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The COfertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE). Increased biomass is one of the effects with simulations fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are various applications for ASTM D1141-98 synthetic seawater including corrosion studies, ocean instrument calibration and chemical processing. Typically, laboratory-grade water is used when making synthetic salts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pines is a pioneer in the development and applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of non-liquid samples. In his early work, he demonstrated time-reversal of dipole-dipole couplings in many-body spin systems, and introduced high sensitivity, cross polarization NMR of dilute spins such as carbon-13 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Germann married Ida Helene Johanna Meinke (1884–1976) on November 26, 1914. They had four children: Luise Barbara Germann Pook (February 11, 1916 – January 27, 2012), Edith Germann Osborn (September 6, 1917 – March 31, 1990), Lucia May Germann Harley (May 28, 1920 – January 12, 1998), and Albert Fredrick Ottomar German... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nitrite test is a standard component of a urinary test strip. A positive test for nitrites in the urine is called nitrituria.
This test is commonly used in diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs). A positive nitrite test indicates that the cause of the UTI is a Gram-negative organism, most commonly Escherichia co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecules containing an N-glycosidic bond are known as glycosylamines. Many authors in biochemistry call these compounds N-glycosides and group them with the glycosides; this is considered a misnomer and is discouraged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Glycosylamines and glycosides are grouped t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
McTaggart spent four months in 1962 on a working tour through the US, Buenos Aires and England. In 1963 he assembled and presented his papers for an honorary doctorate, which was granted in 1965, during which year he again traveled in Europe and presented in Belgrade at the VIIth International Conference on Phenomena i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a technique applied to the spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules. In practice, a tunable laser can be used to access an excited intermediate state. The selection rules associated with a two-photon or other multiphoton photoabsorption are different from the select... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Casein kinase activity was found to be present in most cell types and to be associated with multiple enzymes. The type 1 casein kinase family of related gene products are now given designations such as "casein kinase 1 alpha" and "casein kinase 1 epsilon". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RACE can be used to amplify unknown 5 (5-RACE) or 3 (3-RACE) parts of RNA molecules where part of the RNA sequence is known and targeted by a gene-specific primer. Combined with high-throughput sequencing for characterization of these amplified RACE products, it is possible to apply the approach to characterize any typ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isotopic resonance hypothesis (IsoRes) postulates that certain isotopic compositions of chemical elements affect kinetics of chemical reactions involving molecules built of these elements. The isotopic compositions for which this effect is predicted are called resonance isotopic compositions.
Fundamentally, the Iso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In steady state, the second order virial equation becomes
If the axis of rotation is chosen in direction, the equation becomes
and Chandrasekhar shows that in this case, the tensors can take only the following form | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reduced oxygen levels are expected to lead to increased seawater concentrations of redox-sensitive metals. The reductive dissolution of iron–manganese oxyhydroxides in seafloor sediments under low-oxygen conditions would release those metals and associated trace metals. Sulfate reduction in such sediments could release... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Just like other short-affinity tags (His-tag, FLAG-tag), the Strep-tag can be easily fused to recombinant proteins during subcloning of its cDNA or gene. For its expression, various vectors for various host organisms (E. coli, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells) are available. A particular benefit of the Strep-tag is i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1881, George E. Davis proposed the formation of a Society of Chemical Engineers, but instead the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) was formed.
The First World War required a huge increase in chemical production to meet the needs of the munitions and its supply industries, including a twenty-fold increase in explosi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to identify and quantify metabolites produced by the body, various detection methods have been employed. Most often, these involve the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), providing universal detection, identification and quantification of metabolites in individual pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot melt extrusion is utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue engineered heart valves offer certain advantages over traditional biological and mechanical valves:
* Living valve – The option of a living heart valve replacement is highly optimal for children as the live valve has the ability to grow and respond to its biological environment, which is especially beneficial fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Permeable pavements may not be appropriate when land surrounding or draining into the pavement exceeds a 20 percent slope, where pavement is down slope from buildings or where foundations have piped drainage at their footers. The key is to ensure that drainage from other parts of a site is intercepted and dealt with se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal mechanism of the epothilone class is the inhibition of the microtubule function. Microtubules are essential to cell division, and epothilones, therefore, stop cells from properly dividing. Epothilone B possesses the same biological effects as paclitaxel both in vitro and in cultured cells. This is becaus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Benazepril, sold under the brand name Lotensin among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It is a reasonable initial treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth. Versions are available as the combinations benazepril/hydrochlorothiazide and be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometime before 330 BC Aristotle asserted that the elements of fire, air, earth, and water were not made of atoms, but were continuous. Aristotle considered the existence of a void, which was required by atomic theories, to violate physical principles. Change took place not by the rearrangement of atoms to make new str... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tacticity may be measured directly using proton or carbon-13 NMR. This technique enables quantification of the tacticity distribution by comparison of peak areas or integral ranges corresponding to known diads (r, m), triads (mm, rm+mr, rr) and/or higher order n-ads, depending on spectral resolution. In cases of limi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kocienski has made contributions to the design and development of new organometallic reagents in synthesis, and the applications of synthetic methods to complex natural products. Early work with Basil Lythgoe on the scope and stereochemistry of the Julia olefination with alpha-metallated sulphone reagents emphasised th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In January 2018 darunavir was still the most recent HIV protease inhibitor to reach the market.
In 2006, GlaxoSmithKline discontinued the phase II clinical development of brecanavir, an investigational protease inhibitor for the treatment of HIV, due to insurmountable issues regarding formulation.
In the summer of 2009... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bulletin for the History of Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles on the history of chemistry. The journal is published by the History of Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temperatures throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous are generally thought to have been relatively warm, and consequently dissolved oxygen levels in the ocean were lower than today—making anoxia easier to achieve. However, more specific conditions are required to explain the short-period (less than a million years) ocea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically by Joule heating. If the SMA is used in an environment where the ambient temperature is uncontrolled, unintentional actuation by ambient heating may occur. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the solvent is a solid, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved.
* Gas in solids:
** Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals, especially in palladium; this is studied as a means of hydrogen storage.
* Liquid in solid:
** Mercury in gold, forming an amalgam
** Water in solid salt or sugar, forming moist sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sprinkler fitting is an occupation consisting of the installing, testing, inspecting, and certifying of automatic fire suppression systems in all types of structures. Sprinkler systems installed by sprinkler fitters can include the underground supply as well as integrated systems and standpipes. The fire suppression ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peter Day (20 August 1938 – 19 May 2020) was a British inorganic chemist and Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University and later at University College London (UCL). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In hot and dry conditions, plants close their stomata to prevent water loss. Under these conditions, will decrease and oxygen gas, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis, will increase, causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although dialyzing a sample is relatively simple, a universal dialysis procedure for all applications cannot be provided due to the following variables:
* The sample volume
* The size of the molecules being separated
* The membrane used
* The geometry of the membrane, which affects the diffusion distance
Additionally,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Fanning friction factor, named after John Thomas Fanning, is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density:
where:
* is the local Fanning friction factor (dimensionless)
* is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A chelating agent is the main component of some rust removal formulations.
Citric acid is used to soften water in soaps and laundry detergents. A common synthetic chelator is EDTA. Phosphonates are also well-known chelating agents. Chelators are used in water treatment programs and specifically in steam engineering. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If substantial differences are detected between one or more acquired signals and the reference spectral models, these samples are identified, classified as unreliable and automatically discarded: for instance, spectra which are not clearly associated to bone portions but to osteophytes or calcifications. Hence, this ap... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the historical registers of the pharmacy, a contract redacted in 1778 mentions that the Genoese surgeon and chemist Lorenzo Robello was tasked to procure ingredients for the pharmacy, prepare the medicines and administer them "to the friars and to external patients". At that time it was not possible to fin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Attosecond physics, also known as attophysics, or more generally attosecond science, is a branch of physics that deals with light-matter interaction phenomena wherein attosecond (10 s) photon pulses are used to unravel dynamical processes in matter with unprecedented time resolution.
Attosecond science mainly employs p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dendrites form in unary (one-component) systems as well as multi-component systems. The requirement is that the liquid (the molten material) be undercooled, aka supercooled, below the freezing point of the solid. Initially, a spherical solid nucleus grows in the undercooled melt. As the sphere grows, the spherical mor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TaqMan probes are hydrolysis probes that are designed to increase the specificity of quantitative PCR. The method was first reported in 1991 by researcher Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation, and the technology was subsequently developed by Hoffmann-La Roche for diagnostic assays and by Applied Biosystems (now part of The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cold fusion setups utilize an input power source (to ostensibly provide activation energy), a platinum group electrode, a deuterium or hydrogen source, a calorimeter, and, at times, detectors to look for byproducts such as helium or neutrons. Critics have variously taken issue with each of these aspects and have assert... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the liquid and vapor are pure, in that they consist of only one molecular component and no impurities, then the equilibrium state between the two phases is described by the following equations:
:; and
where and are the pressures within the liquid and vapor, and are the temperatures within the liquid and vapor, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Decantation is frequently used to purify a liquid by separating it from a suspension of insoluble particles (e.g. in red wine, where the wine is decanted from the potassium bitartrate crystals to avoid unsavory taste). This makes the wine more tonic and astringent.
Cream accelerates to the top of milk, allowing the sep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Juan José Elhuyar Lubize (15 June 1754 – 20 September 1796) was a Spanish chemist and mineralogist, who was best known for being first to isolate tungsten with his brother Fausto Elhuyar in 1783.
He was born in Logroño, in northern Spain and died in Santafé de Bogotá, New Granada (present-day Colombia) at 42. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrallitisation is the process in which rock is changed into a soil consisting of clay (kaolinite) and sesquioxides, in the form of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium. In humid tropical areas, with consistently high temperatures and rainfall for all or most of the year, chemical weathering rapidly breaks down the r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only a small minority of enzyme-catalysed reactions have just one substrate, and even the number is increased by treating two-substrate reactions in which one substrate is water as one-substrate reactions the number is still small. One might accordingly suppose that the Michaelis–Menten equation, normally written with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a short-jump library, 3 kb genomic DNA fragments are ligated with biotinylate ends and circularized. The circular segments are then sheared into small fragments and the biotinylated fragments are selected by affinity assay for paired-end sequencing.
There are two issues related to short-jump libraries. First, a read... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inelastic scattering of light caused by acoustic phonons was first predicted by Léon Brillouin in 1914
. Leonid Mandelstam is believed to have recognised the possibility of such scattering as early as 1918, but he published his idea only in 1926.
In order to credit Mandelstam, the effect is also called Brillouin-Mande... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immunosequencing, sometimes referred to as repertoire sequencing or Rep-Seq, is a method for analyzing the genetic makeup of an individual's immune system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The aim of virtual screening is to identify molecules of novel chemical structure that bind to the macromolecular target of interest. Thus, success of a virtual screen is defined in terms of finding interesting new scaffolds rather than the total number of hits. Interpretations of virtual screening accuracy should, the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables that can be controlled and measured experimentally. Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One way to theoretically derive the capillary length, is to imagine a liquid droplet at the point where surface tension balances gravity.
Let there be a spherical droplet with radius ,
The characteristic Laplace pressure , due to surface tension, is equal to
where is the surface tension. The pressure due to gravity (h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polybutene is an organic polymer made from a mixture of 1-butene, 2-butene, and isobutylene. Ethylene steam cracker C4s are also used as supplemental feed for polybutene. It is similar to polyisobutylene (PIB), which is produced from essentially pure isobutylene made in a C4 complex of a major refinery. The presence ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
# The citrate binds to citrate transporters.
# The shuttle delivers the citrate from the inner membrane to the intermembrane space.
# There is a net movement of the citrate from the intermembrane space to the cytosol across the outer membrane, following the concentration gradient. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a gemstone used in jewelry, silicon carbide is called "synthetic moissanite" or just "moissanite" after the mineral name. Moissanite is similar to diamond in several important respects: it is transparent and hard (9–9.5 on the Mohs scale, compared to 10 for diamond), with a refractive index between 2.65 and 2.69 (co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Formate can be converted to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide in E. coli. This reaction requires the enzyme [http://biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=ENZYME&object=FHLMULTI-CPLX formate-hydrogen lyase]. It can be used to prevent the conditions inside the cell becoming too acidic.
formate → H and CO | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anhydrous iron(II) oxalate is unknown among minerals as of 2020. However, the dihydrate is known as humboldtine. A related, though much more complex mineral is stepanovite,<br>
Na[Mg(HO)] [Fe(CO)]·3HO - an example of trioxalatoferrate(III). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In igneous petrology, an intermediate composition refers to the chemical composition of a rock that has 51.563 wt% SiO being an intermediate between felsic and mafic compositions. Typical intermediate rocks include andesite and trachyandesite among volcanic rocks and diorite and granodiorite among plutonic rocks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrogen is the simplest solar fuel. Its formation involves only the transference of two electrons to two protons:
The hydrogenase enzymes effect this conversion
Dirhodium photocatalyst and cobalt catalysts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was born in Balsall Heath, Birmingham, Warwickshire, (now the West Midlands), England, the son of Joseph Henry Pickard, a tool maker, and Alice his wife, the daughter of Robert Howson of Birmingham. From 1883-1891 he attended King Edward VIs Grammar School. In 1891 he studied chemistry at Mason Science College (whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of mRNA modifications dates back to 1957 with the discovery of the pseudouridine modification. Many of these modifications were found in the noncoding regions of cellular RNA. Once these modifications were discovered in mRNA, discoveries in viral transcripts soon followed. Detections have been aided with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Depolarization occurs in the four chambers of the heart: both atria first, and then both ventricles.
# The sinoatrial (SA) node on the wall of the right atrium initiates depolarization in the right and left atria, causing contraction, which corresponds to the P wave on an electrocardiogram.
# The SA node sends the depo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Previous analysis focused only on diffraction from a perfectly flat surface of a crystal surface. However, non-flat surfaces add additional diffraction conditions to RHEED analysis.
Streaked or elongated spots are common to RHEED patterns. As Fig 3 shows, the reciprocal lattice rods with the lowest orders intersect the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Intensification of technological processes and chemical reactions is achieved due to intensive mixing and dispersion, acoustic and electromagnetic treatment, high local pressure and electrolysis of processed components. Electromagnetic devices with a vortex layer with ferromagnetic elements accelerate the reactions 1.5... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In animal communication, an alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation in the form of signals emitted by social animals in response to danger. Many primates and birds have elaborate alarm calls for warning conspecifics of approaching predators. For example, the alarm call of the blackbird is a familiar sound in many ga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carotenoid synthesis takes place in plants, certain fungi, and bacteria. Structurally carotenes are tetraterpenes, meaning that they are synthesized biochemically from four 10-carbon terpene units, which in turn were formed from eight 5-carbon isoprene units. Intermediate steps are the creation of a 40-carbon phytoene ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method is currently being developed and was applied to investigate translation dynamics in live yeast cells and is extending, rather than simply combining, the capabilities of the previous techniques. The only other transcriptome-wide method for mapping ribosome positions over mRNA with nucleotide precision is ribo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrodimerization is an organic reaction that couples two alkenes to give a symmetrical hydrocarbon. The reaction is often implemented electrochemically; in that case the reaction is called electrodimerization. The reaction can also be induced with samarium diiodide, a one-electron reductant.
Hydrodimerization is the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Several arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code).
* GUG may possibly function as an initiator in Drosophila. AUU is not used as an initiator in Mytilus
* "An exceptional mechanism must operate for initiati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deriving the Gibbs–Duhem equation from the fundamental thermodynamic equation is straightforward. The total differential of the extensive Gibbs free energy in terms of its natural variables is
Since the Gibbs free energy is the Legendre transformation of the internal energy, the derivatives can be replaced by their de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically the reaction to form Grignard reagents involves the use of magnesium ribbon. All magnesium is coated with a passivating layer of magnesium oxide, which inhibits reactions with the organic halide. Many methods have been developed to weaken this passivating layer, thereby exposing highly reactive magnesium t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ideal grain growth is a special case of normal grain growth where boundary motion is driven only by local curvature of the grain boundary. It results in the reduction of the total amount of grain boundary surface area i.e. total energy of the system. Additional contributions to the driving force by e.g. elastic strains... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A fourth international conference on the Gaia hypothesis, sponsored by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority and others, was held in October 2006 at the Arlington, VA campus of George Mason University.
Martin Ogle, Chief Naturalist, for NVRPA, and long-time Gaia hypothesis proponent, organized the event. Lynn M... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A blank solution is a solution containing little to no analyte of interest, usually used to calibrate instruments such as a colorimeter. According to the EPA, the "primary purpose of blanks is to trace sources of artificially introduced contamination." Different types of blanks are used to identify the source of contam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteomics permits the quantitative analysis and detection of changes to proteins or protein biomarkers. Protein biomarkers detect a variety of biological changes, such as protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications and immunological responses. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A dialdehyde is an organic chemical compound with two aldehyde groups. The nomenclature of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or sometimes -dialdehyde. Short aliphatic dialdehydes are sometimes named after the diacid from which they can be derived. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various signalling pathways, as FGF, WNT and TGF-β pathways, regulate the processes involved in embryogenesis.
FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) ligands bind to receptors tyrosine kinase, FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors), and form a stable complex with co-receptors HSPG (Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans) that will ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Xing enjoyed collecting crafts relevant the tortoise.
Xings father Duan () was a member of Hanlin Academy in the Late Qing dynasty, he once studied in Japan and used to be an officer at the Beiyang government. Xings mother, Zhang Xian (), was a housewife. Xing and his wife Qian Cunrou (), a microbiologist, had two sons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different factors have been proposed to be related to codon usage bias, including gene expression level (reflecting selection for optimizing the translation process by tRNA abundance), guanine-cytosine content (GC content, reflecting horizontal gene transfer or mutational bias), guanine-cytosine skew (GC skew, reflecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcium is a necessary ion in the formation of the mitotic spindle. Without the mitotic spindle, cellular division cannot occur. Although young leaves have a higher need for calcium, older leaves contain higher amounts of calcium because calcium is relatively immobile through the plant. It is not transported through th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The quantum tunneling may be calculated either by extending fission theory to a larger mass asymmetry or by heavier emitted particle from alpha decay theory.
Both fission-like and alpha-like approaches are able to express the decay constant , as a product of three model-dependent quantities
where is the frequency of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main effect of chloride ions on reinforced concrete is to cause pitting corrosion of the steel reinforcement bars (rebar). It is a surreptitious and dangerous form of localized corrosion because the rebar sections can be decreased to the point that the steel reinforcement are no longer capable to withstand to the t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Periodic copolymers have units arranged in a repeating sequence. For two monomers A and B, for example, they might form the repeated pattern (A-B-A-B-B-A-A-A-A-B-B-B). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several COF single crystals synthesized to date. There are a variety of techniques employed to improve crystallinity of COFs. The use of modulators, monofunctional version of precursors, serve to slow the COF formation to allow for more favorable balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control, hereby enabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrogen-15, or N, is often used in agricultural and medical research, for example in the Meselson–Stahl experiment to establish the nature of DNA replication. An extension of this research resulted in development of DNA-based stable-isotope probing, which allows examination of links between metabolic function and taxo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Debye forces, or dipole–induced dipole interactions, can also play a role in dispersive adhesion. These come about when a nonpolar molecule becomes temporarily polarized due to interaction with a nearby polar molecule. This "induced dipole" in the nonpolar molecule then is attracted to the permanent dipole, yielding a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPA supported the city of Emeryville, California in the development of "Stormwater Guidelines for Green, Dense Redevelopment." Emeryville, which is a suburb of San Francisco, began in the 1990s reclaiming, remediating and redeveloping the many brownfields within its borders. These efforts sparked a successful economic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) NMR is the acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of chemicals with magnetically active nuclei (spins 1/2 and greater) in an environment carefully screened from magnetic fields (including from the Earth's field). ZULF NMR experiments typically involve the use of passive o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The beginning of carbochemistry goes back to the 16th century. At that time, large quantities of charcoal were needed for the smelting of iron ores. Since the production of charcoal required large amounts of slowly-regenerating wood, the use of coal was studied. The use of pure coal was difficult because of the amount ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two mechanisms of fractionation occur that alter sulfur stable isotope ratios: kinetic effects, especially due to the metabolism of sulfate-reducing bacteria, and isotope exchange reactions that occur between sulfide phases based on temperature. With VCDT as the reference standard, natural δS value variations have been... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SEC is used primarily for the analysis of large molecules such as proteins or polymers. SEC works by trapping smaller molecules in the pores of the adsorbent ("stationary phase"). This process is usually performed within a column, which typically consists of a hollow tube tightly packed with micron-scale polymer beads ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The M muscarinic receptors are located in the heart and lungs. In the heart, they act to slow the heart rate down below the normal baseline sinus rhythm, by slowing the speed of depolarization. In humans, under resting conditions, vagal activity dominates over sympathetic activity. Hence, inhibition of M receptors (e.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrophilic fluorinating reagents could in principle operate by electron transfer pathways or an S2 attack at fluorine. This distinction has not been decided. By using a charge-spin separated probe, it was possible to show that the electrophilic fluorination of stilbenes with Selectfluor proceeds through an SET/fluor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lateral adhesion is the adhesion associated with sliding one object on a substrate such as sliding a drop on a surface. When the two objects are solids, either with or without a liquid between them, the lateral adhesion is described as friction. However, the behavior of lateral adhesion between a drop and a surface is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not all neutrons are emitted as a direct product of fission; some are instead due to the radioactive decay of some of the fission fragments. The neutrons that occur directly from fission are called "prompt neutrons", and the ones that are a result of radioactive decay of fission fragments are called "delayed neutrons".... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
G-quadruplexes, also known as G4 DNA are secondary structures found in nucleic acids that are rich in guanine. These structures are normally located at the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). The G-quadruplex can either be parallel or antiparallel depending on the loop configuration, which is a component of the st... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is a partial differential equation in space and time variables. Usually it does not have analytic solution and
different numerical methods, such as split-step
Crank-Nicolson
and Fourier spectral methods, are used for its solution. There are different Fortran and C programs for its solution... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By chemical modifications certain properties of polysaccharides can be improved. Various ligands can be covalently attached to their hydroxyl groups. Due to the covalent attachment of methyl-, hydroxyethyl- or carboxymethyl- groups on cellulose, for instance, high swelling properties in aqueous media can be introduced.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The emission directly after the excitation is spectrally very broad, yet still centered in the vicinity of the strongest exciton resonance. As the carrier distribution relaxes and cools, the width of the PL peak decreases and the emission energy shifts to match the ground state of the exciton (such as an electron) for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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