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Enantiomers of chiral compounds have similar chemical and physical properties, but can be metabolized by the body differently. This was looked at in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) for two main reasons: they are large animals with slow metabolisms (meaning PCBs will accumulate in fatty tissue) and few studies have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Damping serves to reduce resonance in the room, by absorption or redirection through reflection or diffusion. Absorption reduces the overall sound level, whereas redirection makes unwanted sound harmless or even beneficial by reducing coherence. Damping can be separately applied to reduce the acoustic resonance in the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Alexander Dawson School, Nothing Without Labor of Love of the Land, Alexander Dawson School, Lafayette, Colorado, 2012
* Colorado Mountain Hideaway," Previews Inc., Denver, Colorado, 1986
* Add A Fourth "R"...Responsibility," Colorado Junior Republic School, Lafayette, Colorado, ca. 1973
* CJR Health Education Center... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Circe effect is a phenomenon proposed by William Jencks seen in chemistry and biochemistry where in order to speed up a reaction, the ground state of the substrate is destabilized by an enzyme. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The current edition of the British Pharmacopoeia comprises six volumes, which contain nearly 3,000 monographs for drug substances, excipients, and formulated preparation, together with supporting general notices, appendices (test methods, reagents etc.), and reference spectra, used in the practice of medicine, all comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The City of Whitwell in Tennessee is named in his honour. Tom was a founder and Chairman of the Southern States Coal, Iron and Land Company which developed coal mining in Whitwell and Iron smelting in nearby South Pittsburg. Tom visited the area at least twice hosting a banquet for five hundred workers and guests of ‘... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole, is a medication which reduces stomach acid. It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. Effectiveness is similar to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. Serious side effects may include osteoporosis, low bl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the thermodynamic data from ITC, it is possible to deduce enzyme kinetics including proton or electron transfer, allostery and cooperativity, and enzyme inhibition. ITC collects data over time that is useful for any kinetic experiments, but especially with the proteins due to constant aliquots of injections. In t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The excited state of oxygen is somewhat more stable than nitrogen. While deexcitation can occur by emission of photons, the more probable mechanism at atmospheric pressure is a chemical reaction with other oxygen molecules, forming ozone:
: O* + 2 O → 2 O
This reaction is responsible for the production of ozone in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The average coverage for a whole genome can be calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads (N), and the average read length (L) as . For example, a hypothetical genome with 2,000 base pairs reconstructed from 8 reads with an average length of 500 nucleotides will have 2× redundancy. This ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Phase Change Material (PCM) Based Energy Storage Materials and Global Application Examples, Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAE [https://www.pcmproducts.net/Building_Temperature_Control.htm HVAC Applications]
* Phase Change Material Based Passive Cooling Systems Design Principal and Global Application Examples, Zafer URE... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, also called François Lecoq de Boisbaudran (18 April 1838 – 28 May 1912), was a French chemist known for his discoveries of the chemical elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium. He developed methods for separation and purification of the rare earth elements and was one of the pioneers ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IF2 initiation factor is a crucial component in the process of protein synthesis. The largest among the three indispensable translation initiation factors is IF-2, which possesses a molecular mass of 97 kDa. The protein has many domains, including an N-terminal domain, a GTPase domain, a linker region, C1, C2, and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EDF1 gene encodes a protein that acts as a transcriptional coactivator by interconnecting the general transcription factor TATA element-binding protein (TBP) and gene-specific activators.
TFIID and human mediator coactivator (THRAP3) complexes (mediator complex, plus THRAP3 protein) assemble cooperatively on promot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1946, some maple syrup producers started using RO to remove water from sap before boiling the sap to syrup. RO allows about 75–90% of the water to be removed, reducing energy consumption and exposure of the syrup to high temperatures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The excitation P680 → P680 of the reaction center pigment P680 occurs here. These special chlorophyll molecules embedded in PSII absorb the energy of photons, with maximal absorption at 680 nm. Electrons within these molecules are promoted to a higher-energy state. This is one of two core processes in photosynthesis, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological soil uptake is the dominant sink of atmospheric H. Both aerobic and anaerobic microbial metabolisms consume H by oxidizing it in order to reduce other compounds during respiration. Aerobic H oxidation is known as the Knallgas reaction.
Anaerobic H oxidation often occurs during interspecies hydrogen transfer ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GFAJ-1 bacterium was discovered by geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon, a NASA astrobiology fellow in residence at the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California. GFAJ stands for "Give Felisa a Job". The organism was isolated and cultured beginning in 2009 from samples she and her colleagues collected from sed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thallium compounds such as thallium sulfate have been used for impregnating wood and leather to kill fungal spores and bacteria, and for the protection of textiles from attack by moths. Thallium sulfate has been used as a depilatory and in the treatment of venereal disease, skin fungal infections, and tuberculosis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Around 4 Ga, the acidic seawater contained high amounts of HS and thus created a reducing environment with a potential of around −0.2 V. So any element that had a large negative value with respect to the reduction potential of the environment was available in its free ionic form and can subsequently be incorporated int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The basis for determination of the absolute electrode potential under the Trasatti definition is given by the equation:
where:
: is the absolute potential of the electrode made of metal M
: is the electron work function of metal M
: is the contact (Volta) potential difference at the metal(M)–solution(S) interface.
For ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brownian motion is the mathematical model used to describe the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. The gas particle animation, using pink and green particles, illustrates how this behavior results in the spreading out of gases (entropy). These events are also described by particle theory.
Since it is at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phase 0 and Phase I drug trials seek healthy volunteers. Most other clinical trials seek patients who have a specific disease or medical condition. The diversity observed in society should be reflected in clinical trials through the appropriate inclusion of ethnic minority populations. Patient recruitment or participan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Control joints, or contraction joints, are sometimes confused with expansion joints, but have a different purpose and function. Concrete and asphalt have relatively weak tensile strength, and typically form random cracks as they age, shrink, and are exposed to environmental stresses (including stresses of thermal expan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron(II) is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to iron(III), forming a hydroxyl radical and a hydroxide ion in the process. Iron(III) is then reduced back to iron(II) by another molecule of hydrogen peroxide, forming a hydroperoxyl radical and a proton. The net effect is a disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide to create t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water clarity is a descriptive term for how deeply visible light penetrates through water. In addition to light penetration, the term water clarity is also often used to describe underwater visibility. Water clarity is one way that humans measure water quality, along with oxygen concentration and the presence or absenc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A trace fossil, also known as an ichnofossil (; from ikhnos "trace, track"), is a fossil record of biological activity by lifeforms but not the preserved remains of the organism itself. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of parts of organisms' bodies, usually altered by later ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The future of photopharmacology holds immense promise. It has the potential to revolutionize conventional drug therapy offering new avenues for precision medicine, treating neurological disorders, and in the field of oncology and ophthalmology. Additionally, it holds promise for the field of regenerative medicine wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equations and their parameters are calibrated for adult humans with a body mass of 70 kg and a plasma volume of ca. 2.5 L. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, the Bateman equation is a mathematical model describing abundances and activities in a decay chain as a function of time, based on the decay rates and initial abundances. The model was formulated by Ernest Rutherford in 1905 and the analytical solution was provided by Harry Bateman in 1910.
If, at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most GTPases, the specificity for the base guanine versus other nucleotides is imparted by the base-recognition motif, which has the consensus sequence [N/T]KXD. The following classification is based on shared features; some examples have mutations in the base-recognition motif that shift their substrate specificity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2011, members of the international STAR collaboration using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory detected the antimatter partner of the helium nucleus, also known as the anti-alpha. The experiment used gold ions moving at nearly the speed of light and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The aza-Payne rearrangement may be effected in either the "forward" (epoxide to aziridine) or "reverse" (aziridine to epoxide) direction depending on the conditions employed. Electron-poor aziridines undergo the reverse rearrangement in the presence of hydride base, while the corresponding epoxy amines undergo the forw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ballentine earned his Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1992. He went on to hold research positions at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland, the University of Michigan, and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. From 2001 to 2013, he held positions at the University of Manchester before joining the faculty at the University... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main components of a gamma spectrometer are the energy-sensitive radiation detector and the electronic devices that analyse the detector output signals, such as a pulse sorter (i.e., multichannel analyzer). Additional components may include signal amplifiers, rate meters, peak position stabilizers, and data handlin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In their analysis, Michaelis and Menten (and also Henri) assumed that the substrate is in instantaneous chemical equilibrium with the complex, which implies
in which e is the concentration of free enzyme (not the total concentration) and x is the concentration of enzyme-substrate complex EA.
Conservation of enzyme requ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Bland–Altman plot (difference plot) in analytical chemistry or biomedicine is a method of data plotting used in analyzing the agreement between two different assays. It is identical to a Tukey mean-difference plot, the name by which it is known in other fields, but was popularised in medical statistics by J. Martin B... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coefficient φ is dependent on the following;
Which reflects the competition of two processes in the resonance region: absorption of neutrons and their deceleration. The cross section Σ, by definition, is analogous to the macroscopic absorption cross section with replacement of the microscopic cross section by the effec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Claudins allow for Mg transport via the paracellular pathway; that is, it mediates the transport of the ion through the tight junctions between cells that form an epithelial cell layer. In particular, Claudin-16 allows the selective reuptake of Mg in the human kidney. Some patients with mutations in the CLDN19 gene als... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Min System is a mechanism composed of three proteins MinC, MinD, and MinE used by E. coli as a means of properly localizing the septum prior to cell division. Each component participates in generating a dynamic oscillation of FtsZ protein inhibition between the two bacterial poles to precisely specify the mid-zone ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Suppose that a chemical system has elements and chemical species (elements or compounds). The latter are combinations of the former, and each species can be represented as a sum of elements:
where are the integers denoting number of atoms of element in molecule . Each species is determined by a vector (a row of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Interleukin 10 is produced by regulatory T lymphocytes, B cells, and monocytes. It is a homodimer that functions through the IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 receptor complexes, activating such kinases as Janus kinase and tyrosine kinase 2. IL-10R2 receptor is presented in most cells, when IL-10R1 receptor is IL-10 is also an inhib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common substrates that are used as terminal electron acceptors in organohalide respiration are organochloride pesticides, aryl halides and alkyl solvents. Many of these are persistent and toxic pollutants that can only be degraded anaerobically by organohalide respiration, either partially or completely. Trichloroethyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic mass data from [http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/ Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions] ed. J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab and R. A. Dragoset, National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signaling Gateway Molecule Pages is a database containing "essential information on more than 8000 mammalian proteins (Mouse and Human) involved in cellular signaling."
The content of molecule pages is authored by invited experts and is peer-reviewed. The published pages are citable by digital object identifiers (DOIs)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A kinetic scheme is a network (a directed graph) of distinct states (although repetition of states may occur and this depends on the system), where each pair of states i and j are associated with directional rates, (and ). It is described with a master equation: a first-order differential equation for the probability ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases (i.e., liquid or solid). Most often the term is used to describe a liquids tendency to evaporate. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquids atmospheric pressure boiling point co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxychlorination is employed in the conversion of ethylene into vinyl chloride. In the first step in this process, ethylene undergoes oxychlorination to give ethylene chloride:
:CH=CH + 2 HCl + ½ O → ClCHCHCl + HO
Oxychlorination is of special importance in the making of 1,2-dichloroethane, which is then co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second-order correlation function is of special importance, as it is directly related (via a Fourier transform) to the structure factor of the system and can thus be determined experimentally using X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction.
If the system consists of spherically symmetric particles, depends only on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example problem is that of star formation. Stars form out of the interstellar medium, with this formation mostly occurring in giant molecular clouds such as the Rosette Nebula. An interstellar cloud can collapse due to its self-gravity if it is large enough; however, in the ordinary interstellar medium this can only... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With surface chemistries that are weakly ionic, the choice of pH can affect the ionic nature of the column chemistry. Properly adjusted, the pH can be set to reduce the selectivity toward functional groups with the same charge as the column, or enhance it for oppositely charged functional groups. Similarly, the choice ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first experiments with laser heating, temperature came from a calibration of laser power made with known melting points of various materials. When using the pulsed ruby laser this was unreliable due to the short pulse. YAG lasers quickly become the standard, heating for relatively long duration, and allowing obs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The typical SAF setup consists of a laser line (typically 450-633 nm), which is reflected into the aspheric lens by a dichroic mirror. The lens focuses the laser beam in the sample, causing the particles to fluoresce. The fluorescent light then passes through a parabolic lens before reaching a detector, typically a pho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In gravity and pressure driven fluid dynamical and geophysical mass flows such as ocean waves, avalanches, debris flows, mud flows, flash floods, etc., kinematic waves are important mathematical tools to understand the basic features of the associated wave phenomena.
These waves are also applied to model the motion of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phase transformation crystallography describes the orientation relationship and interface orientation after a phase transformation (such as martensitic transformation or precipitation). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alclad is a corrosion-resistant aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers metallurgically bonded (rolled onto) to high-strength aluminium alloy core material. It has a melting point of about . Alclad is a trademark of Alcoa but the term is also used generically.
Since the late 1920s, Alclad has b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Smaller arc furnaces may be adequately cooled by circulation of air over structural elements of the shell and roof, but larger installations require intensive forced cooling to maintain the structure within safe operating limits. The furnace shell and roof may be cooled either by water circulated through pipes which fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A clean MRF accepts recyclable materials that have already been separated at the source from municipal solid waste generated by either residential or commercial sources. There are a variety of clean MRFs. The most common are single stream where all recyclable material is mixed, or dual stream MRFs, where source-separa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commercially available sea salts on the market today vary widely in their chemical composition. Although the principal component is sodium chloride, the remaining portion can range from less than 0.2 to 10% of other salts. These are mostly calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate with substantial... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In normal operation, a rolling-element bearing has the rollers and races separated by a thin layer of lubricant such as grease or oil. Although these lubricants normally appear liquid (not solid), under high pressure they act as solids and keep the bearing and race from touching.
If the lubricant is removed, the beari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general outline for the organic synthesis of a CBS catalyst is shown below. The first leg of the reaction sequence starts from the azeotropic dehydration of a boronic acid (1) such as one based on toluene to a boroxine (2). This boroxine reacts with the proline derivative (3d) to form the basic oxazaborolidine CBS ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cromer cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that uses a desiccant to interact with higher relative humidity air leaving a cold surface. When a system is taken through a series of different states and finally returned to its initial state, a thermodynamic cycle is said to have occurred. The desiccant absorbs moisture from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the size of the alloying element, a substitutional solid solution or an interstitial solid solution can form. In both cases, atoms are visualised as rigid spheres where the overall crystal structure is essentially unchanged. The rationale of crystal geometry to atom solubility prediction is summarized in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plutonium silicide is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and silicon with the chemical formula PuSi. The compound forms gray crystals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The software system is modular. The functionalities of the COMOS platform support the digital transformation of a plant via the object-oriented database and a special layer technology that permits joint and consistent work on data and documents. Object properties or attributes can be changed in data sheets and various ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chondroitinase treatment is a treatment of proteoglycans, a protein in the fluid among cells where (among other things) they affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase treatment has been shown to allow adults vision to be restored as far as ocular dominance is concerned. Moreover, there is some... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Geochemical Perspectives Letters is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original research in geochemistry. It is published by the European Association for Geochemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the beginning of the 1970s, gradual technological improvements over the previous decade resulted in the second generation of Type I tapes. These tapes had uniformly needle-shaped, highly orientable particles (HOP) of much smaller size, around in length, hence the trade term microferrics. Their uniform shape allowed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An intein is a "parasitic" segment of a protein that is able to excise itself from the chain of amino acids as they emerge from the ribosome and rejoin the remaining portions with a peptide bond in such a manner that the main protein "backbone" does not fall apart. This is a case of a protein changing its own primary s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
9-Fluorenylidene is an aryl carbene derived from the bridging methylene group of fluorene. Fluorenylidene has the unusual property that the triplet ground state is only 1.1 kcal/mol (4.6 kJ/mol) lower in energy than the singlet state. For this reason, fluorenylidene has been studied extensively in organic chemistry.
F... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bioinformatics core contributes bioinformatic analysis by collecting and curating complete sequence data sets, generating sequence similarity networks, and classification of superfamily members into subgroups and families for subsequent annotation transfer and evaluation as targets for functional characterization.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Earth’s gravitational field acts upon colloidal particles. Therefore, if the colloidal particles are denser than the medium of suspension, they will sediment (fall to the bottom), or if they are less dense, they will cream (float to the top). Larger particles also have a greater tendency to sediment because they ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinopyroxene thermobarometry is a scientific method that uses the mineral clinopyroxene to determine the temperature and pressure of the magma when the mineral crystalized. Clinopyroxene is found in many igneous rocks, so the method can be used to determine information about the entire rock. Many different minerals ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Precession electron diffraction is accomplished utilizing the standard instrument configuration of a modern TEM. The animation illustrates the geometry used to generate a PED pattern. Specifically, the beam tilt coils located pre-specimen are used to tilt the electron beam off of the optic axis so it is incident with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sir Ronald Sydney Nyholm (29 January 1917 – 4 December 1971) was an Australian chemist who was a leading figure in inorganic chemistry in the 1950s and 1960s. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RuBP was originally discovered by Andrew Benson in 1951 while working in the lab of Melvin Calvin at UC Berkeley. Calvin, who had been away from the lab at the time of discovery and was not listed as a co-author, controversially removed the full molecule name from the title of the initial paper, identifying it solely a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is possible to work out the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction involving a mixture of gases given the partial pressure of each gas and the overall reaction formula. For a reversible reaction involving gas reactants and gas products, such as:
the equilibrium constant of the reaction would be:
For reversible... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Every surface though appears smooth at macro scale has roughness in micro scales which can be measured by a profilometer. The wetting liquid between contacting rough surfaces develops a sub-ambient pressure inside itself, which forces the surfaces toward more intimate contact. Since the pressure drop across the liquid ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organoberyllium chemistry involves the synthesis and properties of organometallic compounds featuring the group 2 alkaline earth metal beryllium (Be). The area remains understudied, relative to the chemistry of other main-group elements, because although metallic beryllium is relatively unreactive, its dust causes bery... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mar Menor (, "minor/smaller sea") is a coastal saltwater lagoon in the Iberian Peninsula located south-east of the Autonomous Community of Murcia, Spain, near Cartagena.
Its name is the opposite of the Mediterranean, which is the (greater/larger sea) of the region.
Four municipalities border the Mar Menor: Cartagena, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two basic mechanisms are responsible for fluid mixing: diffusion and advection. In liquids, molecular diffusion alone is hardly efficient for mixing. Advection, that is the transport of matter by a flow, is required for better mixing.
The fluid flow obeys fundamental equations of fluid dynamics (such as the conservatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following Swendsen, we allow two systems to exchange particles. This essentially makes room in phase space for particles to enter or leave without requiring a change in the number of dimensions of phase space. The total number of particles is :
* particles have coordinates .
*: The total energy of these particles is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arsenic is highly detrimental to the innate and the adaptive immune system of the body. When the amount of unfolded and misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum stress is excessive, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to increase the activity of several receptors that are responsible the restoration of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One group of ferredoxins, originally found in chloroplast membranes, has been termed "chloroplast-type" or "plant-type" (). Its active center is a [FeS] cluster, where the iron atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated both by inorganic sulfur atoms and by sulfurs of four conserved cysteine (Cys) residues.
In chloroplasts, F... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pit water, mine water or mining water is water that collects in a mine and which has to be brought to the surface by water management methods in order to enable the mine to continue working. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modern discipline of aeroacoustics can be said to have originated with the first publication of Lighthill in the early 1950s, when noise generation associated with the jet engine was beginning to be placed under scientific scrutiny. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multistep tandem reactions (or cascade reactions) are a sequence of chemical transformations (usually more than two steps) that happens consecutively to convert a starting material to a complex product. This kind of organic reactions are designed to construct difficult structures encountered in natural product total sy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An air quality control region is an area, designated by the federal government, where communities share a common air pollution problem. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UMRC states at its website that its vision for the world, "is a full awareness of the risks of using nuclear products and by-products AND to contain the still reversible alterations of the earth's biosphere since the advent of nuclear events and the resulting contamination".
They go on to state further that: "There ne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Müller was born in 1740 or 1742 in the Habsburg Empire. While the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie gives 1 July 1740 and Vienna as date and place of birth, the Neue Deutsche Biographie prefers 4 October 1742 and the small town of Poysdorf in Lower Austria. The much older works Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen and Oesterreich... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The adsorption of gases and solutes is usually described through isotherms, that is, the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure (if gas) or concentration (for liquid phase solutes) at constant temperature. The quantity adsorbed is nearly always normalized by the mass of the adsorbent to allo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite fun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pregnanediol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone. A test can be done to measure the amount of pregnanediol in urine, which offers an indirect way to measure progesterone levels in the body.
From the urine of pregnant women from London clinics, Guy Frederic Marrian isolated a su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cryosurgery is a minimally invasive procedure, and is often preferred to other types of surgery because of its safety, ease of use, minimal pain and scarring as well as low cost; however, as with any medical treatment, there are risks involved, primarily that of damage to nearby healthy tissue. Damage to nerve tissue i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2022, Malaysia was the third-largest PV module producer, with a production capacity of 10.8 GW, accounting for 2.8% of global production. This placed it behind China, which dominated with 77.8%, and Vietnam, which contributed 6.4%. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a gas flow with a uniform velocity field and having a pressure , density , entropy and sound speed . Now we add small perturbations to these variables, which are denoted with a symbol . The perturbed variables being small quatities satisfy linearized form of the Euler equations, which is given by
where in t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Maintaining an electric field in an electrolyte requires Faradaic reactions to occur at the anode and cathode. This is typically electrolysis of water, which generates hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen ions (acid) and hydroxide (base) as well as oxygen and hydrogen gas bubbles. The hydrogen peroxide and/or pH changes genera... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some examples of exothermic processes are:
* Combustion of fuels such as wood, coal and oil/petroleum
* The thermite reaction
* The reaction of alkali metals and other highly electropositive metals with water
* Condensation of rain from water vapor
* Mixing water and strong acids or strong bases
* The reaction of acids... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Georgy Vasilyevich Pigulevsky (; – 19 September 1964) was a soviet organic chemist, specializing in natural product chemistry. He studied essential oils and resins of plants, as well as terpene compounds extracted from them. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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