reaction conditions and greater control of product stereo- and regiochemistry. For example, the carbonyl component, formerly a ketone or aldehyde, became a substituted β-ketoester or malonate ester. Such carbonyls enol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasma electrolytic oxidation is a similar process, but where higher voltages are applied. This causes sparks to occur and results in more crystalline/ceramic type coatings. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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