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The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mol/L. The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes. Thus, at any given time, the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant.
The energy used by human cells in an adult requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 mol/L of ATP daily, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Orgel diagrams are correlation diagrams which show the relative energies of electronic terms in transition metal complexes, much like Tanabe–Sugano diagrams. They are named after their creator, Leslie Orgel. Orgel diagrams are restricted to only show weak field (i.e. high spin) cases, and offer no information about str... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strychnine is a neurotoxin that causes death by affecting nerves that control muscular contraction and cause respiration difficulty. The impulse is transmitted between the synapse through a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. It is released into the synapse between nerve cells and binds to receptors in the postsynap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron was not the only metal to be used in Africa; copper and brass were widely utilised too. However the steady spread of iron meant it must have had more favourable properties for many different uses. Its durability over copper meant that it was used to make many tools from farming pieces to weaponry. Iron was used fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original commercial AFM-IR instruments required most samples to be thicker than 50 nm to achieve sufficient sensitivity. Sensitivity improvements were achieved using specialized cantilever probes with an internal resonator and by wavelet based signal processing techniques. Sensitivity was further improved by Lu et ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isocyanides exhibit a strong absorption in their IR spectra in the range of 2165–2110 cm.
The electronic symmetry about the isocyanide N nucleus results in a slow quadrupolar relaxation so that C-N nuclear spin coupling can be observed, with coupling constants of ca. 5 Hz for the isocyanide C nucleus and 5–14 Hz for th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many cells produce specific carbohydrate-binding proteins known as lectins, which mediate cell adhesion with oligosaccharides. Selectins, a family of lectins, mediate certain cell–cell adhesion processes, including those of leukocytes to endothelial cells. In an immune response, endothelial cells can express certain se... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Let be the velocity field of an incompressible irrotational fluid and be that of any other incompressible fluid motion with same normal component velocity at the boundary of the domain, where is the unit vector of the bounding surface (and, if the domain extends to infinity, there). Then the difference between the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To analyze the transport of ions in the channel, behaviors of system in electrochemistry as well as fluid mechanics need to be considered. The Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations are utilized to describe ionic current flowing through a channel, and the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations are used to represent the fluid dyna... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By normalizing the above equation by the extent of a system, such as the total number of moles, the Gibbs–Duhem equation provides a relationship between the intensive variables of the system. For a simple system with different components, there will be independent parameters or "degrees of freedom". For example, if w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The IscR stability element is a conserved secondary structure found in the intergenic regions of iscRSUA polycistronic mRNA. This secondary structure prevents the degradation of the iscR mRNA.
The iscRSUA operon encodes for the proteins required in iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis where the expression of this operon is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The uses that have been derived from Vectorette PCR are many and have been useful to the science of biology. For example, it gives rise to methods that can help during the outbreaks of diseases by making it easier to subtype pathogens that are similar or closely related. It can also be used to help diagnose certain dis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three types of coatings are: diffusion coatings, overlay coatings, and thermal barrier coatings. Diffusion coatings, mainly constituted with aluminide or platinum-aluminide, is the most common. MCrAlX-based overlay coatings (M=Ni or Co, X=Y, Hf, Si) enhance resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Compared to diffusi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sephadex is a cross-linked dextran gel used for gel filtration. It was launched by Pharmacia in 1959, after development work by Jerker Porath and Per Flodin. The name is derived from separation Pharmacia dextran. It is normally manufactured in a bead form and most commonly used for gel filtration columns. By varying th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloromethane has been detected in the low-mass Class 0 protostellar binary, IRAS 16293–2422, using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). It was also detected in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) using the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument on the Rosetta spac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A particularly vexing question in the study of the chemical origins of life is the selection of ribose, which forms the backbone of the nucleic acids found in modern biological systems. Eschenmoser's work on a variant of the formose reaction that produces phosphorylated ribose in relatively significant concentrations h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because an organism's metabolome is largely defined by its genome, different species will have different metabolomes. Indeed, the fact that the metabolome of a tomato is different from the metabolome of an apple is the reason why these two fruits taste so different. Furthermore, different tissues, different organs a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*4.A.1 The PTS Glucose-Glucoside (Glc) Family
*4.A.2 The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family
*4.A.3 The PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose-β-glucoside (Lac) Family
*4.A.4 The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family
*4.A.5 The PTS Galactitol (Gat) Family
*4.A.6 The PTS Mannose-Fructose-Sorbose (Man) Family
*4.A.7 The PTS L-Ascorbate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alternatively, it can be made as a carbonated soft drink by two methods.
When served before the fermentation process is complete. Kilju made this way is high in sugar and carbon dioxide (CO) content, and has little to no alcohol, being similar to a sweet lemon soda. It is a family tradition to many. The simple producti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Absorption coefficients for 200 nm and 900 nm are almost equal at 6.9 m (attenuation length of 14.5 cm). Very weak light absorption, in the visible region, by liquid water has been measured using an integrating cavity absorption meter (ICAM). The absorption was attributed to a sequence of overtone and combination bands... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Discontinuous recrystallization is heterogeneous; there are distinct nucleation and growth stages. It is common in materials with low stacking-fault energy. Nucleation then occurs, generating new strain-free grains which absorb the pre-existing strained grains. It occurs more easily at grain boundaries, decreasing the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Selection of ingredients: The first step in creating a nanoemulsion is to select the ingredients, which include the oil, water, and emulsifying agent. The type and proportions of these ingredients will affect the stability and properties of the final emulsion.
# Preparation of oil and aqueous phases: The oil and wate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
François Diederich (9 July 1952, in Ettelbruck – 23 September 2020) was a Luxembourgian chemist specializing in organic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vivo, when alacepril undergoes deacetylation, it loses a molecule similar to the amino acid phenylalanine which transforms it into captopril. Captopril then provides its blood pressure lowering effect through two way. First, it inhibits the conversion of angiotensin 1, a precursor molecule, to angiotensin II, a vaso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnetic fields are vector quantities characterized by both strength and direction. The strength of a magnetic field is measured in units of tesla in the SI units, and in gauss in the cgs system of units. 10,000 gauss are equal to one tesla. Measurements of the Earths magnetic field are often quoted in units of nanotes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a two-dimensional isotropic material the grain boundary tension would be the same for the grains. This would give angle of 120° at GB junction where three grains meet. This would give the structure a hexagonal pattern which is the metastable state (or mechanical equilibrium) of the 2D specimen. A consequence of this... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:
1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:
* autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide ()
* heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds
* mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Cartesian coordinates the basis vectors are represented by a cell tensor :
The hypervolume of the unit cell, , is given by the determinant of the cell tensor: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants lack specialized immune cells—all plant cells participate in the plant immune response. Chloroplasts, along with the nucleus, cell membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum, are key players in pathogen defense. Due to its role in a plant cell's immune response, pathogens frequently target the chloroplast.
Plants have ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Electrochemical Society Interface is a publication for those in the field of solid-state and electrochemical science and technology. Published quarterly, this four-color magazine contains technical articles about the latest developments in the field and presents news and information about and for Society members. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative DNA damage may block RNA polymerase II transcription and cause strand breaks. An RNA templated transcription-associated recombination process has been described that can protect against DNA damage. During the G1/G0 stages of the cell cycle, cells exhibit assembly of homologous recombination factors at doubl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biomass Controls PBC is a U.S. Delaware public benefit corporation that delivered the first biogenic refinery (OP) prototype to New Delhi, India, in 2014 in partnership with the Climate Foundation. This system was designed to process non-sewered sanitation for populations between 100 and 10,000 people. The prototype wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kröhnke synthesis for making pyridines possesses a number of succinct advantages over other methods. Unlike the Hantzsch synthesis, the Kröhnke method does not require oxidation to generate the desired product since the α-pyridinium methyl ketone already possesses the correct oxidation state.
Another advantage of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One characteristic of adhesion GPCRs is their extended extracellular region. This region is modular in nature, often possessing a variety of structurally defined protein domains and a membrane proximal GAIN domain. In the aptly named Very Large G protein-coupled Receptor 1 VLGR1 the extracellular region extends up to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanum hydroxide does not react much with alkaline substances, however is slightly soluble in acidic solution. In temperatures above 330 °C it decomposes into lanthanum oxide hydroxide (LaOOH), which upon further heating decomposes into lanthanum oxide ():
: LaOOH
:2 LaOOH
Lanthanum hydroxide crystallizes in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These forces arise due to dipole–dipole interactions (induced/permanent) between molecules of bilayers. As molecules come closer, this attractive force arises due to the ordering of these dipoles; like in the case of magnets that align and attract each other as they approach. This also implies that any surface would ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc was extracted in India as early as in the 4th to 3rd century BCE. Zinc production may have begun in India, and ancient northwestern India is the earliest known civilization that produced zinc on an industrial scale. The distillation technique was developed around 1200 CE at Zawar in Rajasthan.
In the 17th century,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Known as a major facet in the study of quantum hydrodynamics and macroscopic quantum phenomena, the superfluidity effect was discovered by Pyotr Kapitsa and John F. Allen, and Don Misener in 1937. Onnes possibly observed the superfluid phase transition on August 2, 1911, the same day that he observed superconductivity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modification of the R side chain on bisphosphonates is very minor today, single hydroxyl group at that position seems to give the best results in terms of activity. The hydroxyl group plays a role in forming a water-induced bond with glutamine (Gln240) on the target enzyme. Drugs that have no hydroxyl group initially c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Keto–enol tautomerism is important in several areas of biochemistry.
The high phosphate-transfer potential of phosphoenolpyruvate results from the fact that the phosphorylated compound is "trapped" in the less thermodynamically favorable enol form, whereas after dephosphorylation it can assume the keto form.
The enzyme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is crucial to note that although most of the gene deserts explored here are essential, it could be that the majority of the contents in gene deserts are still likely to be inessential and disposable. Naturally, this is not to say that the roles that gene deserts play are inessential or unimportant, rather than their... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given that a virtually uncountable variety of octahedral complexes exist, it is not surprising that a wide variety of reactions have been described. These reactions can be classified as follows:
* Ligand substitution reactions (via a variety of mechanisms)
* Ligand addition reactions, including among many, protonation
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the gradient of the concentration. It postulates that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative), or in simplistic terms the concept that a solut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The very large incentives given to pharmaceutical companies to produce orphan drugs have led to the impression that the financial support afforded to make these drugs possible is akin to abuse. Because drugs can be used to treat multiple conditions, companies can take drugs that were filed with their government agency ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many systems are in place to repair DNA and RNA lesions but it is possible for lesions to escape these measures. This may lead to mutations or large genome abnormalities, which can threaten the cell or organism's ability to live. Several cancers are a result of DNA lesions. Even repair mechanisms to heal the damage may... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dextroamphetamine is also used recreationally as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac, and like other amphetamines is used as a club drug for its energetic and euphoric high. Dextroamphetamine is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner since individuals typically report feeling euphoric, more al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first half of the 20th century, Turner and Winks discovered that borosilicate glasses can be leached by acids. Their investigations showed that not only the chemical stability can be influenced by thermal treatment but also density, refractive index, thermal expansion and viscosity. In 1934, Nordberg and Hood di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beyond its canonical role in the SIR complex, SIR2 also plays a role in rDNA repression. As part of the cells regulation mechanism, rDNA repeats are excised from the chromosome so they cannot be expressed. SIR2 forms a complex with NET1 (a nuclear protein) and CDC14 (a phosphatase) to form the regulator of nucleolar si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calmodulin belongs to one of the two main groups of calcium-binding proteins, called EF hand proteins. The other group, called annexins, bind calcium and phospholipids such as lipocortin. Many other proteins bind calcium, although binding calcium may not be considered their principal function in the cell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Seeding implants with growth factors, such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs), improves the brain-implant interface. NPCs are progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate into neurons or cells found in the brain. By coating the implant with NPCs, it can reduce the foreign body reaction and improve biocompatib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of ΔH stays the same, but the sign changes.
*When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by an integer, the corresponding value of ΔH must be multiplied by that integer as well.
*The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of format... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biohydrometallurgy is used to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, bioleaching, water-treatment and others. Biohydrometallurgy is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. It is usually utilized when conventional mining procedures are too expensive or ineffecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, metal-catalysed hydroboration is a reaction used in organic synthesis. It is one of several examples of homogeneous catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Favorskii reaction is an alternative set of reaction conditions, which involves prereaction of the acetylene with an alkali metal hydroxide such as KOH. The reaction proceeds through equilibria, making the reaction reversible:
To overcome this reversibility, the reaction often uses an excess of base to trap the wat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Strategies for improving platinum-based anticancer drugs usually involve changes in the neutral spectator ligands, changes in the nature of the anions (halides vs various carboxylates), or changes in the oxidation state of the metal (Pt(II) vs Pt(IV)). Nanotechnology has been explored to deliver platinum more efficient... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simulation of false brinelling is possible with the help of the finite element method. For the simulation, the relative displacements (slip) between rolling element and raceway as well as the pressure in the rolling contact are determined. For comparison between simulation and experiments, the friction work density... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean turbidity is a measure of the amount of cloudiness or haziness in sea water caused by individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification. Highly turbid ocean waters are those with many scattering particulates in them. In both highly absorbing and highly scattering waters, visibility into the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dilithium, Li, is a strongly electrophilic, diatomic molecule comprising two lithium atoms covalently bonded together. Li is known in the gas phase.
It has a bond order of 1, an internuclear separation of 267.3 pm and a bond energy of 102 kJ/mol or 1.06 eV in each bond.
The electron configuration of Li may be writte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM) was designed to detect traces of radiation emitted from an object passing through a RPM. Gamma radiation is detected, and in some cases complemented by neutron detection when sensitivity for nuclear material is desired. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sloshing or shifting cargo, water ballast, or other liquid (e.g., from leaks or fire fighting) can cause disastrous capsizing in ships due to free surface effect; this can also affect trucks and aircraft.
The effect of slosh is used to limit the bounce of a roller hockey ball. Water slosh can significantly reduce the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the neutrino is a Majorana particle (i.e., the antineutrino and the neutrino are actually the same particle), and at least one type of neutrino has non-zero mass (which has been established by the neutrino oscillation experiments), then it is possible for neutrinoless double beta decay to occur. Neutrinoless double ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:
* no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first paper on AFM-based infrared by Hammiche et al., the relevant well-established theoretical considerations were outlined that predict that high spatial resolution can be achieved using rapid modulation frequencies because of the consequent reduction in the thermal diffusion length. They estimated that spatia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, the Gouy-Stodola theorem is used to quantify irreversibilities in a system and to perform exergy analysis. That is, it allows one to take a thermodynamic system and better understand how inefficient it is (energy-wise), how much work is lost, how much room there is for improvement and where. The second law ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Time crystals do not violate the laws of thermodynamics: energy in the overall system is conserved, such a crystal does not spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work, and it cannot serve as a perpetual store of work. But it may change perpetually in a fixed pattern in time for as long as the system can... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A FMN-binding fluorescent protein (FbFP), also known as a LOV-based fluorescent protein, is a small, oxygen-independent fluorescent protein that binds flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a chromophore.
They were developed from blue-light receptors (so called LOV-domains) found in plants and various bacteria. They complement... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eddies are common in the ocean, and range in diameter from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. The smallest scale eddies may last for a matter of seconds, while the larger features may persist for months to years.
Eddies that are between about 10 and 500 km (6 and 300 miles) in diameter and persist for periods of da... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues. Some of these trace metals are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology. Some biometals are trace metals. Ingestion of, or exposure to, excessive quantities c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A localized surface plasmon (LSP) is the result of the confinement of a surface plasmon in a nanoparticle of size comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light used to excite the plasmon. When a small spherical metallic nanoparticle is irradiated by light, the oscillating electric field causes the conduction el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pulsed-field extraction magnetometry is another method making use of pickup coils to measure magnetization. Unlike VSMs where the sample is physically vibrated, in pulsed-field extraction magnetometry, the sample is secured and the external magnetic field is changed rapidly, for example in a capacitor-driven magnet. On... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is a collection of alternative splicing databases. These databases are useful for finding genes having pre-mRNAs undergoing alternative splicing and alternative splicing events or to study the functional impact of alternative splicing.
* AspicDB database
* Intronerator database
* ProSAS database | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solar cells started in 1876 with William Grylls Adams along with an undergraduate student of his. A French scientist, by the name of Edmond Becquerel, first discovered the photovoltaic effect in the summer of 1839. He theorized that certain elements on the periodic table, such as silicon, reacted to the exposure of sun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A famous example is the detection of cyclobutadiene released upon oxidation of cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl. When this degradation is conducted in the presence of an alkyne, the cyclobutadiene is trapped as a bicyclohexadiene. The requirement for this trapping experiment is that the oxidant (ceric ammonium nitrate)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A glow discharge is a plasma formed by the passage of electric current through a gas. It is often created by applying a voltage between two electrodes in a glass tube containing a low-pressure gas. When the voltage exceeds a value called the striking voltage, the gas ionization becomes self-sustaining, and the tube glo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrodynamic resistance force is evaluated following the Stokes’ law.
The electrophoretic force is evaluated following the Coulomb’s law.
In these equations r presents the hydrodynamic radius of the colloids, – the speed of electrophoretic migration, – the dynamic viscosity of the solutions, – dielectric cons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dependence of the water ionization on temperature and pressure has been investigated thoroughly. The value of pK decreases as temperature increases from the melting point of ice to a minimum at c. 250 °C, after which it increases up to the critical point of water c. 374 °C. It decreases with increasing pressure.
Wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The water in and around at least 126 U.S. military bases has been contaminated by high levels of PFASs because of their use of firefighting foams since the 1970s, according to a study by the U.S. Department of Defense. Of these, 90 bases reported PFAS contamination that had spread to drinking water or groundwater off t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peatlands hold approximately 30% of the carbon in our ecosystem. When they are drained for agricultural land and urbanization, because peatlands are so vast, large quantities of carbon decompose and emit into the atmosphere. The loss of one peatland could potentially produce more carbon than 175–500 years of methane e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One advantage to hypolimnetic withdrawal is that it is relatively inexpensive to install an Olszewski tube or any similar device. Along with low initial cost, it also has a relatively low annual maintenance cost. The following are four systems installed in the United States (2002), their area in hectares, the rate of f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription factor 4 (TCF-4) also known as immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF4 gene located on chromosome 18q21.2. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all diff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The document compiles thirty-four recipes of elixirs that potentially could cause harm. Of these, three recipes mention saltpeter as an ingredient. A warning is given regarding a particularly dangerous combination of materials:
The ingredients would have produced a weak form of gunpowder—a mixture of sulphur, saltpeter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Project Sherwood was the codename for a United States program in controlled nuclear fusion during the period it was classified. After 1958, when fusion research was declassified around the world, the project was reorganized as a separate division within the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and lost its code... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first theoretical study of the water dimer was an ab initio calculation published in 1968 by Morokuma and Pedersen. Since then, the water dimer has been the focus of sustained interest by theoretical chemists concerned with hydrogen bonding—a search of the CAS database up to 2006 returns over 1100 related reference... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When two streams either of two-dimensional or axisymmetric nature impinge on each other, a stagnation plane is created, where the incoming streams are diverted tangentially outwards; thus on the stagnation plane, the velocity component normal to that plane is zero, whereas the tangential component is non-zero. In the n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a three dimensional point group whose symmetry operations are compatible with a three dimensional crystallographic lattice. According to the crystallographic restriction it may only contain one-, two-, three-, four- and sixfold rotations or rotoinversions. This redu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a wide variety of adhesives used for optical bonding processes. Three of the most commonly used are silicone, epoxy, and polyurethane. Below are overviews of the pros/cons of each adhesive type.
* Silicone: The most commonly found adhesive in optical bonding processes that dates back to the 1970s as a solutio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Geopolymers are inorganic, typically ceramic, materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks. Geopolymers are a sub-class of alkali-activated cements. They are mainly produced by a chemical reaction between a chemically reactive aluminosilicate powder (e.g. metakaolin or other c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thanks to Holtz and Blaschko it was clear that animals synthesized noradrenaline. What was needed to attribute a transmitter role to it was proof of its presence in tissues at effective concentrations and not only as a short-lived intermediate. On April 16, 1945, Ulf von Euler of Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, who ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a freely jointed chain of N bonds of length subject to a constant elongational force f applied to its ends along the z axis and an environment temperature . An example could be a chain with two opposite charges +q and -q at its ends in a constant electric field applied along the axis as sketched in the figu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the hydrophilic property of sucrose and the lipophilic property of fatty acids, the overall hydrophilicity of sucrose esters can be tuned by the number of hydroxyl groups that are reacted with fatty acids and the identity of the fatty acids. The fewer free hydroxyl groups and the more lipophilic fatty acids, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copepods are known to be the primary consumers of diatoms in the water column and initiate the production of PUA upon grazing. The consumption of PUA-producing diatoms by copepods has been shown to diminish their reproductive success. Specifically, female copepods that consume diatoms spawn eggs with low viabilities a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To distinguish whether the geometry of the coordination center is trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal, the (originally just ) parameter was proposed by Addison et al.:
where: are the two greatest valence angles of the coordination center.
When is close to 0 the geometry is similar to square pyramidal, while if ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anti-histone antibodies are found in the serum of up to 75–95% of people with drug-induced lupus and 75% of idiopathic SLE. Unlike anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE, these antibodies do not fix complement. Although they are most commonly found in drug induced lupus, they are also found in some cases of SLE, scleroderma, rhe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transformations are often seen to follow a characteristic s-shaped, or sigmoidal, profile where the transformation rates are low at the beginning and the end of the transformation but rapid in between.
The initial slow rate can be attributed to the time required for a significant number of nuclei of the new phase to fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Note: Where a given letter is used in both capital and lower case form (, and , ) the capital letter refers to the macroscopic observable and the lower case letter to the corresponding variable for an individual particle or layer of the material. Greek symbols are used for properties of a single particle.
: ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reverse Krebs cycle (also known as the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reverse TCA cycle, or the reverse citric acid cycle, or the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, or the reductive TCA cycle)
is a sequence of chemical reactions that are used by some bacteria to produce carbon compounds from carbon dioxide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starting from the 1950s, Schwab was allowed to return to West Germany, with his first post being guest professor at the Technical University of Darmstadt (1949) before he was appointed to the illustrious Professorship of Physical Chemistry at the University of Munich in 1950. While holding the corresponding seat in Ath... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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