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N-linked glycans are extremely important in proper protein folding in eukaryotic cells. Chaperone proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as calnexin and calreticulin, bind to the three glucose residues present on the core N-linked glycan. These chaperone proteins then serve to aid in the folding of the protein tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In alkaline media oxygen evolution reactions, multiple adsorbent species (O, OH, OOH, and OO) and multiple steps are involved. Steps 4 and 5 often occur in a single step, but there is evidence that suggests steps 4 and 5 occur separately at pH 11 and higher.
Where the * indicate species adsorbed to the surface of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The generalized Woodward–Hoffmann rules, first given in 1969, are equivalent to an earlier general approach, the Möbius-Hückel concept of Zimmerman, which was first stated in 1966 and is also known as aromatic transition state theory. As its central tenet, aromatic transition state theory holds that allowed pericyclic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium tetramethylpiperidide (often abbreviated LiTMP or LTMP) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is used as a non-nucleophilic base, being comparable to LiHMDS in terms of steric hindrance. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis. Overproduction of red blood cells increases a chance of adverse cardiovascular event, such as thrombosis and stroke.
Rarely, seemingly beneficial mutations in the EpoR may arise, where increased red blood cell number allows ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
VCl is a catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes, especially those useful in the rubber industry. The underlying technology is related to Ziegler–Natta catalysis, which involves the intermediacy of vanadium alkyls. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the Dark Ages of the transition from bronze to iron, the decorative arts stood almost still but industrial metalwork was freely produced. There are a few remains of Geometric bronze vessels, but as in the case of the Early Minoan material, metal forms are recorded in their pottery derivatives. Some vase-shapes a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whereas the methods above describe various sequencing methods, separate related terms are used when a large portion of a genome is sequenced. Several platforms were developed to perform exome sequencing (a subset of all DNA across all chromosomes that encode genes) or whole genome sequencing (sequencing of the all nucl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Landsupport (spelling: LANDSUPPORT) is a pilot consulting project funded by the European Union for land use for the near-natural modeling of different types and methods of land use while at the same time protecting the environment. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retinalophototrophs are found across all domains of life but predominantly in the Bacteria and Archaea taxonomic groups. Scientists believe retinalophototroph’s general ecological abundance correlates to horizontal gene transfer since only two genes are required for retinalophototrophy to occur: essentially, one gene f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The particle Reynolds number is important in determining the fall velocity of a particle. When the particle Reynolds number indicates laminar flow, Stokes' law can be used to calculate its fall velocity or settling velocity. When the particle Reynolds number indicates turbulent flow, a turbulent drag law must be constr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isethionates are esters of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (C – C) with isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid) or salts thereof, such as ammonium isethionate or sodium isethionate. They are also referred to as acyl isethionates or acyloxyethanesulfonates.
Like the taurides, isethionates are a class of par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The types of printers used for organ printing include:
* Inkjet printer
* Multi-nozzle
* Hybrid printer
* Electrospinning
* Drop-on-demand
These printers are used in the methods described previously. Each printer requires different materials and has its own advantages and limitations. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "plastic scintillator" typically refers to a scintillating material in which the primary fluorescent emitter, called a fluor, is suspended in the base, a solid polymer matrix. While this combination is typically accomplished through the dissolution of the fluor prior to bulk polymerization, the fluor is somet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first experiments indicating that some plants do not use carbon fixation but instead produce malate and aspartate in the first step of carbon fixation were done in the 1950s and early 1960s by Hugo Peter Kortschak and Yuri Karpilov. The pathway was elucidated by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack, in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Time-domain diffuse optics or time-resolved functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a branch of functional near-Infrared spectroscopy which deals with light propagation in diffusive media. There are three main approaches to diffuse optics namely continuous wave (CW), frequency domain (FD) and time-domain (TD). Biologi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, topicity is the stereochemical relationship between substituents and the structure to which they are attached. Depending on the relationship, such groups can be heterotopic, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The IIR publishes two professional Directories: a [https://iifiir.org/en/directory/laboratories Laboratory Directory], which lists more than 300 laboratories in 55 countries; an [https://iifiir.org/en/directory/experts Expertise Directory], which lists over 300 international experts in the refrigeration sector. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC/MS-O)
* GC-recomposition-olfactometry (GC-R)
* Multi-gas chromatography-olfactometry | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a spectrum of an unknown chemical compound is available, a reverse search can be carried out by entering the values of the chemical shift, frequency or mass of the peaks in the NMR, FT-IR or EI-MS spectrum respectively. This type of search affords all the chemical compounds in the database that have the entered spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the history of science, the principle of maximum work was a postulate concerning the relationship between chemical reactions, heat evolution, and the potential work produced there from. The principle was developed in approximate form in 1875 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, in the field of thermochemistry, an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SK channel family contains 4 members – SK1, SK2, SK3, and SK4. SK4 is often referred to as IK (Intermediate conductance) due to its higher conductance 20 – 80 pS. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In laboratory experiments, activation of cannabinoid receptors had an effect on the activation of GTPases in macrophages, neutrophils, and bone marrow cells. These receptors have also been implicated in the migration of B cells into the marginal zone and the regulation of IgM levels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For light, as in other settings, the scattering cross section for particles is generally different from the geometrical cross section of the particle, and it depends upon the wavelength of light and the permittivity, shape, and size of the particle. The total amount of scattering in a sparse medium is proportional to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
False brinelling is a bearing damage caused by fretting, with or without corrosion, that causes imprints that look similar to brinelling, but are caused by a different mechanism. False brinelling may occur in bearings which act under small oscillations or vibrations.
The basic cause of false brinelling is that the desi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When Davy's lecture series on Galvanism ended, he progressed to a new series on agricultural chemistry, and his popularity continued to skyrocket. By June 1802, after just over a year at the Institution and at the age of 23, Davy was nominated to full lecturer at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Garnett quietly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three classes of multiple sclerosis: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), primary progressive (PPMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS). Gene regulatory network (GRN) plays a vital role to understand the disease mechanism across these three different multiple sclerosis classes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The precursors of ketone bodies include fatty acids from adipose tissue or the diet and ketogenic amino acids. The formation of ketone bodies occurs via ketogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix of liver cells.
Fatty acids can be released from adipose tissue by adipokine signaling of high glucagon and epinephrine levels ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viral genes are expressed through the use of the host cells replication machinery; therefore, many viral genes have promoters that support binding of many transcription factors found naturally in the host cells. These transcription factors along with the virus own proteins can repress or activate genes from both the v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another factor affecting the availability of metal ions was their solubilities with HS. Hydrogen sulfide was abundant in the early sea giving rise to HS in the prebiotic acidic conditions and HS in the neutral (pH = 7.0) conditions. In the series of metal sulfides, insolubility increases at neutral pH following the Irv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Yves Jeannin studied at the École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (Engineer in 1954, graduation rank: first). His first job was at the IRSID for a sixteen-month stay in London at the Royal School of Mines with Prof. F.D. Richardson. He worked on the thermodynamics of the oxidation of iron-chromium alloys. He is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biofluid Dynamics refers to the study of fluid Dynamics of basic biological fluids such as blood, air etc. and has immense applications in the field of diagnosing, treating and certain surgical procedures related to the disorders/diseases which originate in the body relating to cardiovascular, pulmonary, synovial syste... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methane (CH) in the Earth's atmosphere is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 84 times greater than CO over a 20-year time frame. Methane is not as persistent as CO, and tails off to about 28 times greater than CO over a 100-year time frame.
Radiative or climate forcing is the scientific c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A phosphoramidite (RO)PNR is a monoamide of a phosphite diester. The key feature of phosphoramidites is their markedly high reactivity towards nucleophiles catalyzed by weak acids e.c., triethylammonium chloride or 1H-tetrazole. In these reactions, the incoming nucleophile replaces the NR moiety. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spiral separators of the wet type, also called spiral concentrators, are devices to separate solid components in a slurry, based upon a combination of the solid particle density as well as the particle's hydrodynamic properties (e.g. drag). The device consists of a tower, around which is wound a sluice, from which slot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2023, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and Oregon Health Authority issued a cyanobacteria advisory for much of the Willamette River as it runs through Portland. The advisory affected the Willamette from the Ross Island Lagoon through Cathedral Park. Testing by the DEQ showed microcystin levels at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Noel Kingsbury writes:
"That private companies could be so effective in breeding cereal grains indicated that there was no link of necessity between their improvement and the publicly funded research that was to so dominate this sector over so much of the next century."
In 1903 Professor Willet M. Hays (1859–1927) of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exciplexes provide one of the three dynamic mechanisms by which fluorescence is quenched. A regular exciplex has some charge-transfer (CT) character, and in the extreme case there are distinct radical ions with unpaired electrons. If the unpaired electrons can spin-pair to form a covalent bond, then the covalent bondin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
P680 is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known, with an estimated redox potential of ~1.3 V. This makes it possible to oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680 recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex, which regenerates P680. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although telomeres shorten during the lifetime of an individual, it is telomere shortening-rate rather than telomere length that is associated with the lifespan of a species. Critically short telomeres trigger a DNA damage response and cellular senescence. Mice have much longer telomeres, but a greatly accelerated telo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself. However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids, or bunched up into round vesicles called intr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This method required the introduction of a very small volume of concentrated tracer at the inlet of the reactor, such that it approaches the Dirac delta function. Although an infinitely short injection cannot be produced, it can be made much smaller than the mean residence time of the vessel. If a mass of tracer, , is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first event appears to be the accumulation of cell adhesion molecules such as NF186 or NrCAM. The intra-cellular regions of these cell-adhesion molecules interact with ankyrin G, which serves as an anchor for sodium channels. At the same time, the periaxonal extension of the glial cell wraps around the axon, givi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following genes are analogous or homologous between Drosophila melanogaster (in bold) and human TNFR1 signalling:
* Imd: human orthologue = RIP1
* Tak1: human orthologue = Tak1
* TAB2: human orthologue = TAB2
* Dredd: human orthologue = caspase-8
* FADD: human orthologue = FADD
* Key/Ikkγ: human orthologue = NEMO
*... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Enolate ions are more useful than enols for two reasons. First, pure enols can't normally be isolated but are instead generated only as short lived intermediates in low concentration. By contrast, stable solutions of pure enolate ions
are easily prepared from most carbonyl compounds by reaction with a strong base. Seco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The top 1% students from this examination are selected to sit for the Indian National Chemistry Olympiad. The theory part of the examination is held in the last week of January. The top 30 among all students are selected for the Orientation-Cum-Selection-Camp (OCSC), Chemistry. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cathode layer begins with the Aston dark space, and ends with the negative glow region. The cathode layer shortens with increased gas pressure. The cathode layer has a positive space charge and a strong electric field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers are trying to improve the efficiency and are focusing on use of radioactive C, which is a minor contributor to the radioactivity of nuclear waste.
C undergoes beta decay, in which it emits a low-energy beta particle to become Nitrogen-14, which is stable (not radioactive).
These beta particles, having an av... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chiral column chromatography is a variant of column chromatography that is employed for the separation of chiral compounds, i.e. enantiomers, in mixtures such as racemates or related compounds. The chiral stationary phase (CSP) is made of a support, usually silica based, on which a chiral reagent or a macromolecule wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The APE(X)C, or All Purpose Electronic (X) Computer series was designed by Andrew Donald Booth at Birkbeck College, London in the early 1950s. His work on the APE(X)C series was sponsored by the British Rayon Research Association. Although the naming conventions are slightly unclear, it seems the first model belonged... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfate transported through the roots and SO diffusing into leaves becomes the pool for plants to assimilate sulfur throughout their tissues. Though there is minimal fractionation from the source sulfur of the total plant organic matter, in wheat, roots and stems are depleted from soil by 2‰ and leaves and grain are 2‰... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical trials designed by a local investigator, and (in the US) federally funded clinical trials, are almost always administered by the researcher who designed the study and applied for the grant. Small-scale device studies may be administered by the sponsoring company. Clinical trials of new drugs are usually admini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Support for the Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris began in 1858.
In the 21st century, the society has become a member of European Chemical Society, which is an organization of 16 European chemical societies. This European consortium was established in the late 1990s as many chemical journals owned by national c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dr. R.U. Lemieux received numerous awards and honours for his work in chemistry:
* Induction into the Royal Society of Canada (1954)
* C.S. Hudson Award of the American Chemical Society (1966)
* Became the first western Canadian to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society (England) (1967)
* Appointed Officer of the Ord... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers claim experiments that successfully detected the Sokolov–Ternov effect may also detect the Unruh effect under certain conditions.
Theoretical work in 2011 suggests that accelerating detectors could be used for the direct detection of the Unruh effect with current technology.
The Unruh effect may have been o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inflammation is the bodys response to foreign objects, irritants, germs, and even pathogens. Although such a response is standard in some cases, if left untreated, chronic inflammation can lead to muscle degeneration, gastrointestinal disorders, and some types of cancers. While most treatments, such as anti-inflammator... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1903, Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under Japanese law, levetiracetam and other racetams cannot be brought into the country except for personal use by a traveler for whom it has been prescribed. Travelers who plan to bring more than a month's worth must apply for an import certificate, known as a . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Relativistic fluid dynamics studies the macroscopic and microscopic fluid motion at large velocities comparable to the velocity of light. This branch of fluid dynamics accounts for the relativistic effects both from the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. The governing equations are deriv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs, such as the 1962 Kefauver Harris Amendment (US), 1965 Directive 65/65/EEC1 (EU), and the Medicines Act 1968 (UK). In the United States, the new regulations strengthened the FDA, among other ways, by requiring applic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Fermi transition is a beta decay in which the spins of the emitted electron (positron) and anti-neutrino (neutrino) couple to total spin , leading to an angular momentum change between the initial and final states of the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition). In the non-relativistic limit, the nuclear part of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though amorphous materials exhibit no long-range periodic atomic ordering, there is still significant and varied local structure at inter-atomic length scales (see structure of liquids and glasses). Different local structures can produce amorphous phases of the same chemical composition with different physical pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced through the dissociation of mo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the initial stage of embryogenesis, the implantation of the embryo and the initiation of placenta formation are associated with EMT. The trophoectoderm cells undergo EMT to facilitate the invasion of endometrium and appropriate placenta placement, thus enabling nutrient and gas exchange to the embryo. Later in em... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a liquid drop strikes a dry solid surface, it generally spreads on the surface, and then will retract if the impact is energetic enough to cause the drop to spread out more than it would generally spread due to its static receding contact angle. The specific outcome of the impact depends mostly upon the drop size,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine. The word "synapse" was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Fosters Textbook of Physiology. Sherrington struggle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
in chemistry, sulfoxidation refers to two distinct reactions.
In one meaning, sulfoxidation refers to the reaction of alkanes with a mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen. This reaction is employed industrially to produce alkyl sulfonic acids, which are used as surfactants. The reaction requires UV-radiation.
The rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Free radicals derived from mercaptans, called thiyl radicals, are commonly invoked to explain reactions in organic chemistry and biochemistry. They have the formula RS where R is an organic substituent such as alkyl or aryl. They arise from or can be generated by a number of routes, but the principal method is H-atom a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before the invention of Limans, their creators as well as scientists expected several positive and/or negative impacts:
* They expected a negative soil salinisation due to salt deposition and/or high evaporation rates. This was not the case.
* Carbon sequestration: Because of the biomass increase, a CO uptake is expect... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By experiments described in his 1954 paper, Bagnold showed that when a shear flow is applied to the suspension, then the shear and normal stresses in the suspension may vary linearly or quadratically with the shear rate, depending on the strength of viscous effects compared to the particles' inertia.
If the shear and n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the biosynthetic pathway of callystatin A has not been explicitly described, its polyketide structure indicates that the pathway must involve the polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme complex. In general, in a modular fashion, an acetate starting unit in the loading module is extended by two carbons each time by th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gamma rays cause damage at a cellular level and are penetrating, causing diffuse damage throughout the body. However, they are less ionising than alpha or beta particles, which are less penetrating.
Low levels of gamma rays cause a stochastic health risk, which for radiation dose assessment is defined as the probabilit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By introducing an asymmetric field effect along the nanochannel, a field-effect reconfigurable nanofluidic diode is feasible, which features post-fabrication reconfiguration of the diode functions, such as the forward/reverse directions and the rectification degrees. Unlike the nanofluidic field-effect transistor, wher... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical libraries are usually generated for a specific goal and larger chemical libraries could be made of several groups of smaller libraries stored in the same location. In the drug discovery process for instance, a wide range of organic chemicals are needed to test against models of disease in high-throughput scre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnesium transporters are proteins that transport magnesium across the cell membrane. All forms of life require magnesium, yet the molecular mechanisms of Mg uptake from the environment and the distribution of this vital element within the organism are only slowly being elucidated.
The ATPase function of MgtA is highl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copepods vary considerably, but are typically long, with a teardrop-shaped body and large antennae. Like other crustaceans, they have an armoured exoskeleton, but they are so small that in most species, this thin armour and the entire body is almost totally transparent. Some polar copepods reach . Most copepods have a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism consists of three well-differentiated reactions:
# Phenol O-acylation with formation of a tetrahedral intermediate
# Intramolecular aldol condensation to cyclize and to form a hydroxydihydrochromone
# Elimination of the hydroxyl group to form the chromone (or coumarin) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Albert Strickler was the only child of Albert Strickler, Sr. (1853–1936) and Maria Auguste Flentjen (1863–1945) of Wädenswil, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. He was married twice, the second time as a widower. Neither marriage produced children.
Strickler graduated from ETH Zurich as a mechical engineer in 1911. He earn... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To demonstrate its capability in rapidly depolymerizing in presence of UV-light, DiLauro et al. synthesized a PPA polymer with two UV-sensitive endcaps, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol and 1-[[(chlorocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-4,5-dimethoxy-2 nitrobenzene, and were able to achieve complete depolymerization in a few minut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As early as 1895 in the UK it was being noted that the heyday of the Bessemer process was over and that the open hearth method predominated. The Iron and Coal Trades Review said that it was "in a semi-moribund condition. Year after year, it has not only ceased to make progress, but it has absolutely declined." It has b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indirect photocatalysis may occur via the production of a reactive species which then participates in another reaction. For example, photodegradation of certain compounds has been observed in the presence of kaolinite and montmorillonite, and this may proceed via the formation of reactive oxygen species at the surface ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On 25 April 1945, an armoured task force from the British/American Alsos Mission arrived in Tailfingen, and surrounded the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. Hahn was informed that he was under arrest. When asked about reports related to his secret work on uranium, Hahn replied: "I have them all here", and handed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to fluid processing, photoelectric effect and thermoelectric measurement and subtraction between the sample and the detector, the optoelectronic technology used in the standard distribution systematically underestimates the thermal diffusivity of the solid sample. In order to solve the negative effects in the proce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EBSD detectors can have forward scattered electron diodes (FSD) at the bottom, in the middle (MSD) and at the top of the detector. Forward-scattered electron (FSE) imaging involves collecting electrons scattered at small angles from the surface of a sample, which provides information about the surface topography and co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The geometry and bonding of a Zintl ion cannot be easily described by classical two electron two center bonding theories; however the geometries Zintl ions can be well described by Wade’s rules of boranes. Wade’s rules offer an alternative model for the relationship between geometry and electron count in delocalized el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The touchdown polymerase chain reaction or touchdown style polymerase chain reaction is a method of polymerase chain reaction by which primers avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. The annealing temperature during a polymerase chain reaction determines the specificity of primer annealing. The melting point of the pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, enone–alkene cycloadditions are a version of the [[woodward-Hoffman rules|[2+2] cycloaddition]] This reaction involves an enone and alkene as substrates. Although the concerted photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition is allowed, the reaction between enones and alkenes is stepwise and involves discrete d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the entrance length is the distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before the flow becomes fully developed. Entrance length refers to the length of the entry region, the area following the pipe entrance where effects originating from the interior wall of the pipe propagate into the flow as an e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three main side reactions that produce impurities have in common that they decompose urea.
Urea hydrolyzes back to ammonium carbamate in the hottest stages of the synthesis plant, especially in the stripper, so residence times in these stages are designed to be short.
Biuret is formed when two molecules of urea com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus, the above described decay processes transmute one chemical element into another. For example:
Beta decay does not change the number () of nucleons in the nucleus, but changes only its charge . Thus the set of all nuclides with the same can be introduced; these i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thioamides are typically prepared by treating amides with phosphorus sulfides such as phosphorus pentasulfide, a reaction first described in the 1870s. Alternative routes include the use of Lawesson's reagent or the reaction of nitriles with hydrogen sulfide:
The Willgerodt-Kindler reaction also gives benzylthioamides.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immunotherapy is a treatment used to produce immunity to a disease or enhance the resistance of the immune system to an active disease process, such as cancer
Wnt and Fz genes are frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment of a HNSCC cell line (SNU 1076) with anti-Wnt1 antibod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In colonial times, simple cooking techniques were used to create one pot meals like ham and potato casserole, clam chowder, or stews with common ingredients like oysters, chicken or venison. When John Smith landed in Chesapeake in 1608, he wrote: "The fish were so thick, we attempted to catch them with frying pans". Co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the name would suggest this type of response is triggered by very low levels of light and is thought to be mediated by phytochrome A. It can be initiated by fluences as low as 0.0001μmol/m up to about 0.05μmol/m. Germination of Arabidopsis can be induced with very low levels of red light, as can oat seedlings. Such ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, and was approved in Canada in 2010 and in Mexico in 2011.
Since Kapidex was approved in 2009, there have been reports of dispensing errors because of confusion with the drugs Casodex (bicalutamide) and Kadian (morphine), which have ver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry: From Lewis to Electron Densities (Topics in Inorganic Chemistry) by Ronald J. Gillespie and Paul L. A. Popelier
* Atoms, Molecules and Reactions: An Introduction to Chemistry by Ronald J. Gillespie
* Chemistry by Ronald J. Gillespie, David Humphreys, Colin Baird, and E. A. Rob... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method uses seasonal water balance components as input data. These are related to the surface hydrology (like rainfall, evaporation, irrigation, use of drain and well water for irrigation, runoff), and the aquifer hydrology (like upward seepage, natural drainage, pumping from wells). The other water balance compone... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method was created in the Molecular Genetics laboratory of the Russian Cardiology Research Institute and was published in 2003 by Kryndushkin et al. The original method used a TAE buffering system and incorporated a modified vacuum blotting system for the transfer of proteins onto a membrane (originally PVDF). The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some varying factors in splat quenching are the drop size and velocity of the metal in ensuring the complete solidification of the metal. In cases where the volume of the drop is too large or the velocity is too slow, the metal will not solidify past equilibrium causing it to remelt. Therefore, experiments are carried... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an incident unpolarized photon of energy , the differential cross section is:
where
* is the classical electron radius (~2.82 fm, is about 7.94 × 10 m or 79.4 mb)
* is the ratio of the wavelengths of the incident and scattered photons
* is the scattering angle (0 for an undeflected photon).
The angular dependen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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