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The target of a gene gun is often a callus of undifferentiated plant cells or a group of immature embryos growing on gel medium in a Petri dish. After the DNA-coated gold particles have been delivered to the cells, the DNA is used as a template for transcription (transient expression) and sometimes it integrates into a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The total radiation intensity of a black body rises as the fourth power of the absolute temperature, as expressed by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. A kitchen oven, at a temperature about double room temperature on the absolute temperature scale (600 K vs. 300 K) radiates 16 times as much power per unit area. An object at th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TCE is also used in the manufacture of a range of fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane more commonly known as HFC 134a. TCE was also used in industrial refrigeration applications due to its high heat transfer capabilities and its low-temperature specification. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtain copper from its ores. The conversion of copper ores consists of a series of physical, chemical and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local environmental regulations, and other factors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to the rarity of Möbius aromatic ground state molecular systems, there are many examples of pericyclic transition states that exhibit Möbius aromaticity. The classification of a pericyclic transition state as either Möbius or Hückel topology determines whether 4N or 4N + 2 electrons are required to make the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), or single-strand chain polymorphism, is defined as a conformational difference of single-stranded nucleotide sequences of identical length as induced by differences in the sequences under certain experimental conditions. This property allows sequences to be distinguished... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deficiencies in vitamin A have been linked to an increased susceptibility to skin infection and inflammation. Vitamin A appears to modulate the innate immune response and maintains homeostasis of epithelial tissues and mucosa through its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). As part of the innate immune system, toll-like rec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic oxidations take place at the anode. Compounds are reduced at the cathode. Radical intermediates are often invoked. The initial reaction takes place at the surface of the electrode and then the intermediates diffuse into the solution where they participate in secondary reactions.
The yield of an electrosynthesis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Induction shrink fitting refers to the use of induction heater technology to pre-heat metal components between and thereby causing them to expand and allow for the insertion or removal of another component. Typically the lower temperature range is used on metals such as aluminium and higher temperatures are used on m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a review of earlier work on catecholamine biosynthesis, German-British biochemist Hermann Blaschko (1900–1993) wrote: "Our modern knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamines begins in 1939, with the publication of a paper by Peter Holtz and his colleagues: they described the presence in the guinea-p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, reversible-deactivation polymerization (RDP) is a form of polymerization propagated by chain carriers, some of which at any instant are held in a state of dormancy through an equilibrium process involving other species.
An example of reversible-deactivation anionic polymerization (RDAP) is group t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volume fraction is related to mass fraction,
by
where is the constituent density, and is the mixture density. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are used in home aquaria and for fish production where water exchange is limited and the use of biofiltration is required to reduce ammonia toxicity. Other types of filtration and environmental control are often also necessary to maintain clean water and provide a suitable habita... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used extensively in gas turbine engines to increase component life and engine performance. A coating of about 1-200 µm can reduce the temperature at the superalloy surface by up to 200 K. TBCs are a system of coatings consisting of a bond coat, a thermally grown oxide (TGO), and a th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dexmedetomidine, sold under the trade name Precedex among others, is a drug used in humans for sedation. Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses. It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I or II disorder.
Similar to clo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a few common methods for filling the mold cavity: gravity, low-pressure, high-pressure, and vacuum.
Vacuum filling, also known as counter-gravity filling, is more metal efficient than gravity pouring because less material solidifies in the gating system. Gravity pouring only has a 15 to 50% metal yield as com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marketing is the wholesale and retail distribution of refined petroleum products to business, industry, government, and public consumers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A phagemid or phasmid is a DNA-based cloning vector, which has both bacteriophage and plasmid properties. These vectors carry, in addition to the origin of plasmid replication, an origin of replication derived from bacteriophage. Unlike commonly used plasmids, phagemid vectors differ by having the ability to be package... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To improve its biophysical properties, derivatives of coelenterazine have been synthesized by means of different procedures including multicomponent strategies. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CRISPR gene editing technology in humans has the potential to cause profound social impacts, such as in the long-term prevention of diseases in humans. However, Hes human experiments raised ethical concerns the effect are unknown on future generations. Ethical concerns have been raised relative to the four ethical crit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The noncanonical Wnt/Ca pathway regulates intracellular calcium levels. Again Wnt binds and activates to Frizzled. In this case however activated Frizzled causes a coupled G-protein to activate a phospholipase (PLC), which interacts with and splits PIP into DAG and IP. IP can then bind to a receptor on the endoplasmic ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although available commercially, diethyl azodicarboxylate can be prepared fresh in the laboratory, especially if required in pure, non-diluted form. A two-step synthesis starts from hydrazine, first by alkylation with ethyl chloroformate, followed by treating the resulting diethyl hydrazodicarboxylate with chlorine (bu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrine
*AGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase
*ARF1
*ARF3
*ARF4
*ARF5
*ARL2 RAS Superfamily
*CSF1 Colony stimulating factor not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12
*CSK C-src tyrosine kinase
*DCT dopachrome tautomerase
*EFNA3
*FKBP1A
*GDI1 GDP Dissociation inhibito... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
About half of Richards's scientific research concerned atomic weights, starting in 1886 with his graduate studies. On returning to Harvard in 1889, this was his first line of research, continuing up to his death. According to Forbes, by 1932 the atomic weights of 55 elements had been studied by Richards and his studen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyroelectric biosensors generate an electric current as a result of a temperature change. This differential induces a polarization in the substance, producing a dipole moment in the direction of the temperature gradient. The result is a net voltage across the material. This net voltage can be calculated by the follo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The theorem of Torricelli was employed by many succeeding writers, but particularly by Edme Mariotte (1620–1684), whose Traité du mouvement des eaux, published after his death in the year 1686, is founded on a great variety of well-conducted experiments on the motion of fluids, performed at Versailles and Chantilly. In... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grating monochromators disperse ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation typically using replica gratings, which are manufactured from a master grating. A master grating consists of a hard, optically flat, surface that has a large number of parallel and closely spaced grooves. The construction of a master grating i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Vietnam War was fought between North Vietnam (with support from Communist countries such as Soviet Union and China) and South Vietnam (with support from the United States and its allies). The conflicts began in 1954 and became large-scale battles by 1961. Although in a better warfare position, the Peoples Army of V... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shape-memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hot rolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.
The way in whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Nitrosyl (NO) binds to metals in one of two extreme geometries - bent where NO is treated as a pseudohalide (NO), and linear, where NO is treated as NO.
*Dioxygen can be non-innocent, since it exists in two oxidation states, superoxide (O) and peroxide (O).
Ligands with extended pi-delocalization such as porphyrins,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The name "mycofactocin" is derived from three words, the genus name "Mycobacterium" (across which it is nearly universal), "cofactor" because its presence in a genome predicts the co-occurrence of certain families of enzymes as if it is a cofactor they require, and "bacteriocin" because a radical SAM enzyme critical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charles Kettering, vice president of General Motors Research Corporation, was seeking a refrigerant replacement that would be colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic, and nonflammable. He assembled a team that included Thomas Midgley, Jr., Albert Leon Henne, and Robert McNary. From 1930 to 1935, they developed dichlor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benzoyl chloride is produced from benzotrichloride using either water or benzoic acid:
As with other acyl chlorides, it can be generated from the parent acid and other chlorinating agents phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride.
Representative laboratory routes to aromatic acyl halides are comparable to those for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine tripho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitamin A toxicity (hypervitaminosis A) occurs when too much vitamin A accumulates in the body. It comes from consumption of preformed vitamin A but not of carotenoids, as conversion of the latter to retinol is suppressed by the presence of adequate retinol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Denmark, modafinil is a prescription drug but not listed as a controlled substance. According to the Danish Medicines Agency, modafinil is approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, still, importing modafinil to Denmark is considered illegal without a valid prescription.
In Finland, modafinil is a prescription... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several groups have applied atomic manipulation techniques for artistic purposes to demonstrate control over the adatom positions. These include various institutional logos and a movie called “A Boy and His Atom” composed of individual STM scans by IBM researchers.
Several notable condensed matter physics experiments h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The optically pumped caesium vapour magnetometer is a highly sensitive (300 fT/Hz) and accurate device used in a wide range of applications. It is one of a number of alkali vapours (including rubidium and potassium) that are used in this way.
The device broadly consists of a photon emitter, such as a laser, an absorpti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Martin Medal is an award given for outstanding contributions to the advancement of separation science. The award is presented by The Chromatographic Society, a UK-based organization promoting all aspects of chromatography and related separation techniques. The award is named after Professor Archer J.P Martin, who c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Targeting PDE3 with optimal doses and timing, enoximone prevents allergic inflammation in HDM-driven models of allergic airway inflammation. PDE3 inhibitors enoximone and milrinone can be used as a rescue drug in life-threatening bronchial asthma/acute severe asthma. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plutonium selenide is a binary inorganic compound of plutonium and selenium with the chemical formula PuSe. The compound forms black crystals and does not dissolve in water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thevetins are a group of poisonous cardiac glycosides. They are obtained especially from the seeds of a West Indian shrub or small tree (Cascabela thevetia syn. Thevetia nereifolia) of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). Hydrolysis products include glucose, digitalose, and a sterol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most effusive solar flares emit across the entire EM spectrum, including γ-rays. The first confident observation occurred in 1972. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CaCrO is a frustrated kagome bilayer magnet, which does not develop long-range order even below 1 K, and has a diffuse spectrum of gapless excitations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Explosive yields can be affected by the introduction of mechanical loads or the application of temperature; such damages are called insults. The mechanism of a thermal insult at low temperatures on an explosive is primarily thermomechanical, at higher temperatures it is primarily thermochemical. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This isotherm takes into account indirect adsorbate–adsorbate interactions on adsorption isotherms. Temkin noted experimentally that heats of adsorption would more often decrease than increase with increasing coverage.
The heat of adsorption ΔH is defined as
He derived a model assuming that as the surface is loaded up ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Administration of levamlodipine (2.5 mg) as a single dose gives maximum plasma concentration (C) of 8.3 to 9.3 ng/mL in 2 to 3 hrs (T). It is extensively (about 90%) converted to inactive metabolites via hepatic metabolism with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of the metabolites excreted in the urine. Levamlodipine s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A field prototype of SOLID was first tested in 2005 in a simulated Mars drilling expedition called MARTE (Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment) where the researchers tested a drill in depth, sample-handling systems, and immunoassays relevant to the search for life in the Martian subsurface. MARTE was funded by the NASA As... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steel with an ultimate tensile strength of less than 1000 MPa (~145,000 psi) or hardness of less than HRC 32 on the Hardness Rockwell Scale is not generally considered susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. As an example of severe hydrogen embrittlement, the elongation at failure of 17-4PH precipitation hardened stainl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
hnRNPs also play a role in DNA damage response in coordination with p53. hnRNP K is rapidly induced after DNA damage by ionizing radiation. It cooperates with p53 to induce the activation of p53 target genes, thus activating cell-cycle checkpoints. p53 itself is an important tumor-suppressor gene sometimes known by th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Manfred Schidlowski was born in Stettin on 13 November 1933. His family left his homeland during the Second World War and moved to Greifswald. From 1952-1955 he studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and from 1956 at the Free University of Berlin, where he received his diploma in geology in 1960 and one year lat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In applied mathematics, objective Eulerian coherent structures (OECSs) are the instantaneously most influential surfaces or curves that exert a major influence on nearby trajectories in a dynamical system over short time-scales, and are the short-time limit of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs). Such influence can b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phrase "cell engineering" was first used in a published paper in 1968 to describe the process of improving fuel cells. The term was then adopted by other papers until the more specific "fuel-cell engineering" was used.
The first use of the term in a biological context was in 1971 in a paper which describes methods ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloropentammineplatinum chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex . It is a white, water soluble solid.
The compound is prepared by treating potassium hexachloroplatinate with aqueous ammonia: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an ortho ester is a functional group containing three alkoxy groups attached to one carbon atom, i.e. with the general formula . Orthoesters may be considered as products of exhaustive alkylation of unstable orthocarboxylic acids and it is from these that the name ortho ester is derived. An exampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant k (alternatively k) may be used in place of the molar gas constant by working in pure particle count, N, rather than amount of substance, n, since:
where N is the Avogadro constant.
For example, the ideal gas law in terms of the Boltzmann constant is:
where N is the number of particles (molecules... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transduction of the signal through the membrane by the receptor is not completely understood. It is known that in the inactive state, the GPCR is bound to a heterotrimeric G protein complex. Binding of an agonist to the GPCR results in a conformational change in the receptor that is transmitted to the bound G subun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal cluster compounds are a molecular ion or neutral compound composed of three or more metals and featuring significant metal-metal interactions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the excitation of P700, one of its electrons is passed on to an electron acceptor, A, triggering charge separation producing an anionic A and cationic P700. Subsequently, electron transfer continues from A to a phylloquinone molecule known as A, and then to three iron-sulfur clusters.
Type I photosystems use ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid is produced by species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In Escherichia coli strain K12 the colanic acid cluster comprises 19 genes. The wzx gene encodes a protein with multiple transmembrane segments that may function in export of the colanic acid repeat unit from the cyto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concentration of HCFC-141b in the atmosphere grew to near 25 parts per trillion by year 2016. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.12. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere prior to introduction of HFC... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Space-based solar power (SBSP, SSP) is the concept of collecting solar power in outer space with solar power satellites (SPS) and distributing it to Earth. Its advantages include a higher collection of energy due to the lack of reflection and absorption by the atmosphere, the possibility of very little night, and a bet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Na/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) – is also known as sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 and is encoded by the SLC5A1 gene. SGLT1 is an electrogenic transporter as the sodium electrochemical gradient drives glucose uphill into the cells. SGLT1 is a high affinity Na /glucose cotransporter that has an important role in transfe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Exemestane has been used in doping to raise luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, which in turn increases the ratio of male over female sexual hormones and so improves performance. The drug also counteracts gynecomastia as well as fat and water retention following excessive aromatase p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Henry Kolm constructed an elementary TPV system at MIT in 1956. However, Pierre Aigrain is widely cited as the inventor based on lectures he gave at MIT between 1960–1961 which, unlike Kolm's system, led to research and development.
In the 1980s, efficiency reached around 30%.
In 1997 a prototype TPV hybrid car was bui... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In AFM, feedback loops control the operation of the microscope by keeping a fixed value a parameter of the tip's oscillation. If the main feedback loop operates with the amplitude, the AFM mode is called amplitude modulation (AM). If it operates with the frequency shift, the AFM mode is called frequency modulation (FM)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rayleigh scattering is defined by a mathematical formula that requires the light-scattering particles to be far smaller than the wavelength of the light. For a dispersion of particles to qualify for the Rayleigh formula, the particle sizes need to be below roughly 40 nanometres (for visible light), and the particles ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a bis-nido edge-shared polyhedron. Here, m + n + o + p − q = 2 + 18 + 0 + 2 − 0 = 22; 16 BH units provide 16 pairs, 4 bridging hydrogen atoms provide 2 pairs, two shared boron atoms provide 3 pairs, along with the two negative charges which provide 1 pair. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidizing conditions are common in some environments of deposition and diagenesis of sedimentary rocks. The fugacity of oxygen at the MH buffer (magnetite-hematite) is only about 10 at 25 °C, but it is about 0.2 atmospheres in the Earth's atmosphere, so some sedimentary environments are far more oxidizing than those in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic energy-level and Grotrian diagrams by Stanley Bashkin and John O. Stoner, Jr.
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7245253 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus]
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5726087 Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus (Addenda)]
* [https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5286863 Volume III]
* [htt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superelectrophiles are defined as cationic electrophilic reagents with greatly enhanced reactivities in the presence of superacids. These compounds were first described by George A. Olah. Superelectrophiles form as a doubly electron deficient superelectrophile by protosolvation of a cationic electrophile. As observed b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A polyprotic acid is a compound which may lose more than 1 proton. Stepwise dissociation constants are each defined for the loss of a single proton. The constant for dissociation of the first proton may be denoted as K and the constants for dissociation of successive protons as K, etc. Phosphoric acid, , is an example ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil is researched as a remedy to improve abstinence in people with cocaine addiction. Morning-dosed modafinil has been shown to normalize sleep parameters in individuals experiencing cocaine withdrawal. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), has an important role in acting as a lung host defence protein. SP-D has a significant roles in immune and inflammatory regulation of the lung as it regulates of the level of surfactant in the lungs by a process named surfactant homeostasis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the general case, for a free surface and where there is an applied "over-pressure", Δp, at the interface in equilibrium, there is a balance between the applied pressure, the hydrostatic pressure and the effects of surface tension. The Young–Laplace equation becomes:
The equation can be non-dimensionalised in terms o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some ba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kitchen gear is closed to direct an increasing proportion of thrust forward. As the balance changes the vessel will move astern. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As Pol I escapes and clears the promoter, UBF and SL1 remain-promoter bound, ready to recruit another Pol I. Indeed, each active rDNA gene can be transcribed multiple times simultaneously, as opposed to Pol II-transcribed genes, which associate with only one complex at a time. While elongation proceeds unimpeded in vit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
LAAM was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, LAAM was removed from the European market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued Orlaam in the US. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first record of the pyroelectric effect was made in 1707 by Johann Georg Schmidt, who noted that the "[hot] tourmaline could attract the ashes from the warm or burning coals, as the magnet does iron, but also repelling them again [after the contact]". In 1717 Louis Lemery noticed, as Schmidt had, that small scraps ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a controversial 2009 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, "Lost in Transmission — FDA Drug Information That Never Reaches Clinicians", it was reported that the largest of three Lunesta trials found that compared to placebo Lunesta "was superior to placebo" while it only shortened initial time falling asle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methemoglobin (British: methaemoglobin, shortened MetHb) (pronounced "met-hemoglobin") is a hemoglobin in the form of metalloprotein, in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe (ferric) state, not the Fe (ferrous) of normal hemoglobin. Sometimes, it is also referred to as ferrihemoglobin. Methemoglobin cannot bin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Partition chromatography theory and practice was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s. They would later receive the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blocking antibodies have a variety of functions on the merozoite form of parasitic malaria. While in the merozoite form, malaria parasites invade erythrocytes and reproduce in them. Some blocking antibodies may inhibit the invasion of erythrocytes, while other blocking antibodies prevent the binding of inhibitory antib... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Azide has become a popular target for chemoselective protein modification, because they are small in size and have a favorable thermodynamic reaction potential. One such azide reactions is the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with alkyne, but the reaction requires high temperature and often gives mixtures of regioisomers. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Gadd45a was discovered and characterized in the laboratory of Dr. Albert J. Fornace Jr. in 1988.
*Gadd45b (MyD118) was discovered and characterized in the laboratories of Drs. Dan A. Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in 1991.
*Gadd45g (CR6) was discovered and characterized in the laboratories of Drs. Kenneth Smith, Dan ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Owing to the vacant orbital present in Z-ligands, many have incomplete octets which allow them to readily accept a pair of electrons from other atoms. A Z‑function ligand interacts with a metal center via a dative covalent bond, differing from the L‑function in that both electrons are donated by the metal rather than t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are susceptible to photo-oxidation and around 70% of light stabilizers produced world-wide are used in their protection, despite them representing only around 50% of global plastic production. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can only adsorb high energy UV-rays with a wavelength... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soon after Hagemann, Emil Knoevenagel described a modified procedure to produce the same intermediate diethyl ester of 2,4-diacetyl pentane using
formaldehyde and two equivalents of ethyl acetoacetate which undergo condensation in the presence of a catalytic amount of piperidine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the study of turbulence in fluids, a common practical strategy is to ignore the small-scale vortices (or eddies) in the motion and to calculate a large-scale motion with an effective viscosity, called the "eddy viscosity", which characterizes the transport and dissipation of energy in the smaller-scale flow (see lar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Network motifs are recurrent and statistically significant subgraphs or patterns of a larger graph. All networks, including biological networks, social networks, technological networks (e.g., computer networks and electrical circuits) and more, can be represented as graphs, which include a wide variety of subgraphs.
Ne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All fish species have a preferred temperature above and below which that fish will experience negative health effects and eventually death. Warm water species such as Tilapia and Barramundi prefer 24 °C water or warmer, where as cold water species such as trout and salmon prefer water temperature below 16 °C. Temperatu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This section provides a kinetic derivation for a single-adsorbate case. The kinetic derivation applies to gas-phase adsorption. However, it has been mistakenly applied to solutions. The multiple-adsorbate case is covered in the competitive adsorption sub-section.
The model assumes adsorption and desorption as being ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Additionally, pH levels control specificity of substrate binding by malate dehydrogenase due to proton transfer in the catalytic mechanism. A histidine moiety with a pK value of 7.5 has been suggested to play a role in the pH-dependency of the enzyme. Studies have indicated that the binding of the enol form oxaloacetat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In marine hydrodynamic applications, the Froude number is usually referenced with the notation and is defined as:
where is the relative flow velocity between the sea and ship, is in particular the acceleration due to gravity, and is the length of the ship at the water line level, or in some notations. It is an imp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurodegeneration is classified as a massive death of neurons, and encompasses diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons. Although many cells die due to necrosis, many cells in neurodegenerative disorders are killed via the apoptotic pathway. Excitotoxicity, which involves overstimulation of a cell via i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The essence of Brønsted–Lowry theory is that an acid is only such in relation to a base, and vice versa. Water is amphoteric as it can act as an acid or as a base. In the image shown at the right one molecule of acts as a base and gains to become while the other acts as an acid and loses to become .
Another example... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds that contain the cyanate functional group, −O−C≡N, are known as cyanates or cyanate esters. Aryl cyanates such are phenyl cyanate, can be formed by a reaction of phenol with cyanogen chloride, ClCN, in the presence of a base.
Organic compounds that contain the isocyanate functional group −N=C=O are known as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Check dams require regular maintenance as typically temporary structures not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week and after heavy rainfall. It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam. This is typically done when the sediment has reac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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