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Gummed film refers to a technique used to measure nuclear fallout. It involves the use of a sheet of plastic (cellulose acetate) or paper substrate coated on one side with an adhesive (e.g., rubber cement). The sheet is exposed (adhesive-side up) to the environment to be monitored, where fallout particles land on (and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and enzymes while sugar-peptide chains are the backbone of RNA and DNA. In biological organisms, amino acids appear almost exclusively in the left-handed form (-amino acids) and sugars in the right-handed form (R-sugars). Since the enzymes catalyze reactions, they enforce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Russian Navy developed the VA-111 Shkval supercavitation torpedo, which uses rocket propulsion and exceeds the speed of conventional torpedoes by at least a factor of five. NII-24 began development in 1960 under the code name "Шквал" (Squall). The VA-111 Shkval has been in service (exclusively in the Russian Navy) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The runaway success of DNA microarrays has generated much enthusiasm for protein microarrays. However, protein microarrays have not quite taken off as expected, even with the necessary tools and know-how from DNA microarrays being in place and ready for adaptation. One major reason is that protein microarrays are much ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organotantalum reagents arise via transmetalation of organotin compounds with tantalum(V) chloride. These organotantalum reagents promote the conjugate allylation of enones. Although the direct allylation of carbonyl groups is prevalent throughout the literature, little has been reported on the conjugate allylation of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondrial abundant heat soluble (MAHS) proteins are localized in mitochondria and are responsible for protecting mitochondria during desiccation. Because of its role in metabolizing reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrion is an important organelle to protect in extreme environments. During dehydration, the mitoc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applications involving dendrimers in general take advantage of either stuffing cargo into the interior of the dendrimer (sometimes referred to as the "dendritic box"), or attaching cargo onto the dendrimer surface. PAMAM dendrimer applications have generally focused on surface modification, taking advantage of both ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Van Slyke determination is a chemical test for the determination of amino acids containing a primary amine group. It is named after the biochemist Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1883-1971).
One of Van Slyke's first professional achievements was the quantification of amino acids by the Van Slyke determination reaction. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The De Brouckere mean diameter is the mean of a particle size distribution weighted by the volume (also called volume-weighted mean diameter, volume moment mean diameter. or volume-weighted mean size). It is the mean diameter, which is directly obtained in particle size measurements, where the measured signal is propor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of the classic theory of drug antagonism by Gaddum, Schild and Arunlakshana built on the work of Langley, Hill and Clark. Gaddum described a model for the competitive binding of two ligands to the same receptor in short communication to The Physiological Society in 1937. The description referred only to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a narrow definition, harmful algal blooms are only those blooms that release toxins that affect other species. On the other hand, any algal bloom can cause dead zones due to low oxygen levels, and could therefore be called "harmful" in that sense. The usage of the term "harmful algal blooms" in the media and scienti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As MDCs contain low electrical conductivity in the desalination chamber and additional energy is not applied to the system, electron conductive-resins are applied to improve conductivity, decrease internal resistance and increase the desalination process of brackish waters. Brackish waters are low in salinity with a hi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He studied chemistry in Berlin and Munich from 1929 to 1933, and then later received a doctorate in physical chemistry from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
Havemann joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1932 and was one of the founders of the resistance group, European Union. It was in connection with this group... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkaliphiles promise several interesting uses for biotechnology and future research. Alkaliphilic methods of regulating pH and producing ATP are of interest in the scientific community. However, perhaps the greatest area of interest from alkaliphiles lies in their enzymes: alkaline proteases; starch-degrading enzymes; ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Morton number can also be expressed by using a combination of the Weber number, Froude number and Reynolds number,
The Froude number in the above expression is defined as
where V is a reference velocity and d is the equivalent diameter of the drop or bubble. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The OCO-2 satellite was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, based around the LEOStar-2 bus. The spacecraft is being used to study carbon dioxide concentrations and distributions in the atmosphere.
OCO-2 was ordered after the original OCO spacecraft failed to achieve orbit. During the first satellite's launch atop a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heap leaching dates back to the second century BC in China, where iron was combined with copper sulfate. By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, a copper alloy was able to be recovered by leaching.
Leaching can also be traced back to alchemy. Early examples of leaching performed by alchemists resembled mixing iron wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In terms of bonding, isocyanates are closely related to carbon dioxide (CO) and carbodiimides (C(NR)). The C−N=C=O unit that defines isocyanates is planar, and the N=C=O linkage is nearly linear. In phenyl isocyanate, the C=N and C=O distances are respectively 1.195 and 1.173 Å. The C−N=C angle is 134.9° and the N=C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When considering whether a specific nuclear transmutation, a reaction or a decay, is energetically allowed, one only needs to sum the masses of the initial nucleus/nuclei and subtract from that value the sum of the masses of the product particles. If the result, or Q-value, is positive, then the transmutation is allow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several tissue banks have come into existence, including the "Frozen zoo" at the San Diego Zoo, to store frozen tissue from the world's rarest and most endangered species. This is also referred to as "Conservation cloning".
Engineers have proposed a "lunar ark" in 2021 – storing millions of seed, spore, sperm and egg s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bacteria, the same enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA and non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
RNAP is a large molecule. The core enzyme has five subunits (~400 kDa):
; β′: The β′ subunit is the largest subunit, and is encoded by the rpoC gene. The β′ subunit contains part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, plug flow is a simple model of the velocity profile of a fluid flowing in a pipe. In plug flow, the velocity of the fluid is assumed to be constant across any cross-section of the pipe perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. The plug flow model assumes there is no boundary layer adjacent to the inn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beam attenuation is measured with a device called a transmissometer that has a light source at one end and a detector at the other end, in one plane. The amount of light transmitted to the detector through the water is the beam transmission, and the amount of light lost is the beam attenuation. Beam attenuation is esse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Release of other organisms that fight the pest is another example of an alternative to pesticide use. These organisms can include natural predators or parasites of the pests. Biological pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses causing disease in the pest species can also be used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After his arrival at Oxford and during World War II, Cornforth significantly influenced the work on penicillin, particularly in purifying and concentrating it. Penicillin is usually very unstable in its crude form; as a consequence of this, researchers at the time were building upon Howard Floreys work on the drug. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lac operon in the prokaryote E. coli consists of genes that produce enzymes to break down lactose. Its operon is an example of a prokaryotic silencer. The three functional genes in this operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The repressor gene, lacI, will produce the repressor protein LacI which is under allosteric regul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Penning trap stores charged particles using a strong homogeneous axial magnetic field to confine particles radially and a quadrupole electric field to confine the particles axially. Penning traps are well suited for measurements of the properties of ions and stable charged subatomic particles. Precision studies of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the following section XH stands for any hydrogen compound, e.g. CH- and NH-compounds.
* Thermal dissociation: gaseous hydrogen molecules are being dissociated at temperatures above 3000 K e.g. in a plasma. At temperatures above 3500 K H und O are dissociated.
* electron impact dissociation:
The density of radicals... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Project 523 also resulted in the discovery of synthetic drugs such as pyronaridine in 1973, lumefantrine in 1976 and naphthoquine in 1986. These are all antimalarial drugs and are still used in artemisinin-combination therapy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calamine brass is brass produced by a particular alloying technique using the zinc ore calamine directly, rather than first refining it to metallic zinc. Direct zinc smelting appears to have been unknown in Europe until the mid-18th century, even though the alloyed calamine brass was in use for centuries, and metallic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For reactions in aqueous solution, such as an acid dissociation reaction
:AH + HO A + HO
the concentration of water may be taken as being constant and the formation of the hydronium ion is implicit.
:AH A + H
Water concentration is omitted from expressions defining equilibrium constants, except when solutions are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclooxygenases are enzymes that take part in a complex biosynthetic cascade that results in the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to prostaglandins and thromboxane(s).
Their main role is to catalyze the transformation of arachidonic acid into the intermediate prostaglandin H2, which is the precursor of a varie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plants and yeasts have no known endogenous AMPylating enzymes, but animal genomes are endowed with a single copy of a gene encoding a Fic-domain AMPylase, that was likely acquired by an early ancestor of animals via horizontal gene transfer from a prokaryote. The human protein referred to commonly as FICD, had been pre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While such diagrams can be drawn for any chemical system, it is important to note that the addition of a metal binding agent (ligand) will often modify the diagram. For instance, carbonate () has a great effect upon the diagram for uranium. (See diagrams at right). The presence of trace amounts of certain species such ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a handful of cases, a woman with vaginal aplasia has received a successful vagina transplant donated by her mother. The first such case is believed to have occurred in 1970, with no signs of rejection taking place after three years. In at least one case, a woman who received such a transplant was able to conceive a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Just because a radioisotope lands on the surface of the soil, does not mean it will enter the human food chain. After release into the environment, radioactive materials can reach humans in a range of different routes, and the chemistry of the element usually dictates the most likely route. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) is "an international consortium of individual volunteers and a small dedicated staff who are interested in facilitating use of pharmacogenetic tests for patient care. CPIC’s goal is to address barriers to clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic tests by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In prokaryotes, the term corepressor is used to denote the activating ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the E. coli tryptophan repressor (TrpR) is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the trp operon when its corepressor tryptophan is bound to it. TrpR in the absence of tryptophan is known a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to a research study conducted Hutton, M et al, a missense mutation occurring on the 5 region of the RNA associated with the tau protein was found to be correlated with inherited dementia (known as FTDP-17). The splice-site mutations all destabilize a potential stem–loop structure which is most likely involved... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Criticism of cold fusion claims generally take one of two forms: either pointing out the theoretical implausibility that fusion reactions have occurred in electrolysis setups or criticizing the excess heat measurements as being spurious, erroneous, or due to poor methodology or controls. There are several reasons why k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Artificial nanoparticles can be created from any solid or liquid material, including metals, dielectrics, and semiconductors. They may be internally homogeneous or heterogenous, e.g. with a core–shell structure.
There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including gas condensation, attrition, chemical precip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homofermentative bacteria convert glucose to two molecules of lactate and use this reaction to perform substrate-level phosphorylation to make two molecules of ATP:
:Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In mathematics and solid state physics, the first Brillouin zone (named after Léon Brillouin) is a uniquely defined primitive cell in reciprocal space. In the same way the Bravais lattice is divided up into Wigner–Seitz cells in the real lattice, the reciprocal lattice is broken up into Brillouin zones. The boundaries... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The facultative lagoon may be replaced by an aerated lagoon as the first pond of the series. Aerated lagoons have mechanical aerators which minimize anaerobic zones by completely mixing the lagoon to achieve catabolism through a process called extended aeration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Source:
The spacer is an integral part of the FSL Kode construct and gives it several important characteristics including water dispersibility.
* Length – the spacer can be varied in length, for example 1.9 nm (Ad), 7.2 nm (CMG2), 11.5 nm (CMG4), allowing for enhanced presentation of Functional groups at the biosurface... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the recent past the problem of removing the deleterious iron particles from a process stream had a few alternatives. Magnetic separation was typically limited and moderately effective. Magnetic separators that used permanent magnets could generate fields of low intensity only. These worked well in removing ferrous t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Erich Clar (23 August 1902 – 27 March 1987) was an Austrian organic chemist, born in Hřensko, who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. He is considered as the father of that field. In 1941, he authored "Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe" (Springer-Verlag) and in 1964 the greatly expanded two-volume Polycycli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The LAL test is a major source of animal product dependence in the biomedical industry, and a challenge to the Three Rs of science in relation to the use of animals in testing. With reports of higher-than anticipated mortality rates it has been considered more ethical to devise alternatives to the test. Since 2003, a r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Huizenga married Dorothy Koeze in 1946. They had two sons and two daughters. One son, Dr. Robert Huizenga, is a prominent physician whose career has included a stint as team physician for the Los Angeles Raiders American football team.
Following his retirement from Rochester, Huizenga and his wife moved to North Caroli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative to the ensemble-based method described above is the voltage-clamp experiment. In a voltage-clamp experiment, two compartments of electrolyte are divided by an aperture, usually between 5-250 micrometres in diameter. A lipid bilayer is painted across this aperture, thus electrically separating the compa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Smiths contributions to engineering education encompass work in cooperative learning and knowledge engineering applications. He published a paper in the Journal of Engineering Education', in 1981, introducing cooperative learning in engineering literature. During the early 1980s, he conducted some of the first randomiz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amine-borane dehydrogenation can be coupled with hydride transfer to unsaturated functional groups, usually olefins in an anti-Markovnikov fashion. Hydroboration of the olefin and release of H from the amine-borane occur in parallel reactions, reducing the percent of olefin reduced. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
<noinclude>
HMB is synthesized in the human body through the metabolism of leucine|, a branched-chain amino acid.
The vast majority of metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing (α-KIC). α-KIC is mostly metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An emerging stream restoration technique is the installation of engineered log jams. Because of channelization and removal of beaver dams and woody debris, many streams lack the hydraulic complexity that is necessary to maintain bank stabilization and healthy aquatic habitats. Reintroduction of large woody debris into ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perhaps the most prevalent carbamate is the one involved in the capture of CO by plants. This process is necessary for their growth. The enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) fixes a molecule of carbon dioxide as phosphoglycerate in the Calvin cycle. At the active site of the enzyme, a Mg io... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If is height of the orifice above the ground and is height of the liquid column from the ground (height of liquid's surface), then the horizontal distance covered by the jet of liquid to reach the same level as the base of the liquid column can be easily derived. Since be the vertical height traveled by a particle o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PSDs can be measured microscopically by sizing against a graticule and counting, but for a statistically valid analysis, millions of particles must be measured. This is impossibly arduous when done manually, but automated analysis of electron micrographs is now commercially available. It is used to determine the partic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polishing refers to treatments made in further advanced treatment steps after the above methods (also called "fourth stage" treatment). These treatments may also be used independently for some industrial wastewater. Chemical reduction or pH adjustment minimizes chemical reactivity of wastewater following chemical oxida... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has already been mentioned that in HR-CS AAS lamp flicker noise is eliminated using correction pixels. In fact, any increase or decrease in radiation intensity that is observed to the same extent at all pixels chosen for correction is eliminated by the correction algorithm. This obviously also includes a reduction o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calcineurin inhibitors are prescribed for adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a single drug or in combination with methotrexate. The microemulsion formulation is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of severely active RA. It is also prescribed for: psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, acute ocular ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen damage is caused by hydrogen atoms (as opposed to hydrogen molecules in the gaseous state), interacting with metal. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Knowles was awarded a Fellowship of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (FIMMM) in 2004 in recognition of his contributions to the field of materials science. In 2015, he was also made Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). He holds two European patents and has authored over 100 academic papers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As explained by Gibbs and appreciated by Maxwell, the advantage of a U-V-S (energy-volume-entropy) surface over the usual P-V-T (pressure-volume-temperature) surface was that it allowed to geometrically explain sharp, discontinuous phase transitions as emerging from a purely continuous and smooth state function ; Maxwe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common types of π-interactions involve:
*Metal–π interactions: involves interaction of a metal and the face of a π system, the metal can be a cation (known as cation–π interactions) or neutral
*Polar–π interactions: involves interaction of a polar molecule and quadrupole moment a π system.
*Aromatic–aromatic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or years for some products). Thus, it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and consist of increasing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several pseudo-response regulators have been found in Selaginella, but their function has not yet been explored. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermocouples of platinum/molybdenum-alloy (95%Pt/5%Mo–99.9%Pt/0.1%Mo, by weight) are sometimes used in nuclear reactors, since they show a low drift from nuclear transmutation induced by neutron irradiation, compared to the platinum/rhodium-alloy types. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A yeast commonly used for protein production is Pichia pastoris. Examples of yeast expression vector in Pichia are the pPIC series of vectors, and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is inducible with methanol. The plasmids may contain elements for insertion of foreign DNA into the yeast genome and signal sequenc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ACB is responsible for determining the specific content for courses related to certification as a clinical biochemist in the UK. Normally this is a three or four year academic sequence followed by qualification examinations. Because of the competitive admission criteria, many applicants have advanced degrees before... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to IUPAC convention, by precedence (stylized electronegativity), hydrogen falls between group 15 and group 16 elements. Therefore, we have NH, "nitrogen hydride" (ammonia), versus HO, "hydrogen oxide" (water). This convention is sometimes broken for polonium, which on the grounds of polonium's metallicity is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Activation of the ERK1/2 pathway by aberrant RAS/RAF signalling, DNA damage, and oxidative stress leads to cellular senescence. Low doses of DNA damage resulting from cancer therapy cause ERK1/2 to induce senescence, whereas higher doses of DNA damage fail to activate ERK1/2, and thus induce cell death by apoptosis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal contr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) is used in the epigenomic and epitranscriptomic fields. As regards epigenomics, thousands of zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) are used to capture the DNA polymerase: when a modified base is present, the biophysical dynamics of its movement changes, creating a unique kinetic signat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The operator prepares a series of standards across a range of concentrations near the expected concentration of analyte in the unknown. The concentrations of the standards must lie within the working range of the technique (instrumentation) they are using. Analyzing each of these standards using the chosen technique wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Woods lamp may be used to rapidly assess whether an individual is suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning as a consequence of antifreeze ingestion. Manufacturers of ethylene glycol-containing antifreezes commonly add fluorescein, which causes the patients urine to fluoresce under Wood's lamp. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He married Ethel Marian Wood in 1901. She died in 1944. They had a daughter, who predeceased her father, and a son. He died at his son's home in Headley, Surrey. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DEAD is an efficient component in Diels-Alder reactions and in click chemistry, for example the synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, which originates from Otto Diels. It has also been used to generate aza-Baylis-Hillman adducts with acrylates.
DEAD can be used for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Thus, pyrazoline de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One common criticism of the hyperconjugation theory is that it fails to explain why the anomeric effect is not observed when substituted tetrahydropyran molecules are placed in polar solvents, and the equatorial position is once again preferred. It has been shown, however, that hyperconjugation does depend on the solve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In photolithography, HMDS is often used as an adhesion promoter for photoresists. Best results are obtained by applying HMDS from the gas phase on heated substrates.
In electron microscopy, HMDS can be used as an alternative to critical point drying during sample preparation.
In pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A diet with insufficient vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes vitamin D deficiency, which is defined as a blood 25(OH)D level below 12ng/mL (30nmol/liter), whereas vitamin D insufficiency is a blood 25(OH)D level of 12–20ng/mL (30–50nmol/liter). An estimated one billion adults worldwide are eith... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In generic terms, electrochemical potential is the mechanical work done in bringing 1 mole of an ion from a standard state to a specified concentration and electrical potential. According to the IUPAC definition, it is the partial molar Gibbs energy of the substance at the specified electric potential, where the substa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homolytic bond cleavage is a process where the electron pair comprising a bond is split, causing the bond to break. This is denoted by two single barbed curved arrows pointing away from the bond. The consequence of this process is the retention of a single unpaired electron denoted by a dot on each of the atoms that we... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics the Milne-Thomson circle theorem or the circle theorem is a statement giving a new stream function for a fluid flow when a cylinder is placed into that flow. It was named after the English mathematician L. M. Milne-Thomson.
Let be the complex potential for a fluid flow, where all singularities of li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are dominated by salts derived from 1-methylimidazole, i.e., 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. Examples include 1-ethyl-3-methyl- (EMIM), 1-butyl-3-methyl- (BMIM), 1-octyl-3 methyl (OMIM), 1-decyl-3-methyl-(DMIM), 1-dodecyl-3-methyl- (dodecylMIM). Other imidazolium cations are 1-butyl-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the help of two biotechnologists, they encoded a basic computer program in Python Programming language into Nicotiana benthamiana.
They first encoded a “Hello World” computer program into a DNA code, synthesized it and cloned this coded DNA into a plasmid-vector to be used further for transformation into Nicotian... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Toxic hotspots are locations where emissions from specific sources such as water or air pollution may expose local populations to elevated health risks, such as cancer. These emissions contribute to cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources nearby. Urban, highly populated areas around pollutant emitters s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Advanced photonic materials and structures, such as multilayer thin films, micro/nanoparticles, photonic crystals, metamaterials, metasurfaces, have been tested to significantly facilitate radiative cooling. However, while multilayer and complex nano-photonic structures have proven successful in experimental scenarios ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drugs that inhibit PDE5, sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, have been used as treatment for erectile dysfunction. These inhibitors increase the cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation and consequently cause penis erection during sexual stimulation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Therapeutic T cell engineering: altering T cells to target cancer-related antigens for treatment
* Monoclonal antibody production: improving monoclonal antibody production using engineered cells
* In vivo cell factories: engineering cells to produce therapeutics within the patient's body
* Directed stem cell differen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanocomposite hydrogels or hybrid hydrogels, are highly hydrated polymeric networks, either physically or covalently crosslinked with each other and/or with nanoparticles or nanostructures. Nanocomposite hydrogels can mimic native tissue properties, structure and microenvironment due to their hydrated and interconnecte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pressure coefficient can be estimated for irrotational and isentropic flow by introducing the potential and the perturbation potential , normalized by the free-stream velocity
Using Bernoulli's equation,
which can be rewritten as
where is the sound speed.
The pressure coefficient becomes
where is the far-fie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crosslinks which bond the polymers of a hydrogel fall under two general categories: physical hydrogels and chemical hydrogels. Chemical hydrogels have covalent cross-linking bonds, whereas physical hydrogels have non-covalent bonds. Chemical hydrogels can result in strong reversible or irreversible gels due to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Red edge refers to the region of rapid change in reflectance of vegetation in the near infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll contained in vegetation absorbs most of the light in the visible part of the spectrum but becomes almost transparent at wavelengths greater than 700 nm. The cellular structu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking is a phenomenon where a synergistic action of corrosion and tensile stress leads to brittle fracture of normally ductile materials at generally lower stress levels. During stress corrosion cracking, the material is relatively unattacked by the corrosive agent (no general corrosion, only locali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RA regulates gene transcription by binding to nuclear receptors known as retinoic acid receptors (RARs; RARα, RARβ, RARγ) which are bound to DNA as heterodimers with retinoid "X" receptors (RXRs; RXRα, RXRβ, RXRγ). RARs and RXRs must dimerize before they can bind to the DNA. Expression of more than 500 genes is respons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a highly basic solution, phenolphthalein's slow change from pink to colorless as it is converted to its Ph(OH) form is used in chemistry classes for the study of reaction kinetics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Institute of Geochemistry (), which is located in Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province of China, was founded in 1966 by the Beijing Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mathematics and physics, surface growth refers to models used in the dynamical study of the growth of a surface, usually by means of a stochastic differential equation of a field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluoroantimonic acid is the strongest superacid based on the measured value of its Hammett acidity function (H), which has been determined for various ratios of HF:SbF. The H of HF is −15. A solution of HF containing 1 mol % of SbF is −20. The H is −21 for 10 mol%. For > 50 mol % SbF, the H is between −21 and −23. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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